କାଲିଫର୍ମିଅମ

Californium, ₉₈Cf
ସାଧାରଣ ଗୁଣ
ନାମ, ପ୍ରତୀକ	californium, Cf
Appearance	silvery
ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ	/ˌkæl[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈfɔːrniəm/; KAL-i-FOR-nee-əm
Californium in the periodic table
	berkelium ← californium → einsteinium
ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ (Z)	98
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ, ବ୍ଳକ	group n/a, f-block
ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ	period 7
ମୌଳିକ ପ୍ରକାର	actinide
ମାନକ ପରମାଣବିକ ଓଜନ (Ar)	(251)
ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ୍ ବିନ୍ୟାସ	[Rn] 5f10 7s2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2
ଭୌତିକ ଗୁଣ
ଅବସ୍ଥା	solid
ଗଳନାଙ୍କ	1173 K (900 °C, 1652 °F)
ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ	1743 K (1470 °C, 2678 (estimation) °F)
Density near r.t.	15.1 g/cm3
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	2, 3, 4
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	simple hexagonal
Mohs hardness	3–4
CAS Number	7440-71-3
ଇତିହାସ
ଆବିଷ୍କାର	Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1950)
Most stable isotopes of californium
	Isotope references:
	view; talk; edit; \| references

ଧର୍ମ

ଭୌତିକ

ରସାୟନିକ

ସମସ୍ଥାନିକ

ଇତିହାସ

ଉପସ୍ଥିତି

ଉତ୍ପାଦନ

ବ୍ୟବହାର

ଆହୁରି ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ

ଆଧାର

ସହାୟକ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ

Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
CRC contributors (1991). Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H. (eds.). Handbook of Metal Etchants. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3623-2.
CRC contributors (2006). Lide, David R. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3.
Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Californium". In Hampel, Clifford A. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. Reinhold Book Corporation. LCCN 68-29938.
Emsley, John (1998). The Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855818-7.
Emsley, John (2001). "Californium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9.
Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 98: Californium". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. TAB Books. ISBN 978-0-8306-3018-9.
Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5.
Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008). Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-11014-3.
O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., eds. (2006). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (14th ed.). Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1.
Osborne-Lee, I. W.; Alexander, C. W. (1995). "Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope". Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706. doi:10.2172/205871.
Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (1996). Thermonuclear Supernovae. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-7923-4359-2.
Seaborg, Glenn T.; Loveland, Walter D. (1990). The Elements Beyond Uranium. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-89062-1.
Seaborg, G. T. (1994). Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1.
Seaborg, G. T. (1996). Adloff, J. P. (ed.). One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-486-64252-0. ^{[permanent dead link]}
Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). "Californium". In Geller, Elizabeth (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-07-143953-4.
Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez; Szwacka, Teresa (2010). Basic Elements of Crystallography. Pan Stanford. ISBN 978-981-4241-59-5.
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1968). "21: Modern Alchemy". Discovery of the Elements. Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 848–850. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. LCCN 68-15217. ;

ବାହାର ଲିଙ୍କ

Californium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
NuclearWeaponArchive.org – Californium
Hazardous Substances Databank – Californium, Radioactive

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