Nelson Mandela: A bha na Cheann-suidhe air Afraga a-Deas, neach-iomairt an-aghaidh apartheid (1918–2013)

Nelson Mandela
ball Seanadh Nàiseanta Afraga a Deas 10. Ceann-suidhe Afraga a Deas 10 dhen Chèitean 1994 - 14 dhen Ògmhios 1999 ← F. W. de Klerk - Thabo Mbeki → 19. Àrd-rùnaire a' Ghluasaid Neo-thaobhaichte 2 dhen t-Sultain 1998 - 1999 ← Andrés Pastrana Arango - Thabo Mbeki →
Beatha
Ainm slàn	Rolihllahla Mandela
Breith	Mvezo, 18 dhen Iuchar 1918
Dùthaich	Afraga a Deas
Àite-fuirich	Houghton Estate (en)
Ciad chànan	Xhosa (en)
Bàs	Houghton Estate (en) , 5 dhen Dùbhlachd 2013
Àite-adhlacaidh	Qunu
Nàdar a’ bhàis	(respiratory disease (en) )
Teaghlach
Athair	Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
Màthair	Nosekeni Fanny
Cèile	Evelyn Mase (en)  (5 dhen Dàmhair 1944 -  19 dhen Mhàrt 1957) Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (en)  (14 dhen Ògmhios 1958 -  19 dhen Mhàrt 1996) Graça Machel (en)  (18 dhen Iuchar 1998 -  5 dhen Dùbhlachd 2013)
Clann	liosta Makgatho Mandela (en) Makaziwe Mandela (en) Zenani Mandela-Dlamini (en) Thembekile Mandela (en) Zindzi Mandela
Sinnsirean	liosta Ndileka Mandela (en) (grandson (en) )
Foghlam
Foghlam	Oilthigh Witwatersrand Oilthigh Afraga a Deas Baidealair nan Ealan University of Fort Hare (en) Oilthigh Lunnainn
Cànain	Beurla Xhosa (en)
Dreuchd
Dreuchd	neach-poileataigs, fèin-bheatha-eachdraiche, neach-lagha, neach-iomairt poileataigeach, political prisoner (en) agus sgrìn-sgrìobhaiche
Com-pàirtiche World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 1992 (en)
Àitichean-obrach	Afraga a Deas
Obraichean comharraichte	Long Walk to Freedom (en)
Duaisean a fhuaras	liosta Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding : Indian Council for Cultural Relations (en)  (1979) International Simón Bolívar Prize  (1983) Ludovic-Trarieux International Human Rights Prize  (1985) Sakharov Prize  (1988) United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights  (1988) Star of People's Friendship  (1988) Order of Friendship  (22 dhen Ògmhios 1988) Order of Eduardo Mondlane, 1st class  (22 dhen Iuchar 1988) Grandmaster of the Order of Good Hope Lenin Peace Prize  (1990) Òrd Lenin  (1990) honorary degree from Spelman College  (1990) Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize  (1991) honorary doctor of the University of Madrid Complutense  (1991) Order of José Martí  (1991) Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation  (1992) honorary doctor of the Peking University  (1992) Duais Nobel airson Sìthe  (1993) Fulbright Prize  (1993) Gold Olympic Order  (1994) Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali Order of Augusto César Sandino Bruno Kreisky Award for Services to Human Rights honorary Canadian citizenship Philadelphia Liberty Medal Bharat Ratna Arthur Ashe Courage Award Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry  (20 dhen t-Samhain 1995) honorary doctorate of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel  (1993) Ahimsa Award  (2006) Delta Prize for Global Understanding Order of Friendship Congressional Gold Medal Order of Merit  (1995) Isitwalandwe Medal Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal Order of Stara Planina Nishan-e-Pakistan Order of Playa Girón Order of Jamaica Order of the Star of Ghana Order of the Smile Order of Agostinho Neto Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty honorary doctor of the Autonomous University of Barcelona honorary doctor of the University of Hong Kong honorary doctor of the University of Calcutta honorary doctor of the University of Pretoria honorary doctor of the Howard University Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of Saint John Alan Paton Award  (1995) : Long Walk to Freedom (en) Order of the Elephant  (18 dhen Ghearran 1996) Royal Order of the Seraphim  (3 dhen Mhàrt 1997) Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland  (7 dhen Chèitean 1997) Òrd an Nìl  (1997) Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav‎  (1998) Honorary Companion of the Order of Canada  (24 dhen t-Sultain 1998) Honorary doctor of Leiden University  (1999) Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic‎  (1999) Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau  (10 dhen Mhàrt 1999) Presidential Medal of Freedom  (5 dhen Chèitean 1999) Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class  (5 dhen Chèitean 1999) Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia  (14 dhen Ògmhios 1999) Gandhi Peace Prize  (2000) Four Freedoms Award – Freedom Medal  (2002) Order of the Lion : Bakili Muluzi (en)  (2002) Platinum Order of Mapungubwe : Thabo Mbeki  (10 dhen Dùbhlachd 2002) Order of Saint John  (2004) Honorary Doctor at Karolinska Institutet  (13 dhen Chèitean 2005) Giuseppe Motta Medal  (2006) Ambassador of Conscience Award  (2006) Mo Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership  (2007) Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle  (11 dhen Ògmhios 2010) honorary doctorate of the University of Las Palmas, Gran Canaria  (2010) honorary citizen of Paris  (2013)
Buaidh	Luis Taruc (en)
Ballrachd	Acadamh Aimeireaga nan Ealan is nan Saidheans
Creideamh
Creideamh	Meathodachd
Pàrtaidh poileataigeach	Mòr-dhàil Nàiseanta Afraga South African Communist Party (en)
IMDb	nm0541691
nelsonmandela.org

