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સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર

A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament).

સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર
પ્રશાશન ની પ્રણાલી
પ્રશાશન ના ગણતંત્રવાદી સ્વરુપો:
  સંસદ થી અલગ એક કાર્યકારી રાષ્ટ્રપતિપણાં સાથે રાષ્ટ્રપતિય ગણરાજ્ય
  સંસદ પર નભતા રાષ્ટ્રપતિ સાથે સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર
  વહીવટી રાષ્ટ્રપતિ અને સરકારના અલગ વડા બંને સાથે અર્ધ-રાષ્ટ્રપ્રમુખિય ગણતંત્ર, જે સંસદને દોરવણી આપે છે, જે રાષ્ટ્રપતિ દ્વારા નિયુક્ત થાય છે.
  ઔપચારિક/ગૈર-વહિવટી પ્રમુખ સાથે સંસદીય પ્રજાસત્તાક, જ્યાં એક અલગ વડા અધિકારી કાર્યકારીઓની દોરવણી કરે છે.
Monarchical forms of government:
  Constitutional monarchies with a ceremonial/non-executive monarch, where a separate head of government leads the executive
  Constitutional monarchies with a ceremonial monarch, but where royalty still hold significant executive and/or legislative power
  Absolute monarchies where the monarch leads the executive
  One-party states where the dominant role of a political party is codified in the constitution
  Countries in which constitutional provisions for government have been suspended (e.g. military dictatorship)
  Countries which do not fit any of the above systems (e.g. transitional government or unclear political situations)

There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government holding real power, much like constitutional monarchies. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like presidential systems, but with a dependency upon parliamentary power.

સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર
Map of different parliamentary systems      Parliamentary republics where parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state.      Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency dependent on the legislature.      Constitutional monarchies in which authority is vested in a parliament.

List of modern parliamentary republics

Parliamentary Republics
Country Head of State Elected By Cameral Structure Parliamentary Republic Adopted Formerly
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Albania Parliament, by majority Unicameral 1991 One-party state
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Armenia Parliament, by absolute majority Unicameral 2018 Semi-presidential republic
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Austria Direct election, by second-round system Bicameral 1945 One-party state (as part of Nazi Germany, see Anschluss)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Bangladesh Parliament Unicameral 1991 Presidential republic
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Bosnia and Herzegovina Direct election of collective head of state, by first-past-the-post vote Bicameral 1991 One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Bulgaria Direct election, by second-round system Unicameral 1991 One-party state
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Croatia Direct election, by second-round system Unicameral 2000 Semi-presidential republic
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Czech Republic Direct election, by second-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority) Bicameral 1993 One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  
Dominica 		Parliament, by majority Unicameral 1978 Associated state of the United Kingdom
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  EstoniaEstonia Parliament, by two-thirds majority Unicameral 1991 One-party state (part of Soviet Union)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  EthiopiaEthiopia Parliament, by two-thirds majority Bicameral 1991 One-party state
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  FijiFiji Parliament, by majority Unicameral 2014 Military dictatorship
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  FinlandFinland Direct election, by second-round system Unicameral 2000 Semi-presidential republic
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  GermanyGermany Federal Assembly (parliament and state delegates), by absolute majority Bicameral 1949 One-party state
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  GreeceGreece Parliament, by majority Unicameral 1975 Military dictatorship; constitutional monarchy
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  HungaryHungary Parliament, by absolute majority Unicameral 1990 One-party state
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  IcelandIceland Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote Unicameral 1944 Constitutional monarchy (part of Denmark)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  IndiaIndia Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote Bicameral 1950 Constitutional monarchy (British Dominion)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  IraqIraq Parliament, by two-thirds majority Unicameral 2005 One-party state
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  IrelandIreland Direct election, by instant-runoff vote Bicameral 1919 Constitutional monarchy (Part of the British Empire)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  IsraelIsrael Parliament, by majority Unicameral 2001 Semi-parliamentary republic
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  ItalyItaly Parliament, by absolute majority Bicameral 1946 Constitutional monarchy
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  KosovoKosovo Parliament, by two-thirds majority; by a simple majority, at the third ballot,
if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first two ballots 		Unicameral 2008 UN-administered Kosovo (formally part of Serbia)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  LatviaLatvia Parliament Unicameral 1991 One-party state (part of Soviet Union)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  LebanonLebanon Parliament Unicameral 1941 Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Macedonia Direct election, by second-round system Unicameral 1991 One-party state (part of the Yugoslavia)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  MaltaMalta Parliament, by majority Unicameral 1974 Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  MauritiusMauritius Parliament, by majority Unicameral 1992 Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  MoldovaMoldova Direct election, by second-round system
(since 2016; previously by parliament, by three-fifths majority) 		Unicameral 2001 Semi-presidential republic
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  MontenegroMontenegro Direct election, by second-round system Unicameral 1992 One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર    NepalNepal Parliament and state legislators Bicameral 2015 Constitutional monarchy
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  PakistanPakistan Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote Bicameral 2010 Semi-presidential republic
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  SamoaSamoa Parliament Unicameral 1960 Trust Territory of New Zealand
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  SerbiaSerbia Direct election, by second-round system Unicameral 1991 One-party state (part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  SingaporeSingapore Direct election (since 1993) Unicameral 1965 State of Malaysia
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  SlovakiaSlovakia Direct election, by second-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament) Unicameral 1993 One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  SloveniaSlovenia Direct election, by second-round system Bicameral 1991 One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  SomaliaSomalia Parliament Bicameral 2012 One-party state
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago Parliament Bicameral 1976 Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  VanuatuVanuatu Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority Unicameral 1980 British–French condominium (New Hebrides)
Parliamentary Republics with a "Mixed-Republican" System
Country Head of State Elected By Cameral Structure Parliamentary Republic Adopted Formerly
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  BotswanaBotswana Parliament, by majority Unicameral 1966 British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  KiribatiKiribati Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote Unicameral 1979 Protectorate
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands Parliament Bicameral 1979 UN Trust Territory (part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
ઢાંચો:Country data MicronesiaMicronesia Parliament, by majority Unicameral 1986 UN Trust Territory (Part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  MyanmarMyanmar Parliament, by an electoral college Bicameral 2010 Military dictatorship
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  NauruNauru Parliament Unicameral 1968 Australian Trust Territory
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  San MarinoSan Marino Parliament Unicameral 301 Autocracy (part of the Roman Empire)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  South AfricaSouth Africa Parliament, by majority Bicameral 1961 Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  SurinameSuriname Parliament, by majority Unicameral 1987 Military dictatorship
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર   SwitzerlandSwitzerland Federal Assembly (parliament and canton delegates), by absolute majority Bicameral 1848 Confederation

