Perang Stalingrad

Perang Stalingrad
	Péranganing Front Wétan saka Perang Donya II
	; Tentara Jerman digiring nuju kamp tawanan Sovyèt, ngliwati reruntuhan gudhang beras ing Stalingrad, Fèbruari 1943
Titimangsa	21 Agustus 1942 – 2 Fèbruari 19431
Pernah	Stalingrad, Uni Sovyèt
Asil	Kamenangan Sovyèt
Péhak kang perang
Jerman Rumeni Italia Hungaria Kroasia	Uni Sovyèt
Pangarep
Adolf Hitler Friedrich von Paulus # Erich von Manstein Hermann Hoth Petre Dumitrescu Constantin Constantinescu Italo Garibaldi Gusztáv Vitéz Jány	Josef Stalin Vasily Chuikov Aleksandr Vasilevsky Georgy Zhukov Semyon Timoshenko Konstantin Rokossovsky Rodion Malinovsky Andrei Yeremenko
Kakuwatan
Grup Tentara B: Tentara Kaenem Jerman # Grup Panser Kapapat Jerman Tentara Katelu Rumeni Tentara Kapapat Rumeni Tentara Kawolu Italia Tentara Kaloro Hungaria Rincèn: 270.000 wong 3.000 artileri 500 tank 600 montor mabur, 1.600 (pertengahan September, Luftflotte 4) Nalika serangan walik Sovyèt: 1.011.000 wong 10.250 artileri 675 tank 732 (402 operasional) montor mabur	Front Stalingrad Front Kidul-kulon Front Don Rincèn: 187.000 wong 2.200 artileri 400 tank 300 montor mabur Nalika serangan walik Sovyètt: 1.103.000 wong 15.501 artileri 1.463 tank 1.115 montor mabur
Kurban
750,000 mati utawa tatu 91.000 kecekel Montor mabur: 900 (kalebu 274 pangangkut lan 165 bomber digunakaké minangka montor mabur angkut) Total: 841,000 kurban	478.741 mati utawa ilang 650.878 tatu lan lara 40.000+ warga sipil mati 4.341 tank 15.728 gegaman lan mortir 2.769 montor mabur perang ; Total: 1.129.619 kurban
	1 Perang Stalingrad: Kamenangan Sovyèt, luwih 11.000 wadyabala Poros nerusaké perang tekan awal Maret 1943.

Perang Stalingrad, sing kadadéan tanggal 21 Agustus 1942 nganti tekan 2 Fèbruari 1943, wujud perang sengit antarané Jerman lan sekutuné nglawan Uni Sovyèt, ngrebutaké kutha Stalingrad (sing saiki jenengé Volgograd), sajeroning Perang Donya II. Perang iki dianggep titik walik Perang Donya II, lan minangka perang paling ngemu getih sasuwéné sajarah, ing endi 1,5 yuta wong luwih mati saka rong pihak. Pihak leloroné perang kanthi brutal lan ora perduli kurban warga sipil. Perang iki kapérang sdadi sawatara tahap, ya iku pangepungan Jerman marang Stalingrad, perang sajeroning kutha, serangan walik Sovyèt, sarta pangepungan lan pangremukan kakuwatan-kakuwatan Poros ing saubengé Stalingrad, sing dipandhégani Tentara Kaenem Jerman.

Latar Wuri

Nalika sasi Juni 1942, Tentara Jerman (Wehrmacht) nglancaraké kampanye mangsa panas kapindhoné marang Uni Sovyèt, sing diarani Operation Blau (Operasi Biru). Sadurungé sajeroning operasi Barbarossa Wehrmacht diusir ing lawang gerbang Moskow nalika mangsa adhem 1941-1942. Operasi Biru diarahaké menyang Ruslan kidul kanthi tujuan ngrebut ladhang lenga ing Baku, Azerbaijan, lan mbukak dalan kanggo nguwasani ladhang-ladhang lenga ing Wétan Tengah. Pasukan panyerbu Jerman dibagi rong kakuwatan, Grup Tentara A nyerbu Kaukasus lan Grup Tentara B tumuju kali Volga lan kutha Stalingrad.