Beatha pearsanta

B' e Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela an làn ainm aige. Ged an do rugadh Mandela ann am Mveso, thogadh e ann an Qunu, o chionn 's gun do chuireadh athair, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, às a dreuchd mar ceann-feadhna. Chaochail athair nuair a bha Mandela naoi bliadhna a dh'aois. Mar iomadach bhuill dhen iomairt an aghaidh Apartheid, 's e isiXosa an cànan a fhuair e bho ghlùn.

Bha e pòsta ri triùir bhoireannach na bheatha. Phòs e a chiad bhean, Evelyn Mase, ann an 1944 agus bha triùir chloinne aca. Dhealaich iad ann an 1957. Phòs e Winnie Madikizela ann an 1958. Dhealaich iad ann an 1992 as dèidh gun deach Winnie fhaighinn ciontach fo chasaidean gun tug i daoine am bruid. Phòs e an treas turas ann an 1998 ri Graca Machel nuair a bha e 80 bliadhna a dh'aois.

Beatha obrach

Chaidh e an lùib an 'ANC' - Còmhdhail Nàiseanta Afraga - ann an 1943 agus chuir e air dòigh an Lìg Òigridh. Fhuair e teisteanas mar fear-lagha anns na 1950an agus bha oifis lagha aige ann an Johannesburg le fear eile, Oliver Tambo.

Anns na 1950an, bha laghannan ùra ann an Afraga a Deas ag ràdh nach b' urrainn do dhaoine dhubha fuireach no obair ach ann an àiteachan a bha air a chomharrachadh dhaibh. Ann an 1956, chaidh casaidean brathaidh a chur às leth Mandela agus 155 luchd-iomairt eile. Ach às dèidh ceithir bliadhna, chaidh na casaidean sin a leigeil às.

Ann an 1960, rinn riaghaltas Afraga a Deas an ANC mì-laghail. An dearbh bliadhna, thachair sgrios ann an Sharpeville nuair a mharbh am poileas 69 daoine. Gu ruige sin, bha an iomairt aig Mandela an aghaidh sgaradh-cinnidh sìtheil. Ach mun àm sin, chuir Mandela roimhe gun chleachdadh e fòirneart an aghaidh eaconamaidh na dùthcha le sabotàis.

Ann an 1964, thugadh binn beatha do Mhandela. Chuireadh gu prìosan Eilean Robben e ri linn riaghaltas Hendrik Verwoerd. A dh'aindeoin a' bheachd a bha cumanta ann am meadhanan an t-saoghail gum b' e ceannairceach a bh' ann am Mandela, chuir a cho-obraiche, Oliver Tambo, iomairt air dhòigh ann an 1980 gus Mandela a shaoradh on phrìosan. B' e iomairt eadar-nàiseanta a bh' ann a rinn Mandela ainmeil air feadh an t-saoghail. Ann an 1981, thug Comhairle Baile Ghlaschu an duais 'Saorsa a' Bhaile' dha, rud a sgaoil an uairsin gu Obar Dheathain, Dùn Dèagh, Greenwich, Islwyn in Gwent, Kingston Upon Hull, Midlothian, Newcastle agus Sheffield.

Tharraing Glaschu aire muinntir Alba dha a-rithist ann an 1986 nuair chaidh an t-ainm 'Nelson Mandela Place' a chuir air St George's Place ann an teis-meadhan a' bhaile. Bha an t-atharrachadh gu sònraichte eirmseach seach gun robh consulate-general Afraga a Deas stèidhichte anns an togalach Stock Exchange air an dearbh sràid.

B' ann anns na 1990an a dh' atharraich cùisean ann an Afraga a Deas. Thog F.W. de Klerk, ceann-suidhe Afraga a Deas, an casg air an ANC ann an 1990. An uair sin, leigeadh le Mandela am prìosan fhàgail air 11 an Gearran 1990. Rèitich Mandela agus F. W. de Klerk na còrdaidhean a chruthaich stàit ùr gun gràin-chinnidh ann an Afraga a Deas is bhuannaich an dithis aca an Duais Nobel airson Sìth ann an 1993. An ath bhliadhna, bhuannaich Mandela an taghadh airson ceann-suidhe na dùthcha anns a' chiad taghadh far an robh còir bhòtaidh aig a h-uile duine ann an Afraga a Deas.

• O' Henley, Ailig. (2004) Beatha le Buaidh: Nelson Mandela Inbhir Nis: Stòrlann Nàiseanta na Gàidhlig ISBN: 1-904730-08-6

 

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Nelson Mandela