細菌者,簡稱菌,屬微生物,為單細胞之物,遍布天下,無處不有,數量之多,為生命之冠。菌之古,與天地同壽,四億年前已有其蹤,先於萬物而生,歷經千變萬化。
菌之類,不同於人畜草木,無核無膜,與古生物合稱原核生物。菌之居,或在土壤水域,或在極地深海,或在地殼火山,無所不至,無所不能。菌之用,為物質循環之要素,為廢物回收之功臣。菌之性,或善或惡。善者,與人和平共處,或助人造福。惡者,致人百病,如霍亂、炭疽、肺癆等。人以藥物治其病。菌之形,各有所好。或圓如珠、曰球菌,或長如棒、曰桿菌,或曲如螺、曰螺旋菌,或異於常。或成多細胞之體,如絲狀、團狀、果實狀等。菌之群,常附於表而成膜,即生物膜,內有菌類凡多。自然之中,泰半菌類皆存以生物膜,即久疾之緣由也。生物膜較諸游離菌,除去更難。菌之數,凡二百穰,生命之泰半也。今人所知,蓋百有其二而已。菌之功,不可勝數,治污水、清油污、酵食品、取金屬、究生物等,皆仗其力。
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