Wigatiné Stalingrad

Mula bukané, Tentara Abang Sovyèt milih gerak mundur kanggo gawé jalur logistik wadyabala Jerman ketètèran kanthi mupangataké wiyaré wewengkon Uni Sovyèt. Nanging sabanjuré Stalin mréntahaké wadyabalané kanggo njaga ing Stalingrad, sing kanthi barès tegesé "kutha Stalin". Saliyané amarga nyandhang jeneng Stalin, kutha Stalingrad uga wigati amarga wujud kutha indhustri gedhé dhéwé ing pinggir kali Volga (jalur transportasi wigati tumuju Laut Kaspia). Karebuté Stalingrad déning tangan Jerman bakal nggampangaké gerak maju wadyabala Jerman tumuju Kaukasus, sing duwé cadhangan lenga gedhé, sing banget dibutuhaké déning Jerman.

Lakuné perang

Miturut prakiran, watara patang puluh èwu bala saka kaloro pihak mati saben dinané. Fuhrer Adolf Hitler mréntahaké wadyabalané supaya sajeroning kaanan apa waé, kutha Stalingrad kudu direbut. Akibaté wadyabala Jerman perang toh pati kanggo ngrebut kutha iku. Nanging, rakyat lan bala ing kutha Stalingrad uga nganakaké perlawanan sing kuwat banget saéngga wadyabala Nazi bisa diadhang.

Sauntara wadyabalané kajebak sajeroning perang mati-urip ing Stalingrad, Komandho Paling Dhuwur Jerman ora ngrumangsani yèn Stalin wis nglumpukaké bala bantuan kanggo ngancuraké wadyabala Jerman sajeroning sawijining kampanye mangsa adhem. Serangan walesan Uni Sovyèt dilancaraké sasi November 1942 nalika salju wiwit mudhun. Serangan mau kanthi rikat nggulung wadyabala Italia, Rumania, lan Hungaria sing ngreksa garis mburi Angkatan Dharat kaping 6 Jerman. Akibaté, wadyabala Jerman sing operasi ing Stalingrad kakepung.

Sejatiné, Jerman duwé kesempatan kanggo narik mundur wadyabalané sadurungé Tentara Abang ngrampungaké kepungané. Nanging, Hitler kukuh supaya wadyabalané tetep njaga ing Stalingrad lan mréntahaké Luftwaffe (Angkatan Udara Jerman) kanggo ngirimaké bekel kanggo wadyabala mau. Nanging, mangsa adhem sing ganas ngalangi usaha mau saéngga bantuan sing dikirimaké ora cukup kanggo mènèhi pangan 330.000 prajurit Jerman lan sekutuné sing ana ing Stalingrad.

Sawijining usaha liya kanggo mbébasaké wadyabala Jerman sing kakepung ya iku kanthi ngirim Tentara Grup Don pimpinan Marsekal Erich von Manstein, salah siji ahli strategi Jerman sing pinter. Nanging, serangan mau kasil diendhegaké déning bala bantuan Sovyèt sing isih seger ing Kotelnikovo. Pungkasané, nalika diadhepaké marang kamungelan kakepung, von Manstein narik mundur wadyabalané lan ninggal kanca-kancané ing Stalingrad nunggu nasib.

Nalika tanggal 30 Januari 1943, Tentara Abang ing sangisoré pimpinan Marsekal Georgy Zhukov nglancaraké serangan umum menyang Stalingrad lan kanthi rikat nggulung wadyabala Poros sing wis kekeselen lan nandhang luwé lan lelara. Rong dina sabanjuré, Marsekal Friedrich von Paulus lan 90.000 prajurité sing kasisa nyerah.

Para sajarawan mbiji, kakalahan Jerman ing Stalingrad wujud awal saka runtuhé Nazi. Tekan saiki perang iki dianggep perang gedhé dhéwé lan paling ngemu getih sajeroning sajarah manungsa. Cacahé kurban jiwa diprakirakaké nganti 3 yuta jiwa.