List of former parliamentary republics

Country Year became a parliamentary republic Year status changed Changed to Status changed due to
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  First Czechoslovak Republic 1920 1939 One-party state Munich agreement
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  First Austrian Republic 1920 1929 Semi-presidential system Constitutional amendment
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Brazil 1961 1963 Presidential system Referendum
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Burma (present-day Myanmar) 1948 1962 Military dictatorship 1962 Burmese coup d'état
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  French Third Republic 1870 1940 Presidential system World War II German Occupation
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  French Fourth Republic 1946 1958 Semi-presidential system Political instability
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Guyana 1970 1980 Presidential system Constitutional amendment
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Hungary 1946 1949 One-party state Creation of the People's Republic of Hungary
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  
Indonesia 		1945 1959 Presidential system Constitutional amendment
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  IsraelIsrael 1948 1996 Semi-parliamentary system Constitutional amendment
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Second Republic of South Korea 1960 1961 Presidential system May 16 coup
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan 2010 2021 Presidential system Referendum
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Lithuanian First Republic 1920 1926 One-party state 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état
ઢાંચો:NGRNigeria 1963 1966 Military dictatorship
(which led in 1979
to the democratic, presidential Second Nigerian Republic) 		Coup d'état
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  PakistanPakistan 1956 1958 Military dictatorship 1958 Pakistani coup d'état
1973 1978 1977 Pakistani coup d'état
1988 1999 1999 Pakistani coup d'état
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Second Polish Republic 1919 1939 One-party state Invasion of Poland
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  First Portuguese Republic 1911 1926 Military dictatorship
(which led in 1933
to the Estado Novo One-party state) 		May 28 coup
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  First Philippine Republic (Malolos Republic) 1899 1901 Military dictatorship
(De facto United States Colony) 		Capture of Emilio Aguinaldo to the American forces
ઢાંચો:Country data Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of the Congo 1960 1965 Military dictatorship
(De facto One-party state) 		1965 Congolese coup d'état
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  RussiaRussia 1991 1993 Semi-presidential system Referendum
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  RhodesiaRhodesia 1970 1979 Parliamentary system Creation of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
ઢાંચો:Country data Spanish RepublicSpanish Republic 1931 1939 Fascist dictatorship Loss of Spanish Civil War
ઢાંચો:SRISri Lanka 1972 1978 Semi-presidential system Constitutional amendment
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Syrian Republic 1930 1958 One-party state Creation of the United Arab Republic
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Syrian Arab Republic 1961 1963 One-party state 1963 Syrian coup d'état
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  TurkeyTurkey 1923 2018 Presidential system Referendum
ઢાંચો:UGAUganda 1963 1966 One-party state Suspension of the constitution
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  Zimbabwe RhodesiaZimbabwe Rhodesia 1979 1979 Parliamentary system Reversion to Southern Rhodesia
સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર  ZimbabweZimbabwe 1980 1987 Presidential system Constitutional amendment

Notes

References

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સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર List of modern parliamentary republicsસંસદીય ગણતંત્ર List of former parliamentary republicsસંસદીય ગણતંત્ર

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