Pirsani uga

Enemy at the Gates, sawijining filem ngenani Perang Stalingrad (2001).

Réferènsi

Cathetan sikil

Bibliografi

Baird, Jay W, (1969), Journal of Contemporary History, The Myth of Stalingrad, Sage Publications, Ltd.
Bernig,Jorg (1997). Eingekesselt: Die Schlacht um Stalingrad im deutschsprachigen Roman nach 1945: (German Life and Civilization Journal No 23),: Peter Lang publishers.
Clark, Alan (1965). Barbarossa: the Russian-German conflict OCLC 154155228
Craig, William (1973). Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad New York: Penguin Books (paperback, ISBN 0-14-200000-0)
Dibold, Hans (2001) Doctor at Stalingrad. Littleton, CO: Aberdeen, (hardcover, ISBN 0-9713852-1-1).
Einsiedel, Heinrich Graf von; Wieder, Joachim. Stalingrad: Memories and Reassessments. New York: Sterling Publishing, 1998 (paperback, ISBN 1-85409-460-2); London: Cassell, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-304-36338-3).
Erickson, John. The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany, Vol. 1. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984 (hardcover, ISBN 0-86531-744-5); New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1985 (hardcover, ISBN 0-586-06408-7); New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1999 (paperback, ISBN 0-300-07812-9); London: Cassell, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-304-36541-6).
Golovanov, A.Ye.(2004) Dalnyaya bombardirovochnaya. Delta NB, Moscow.
Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1994). No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II New York: Simon & Schuster (paperback, ISBN 0-671-64240-5)
Holl, Adelbert. (2005) An Infantryman In Stalingrad: From 24 September 1942 to 2 February 1943. Pymble, NSW, Australia: Leaping Horseman Books (hardcover, ISBN 0-9751076-1-5).
Hoyt, Edwin Palmer. (1999) 199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad. New York: A Forge Book, (paperback, ISBN 0-312-86853-7).
Jones, Michael K. (2007) Stalingrad: How the Red Army Survived the German Onslaught. Drexel Hill, PA: Casemate, (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-932033-72-4)
MacDonald, John. (1986) Great Battles of World War II. London: Michael Joseph books.
Manstein, Erich von; Powell, Anthony G. (Ed. & Trans.); Liddell Hart, B. H. (Preface); Blumenson, Martin (Introduction) (2004). Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hitler's Most Brilliant General. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-2054-3.
Mayer, SL & Taylor, AJP (1974). History of World War II. London: Octopus Books. ISBN 0-7064-0399-1 & ISBN 978-0-7064-0399-2
Raus, Erhard. Panzer Operations: The Eastern Front Memoir of General Raus, 1941–1945, compiled and translated by Steven H. Newton. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-306-81247-9); 2005 (paperback, ISBN 0-306-81409-9).
Rayfield, Donald. Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him. New York: Random House, 2004 (hardcover, ISBN 0-375-50632-2); 2005 (paperback, ISBN 0-375-75771-6).
Roberts, Geoffrey. (2002) Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle that Changed History. New York: Longman, (paperback, ISBN 0-582-77185-4).
Samsonov A.M., (1989) Stalingrad Battle, 4th ed. re-edited and added-to, Moscow, Science publishing. Rusia: Самсонов А.М. Сталинградская битва, 4-е изд., испр. и доп.— М.: Наука, 1989. (in Russian)
Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany New York: Simon & Schuster.
Snyder, David R. (2005). Review in The Journal of Military History 69 (1), 265–266.
Taylor, A.J.P. and Mayer, S.L., eds. (1974) A History Of World War Two. London: Octopus Books. ISBN 0-7064-0399-1.

Pranala njaba

Entri kanggo kalendher prastawa irib.ir
Stalingrad, Battle of. Encyclopedia Britannica
Foto-foto Perang Stalingrad Archived 2010-08-27 at the Wayback Machine. saka WW2-Pictures.com
Perang Stalingrad (1942–1943)

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