Paus Gregorius Xvi
| Pope Gregory XVI | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Rome | |
 Portrait by Paul Delaroche, 1844, Palace of Versailles | |
| Gereja | Catholic Church |
| Mula Menjawat | 2 February 1831 |
| Tarikh Tamat Jawatan | 1 June 1846 |
| Pendahulu | Pius VIII |
| Pengganti | Pius IX |
| Perintah | |
| Ditahbiskan | 1787 |
| Konsekrasi | 6 February 1831 |
| Menjadi Kardinal | 13 March 1826 |
| Butiran peribadi | |
| Nama lahir | Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari |
| Kelahiran | 18 September 1765 Belluno, Republic of Venice |
| Meninggal dunia | 1 Jun 1846 (umur 80) Rome, Papal States |
| Tandatangan |  |
| Paus lain bernama Gregory | |
Paus Gregorius XVI ( Latin: Gregorius XVI ; Itali: Gregorio XVI ; lahir Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari ; 18 September 1765 – 1 Jun 1846) ialah ketua Gereja Katolik dan pemerintah Negara Kepausan dari 2 Februari 1831 hingga kematiannya pada 1846. Beliau telah menggunakan nama Mauro apabila memasuki perintah agama Camaldolese .
Sangat konservatif dan tradisionalis, beliau menentang reformasi demokratik dan memodenkan di Negara-negara Paus dan di seluruh Eropah, melihat mereka sebagai barisan kiri revolusioner. Menentang aliran ini, Gregory XVI berusaha untuk mengukuhkan kuasa agama dan politik kepausan (lihat ultramontanisme ). Dalam ensiklik Mirari vos, dia menyebutnya "palsu dan tidak masuk akal, atau lebih tepatnya gila, bahawa kita mesti menjamin dan menjamin kebebasan hati nurani masing-masing." Dia menggalakkan aktiviti mubaligh di luar negara dan mengutuk perdagangan hamba. Walau bagaimanapun, penindasan yang keras, kemewahan kewangan dan kecuaiannya menyebabkan beliau tidak popular di dalam negara.
Beliau adalah paus paling baru yang mengambil nama paus " Gregory ", dan paus terbaharu yang bukan uskup ketika dipilih. Beliau adalah, sehingga Paus Fransiskus naik pangkat pada 2013, paus terbaharu yang pernah menjadi imam sebuah tarekat agama.
Lihat juga
- Kardinal yang dicipta oleh Gregory XVI
- Senarai ensiklik Paus Gregory XVI
- 1832 Pinjaman Rothschild kepada Holy See
- Ludovico Morbioli
- Senarai paus
Rujukan
Sumber
- Petruccelli della Gattina, Ferdinando (1861). Storia arcana del pontificato di Leone XII, Gregorio XVIe Pio IX ossia preliminari della questione romana di E. About con documenti diplomatici per F. Petruccelli de la Gattina (dalam bahasa Itali). Milan: Francesco Colombo. (critical)
- Sylvain, Charles (1889). Grégoire XVI. et son pontificat. Paris: Desclée et de Brouwer.
- Nielsen, Fredrik Kristian (1906). "Chapter XVI: Gregory XVI". The History of the Papacy in the Nineteenth Century: Leo XII to Pius IX. II. London: J. Murray. m/s. 51–101.
- Fitz-Hardinge Berkeley, George (1932). "Chapters VII, VIII, IX". Italy in the Making: 1815 to 1846. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 90–138. ISBN 978-0-521-07427-8.
- Ernesto Vercesi (1936). Tre pontificati: Leone XII, Pio VIII, Gregorio XVI (dalam bahasa Itali). Torino: Soc. editrice internazionale.
- Schmidlin, Joseph (1940). Léon XII, Pie VIII et Grégoire XVI, 1823–1846 (dalam bahasa Perancis). Vitte.
- Lefebvre, C., penyunting (1948). Gregorio XVI. Parte seconda. Rome: Pontificia Universita Gregorian. ISBN 978-88-7652-439-4. (laudatory)
- Stogre, Michael (1992). "Chapter Two". That the World May Believe: The Development of Papal Social Thought on Aboriginal Rights. Sherbrooke, Ontario CA: Médiaspaul. m/s. 47–124. ISBN 978-2-89039-549-7.
- McBrien, Richard P. (2000). Lives of the Popes. HarperCollins.
- Viaene, Vincent (2001). Belgium and the Holy See from Gregory XVI to Pius IX (1831–1859): Catholic Revival, Society and Politics in 19th-century Europe. Louvain: Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-138-7.
- Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517834-0.
- Regoli, Roberto, "Gregorio XVI: una ricerca historiografica," Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 44 (2006), pp. 141–171. (laudatory)
- Curran, Charles E., penyunting (2003). "5. Reflections on Slavery; 6. The Correction of Common Catholic Teaching". Change in Official Catholic Moral Teachings. Readings in Moral Theology, no. 13. New York/Mahwah NJ: Paulist Press. m/s. 65–79. ISBN 978-0-8091-4134-0.
- Chadwick, Owen (2003). "Chapter 1". A History of the Popes, 1830-1914. New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 1–61. ISBN 978-0-19-926286-1.
- Francesca Longo; Claudia Zaccagnini; Fabrizio Fabbrini (2008). Gregorio XVI promotore delle arti e della cultura (dalam bahasa Itali). Ospedaletto (Pisa): Pacini. ISBN 978-88-7781-950-5. (laudatory)
- von Wurzbach, Constantin (1857). "Cappellari, Bartholomäus Albert". Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (dalam bahasa Jerman). 2. Vienna: Verlag der typografisch-literarisch-artistischen Anstalt (L. C. Zamarski, C. Dittmarsch & Comp.). m/s. 275.
- Giacomo Martina: Gregorio XVI. In: Massimo Bray (ed.): Enciclopedia dei Papi, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Vol. 3 (Innocenzo VIII, Giovanni Paolo II), Rome, 2000, .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}OCLC 313581724
- Martina, Giacomo (2002). "Gregorio XVI, papa". Dalam Caravale, Mario (penyunting). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI) (dalam bahasa Itali). 59. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana.
- Literature by and about Pope Gregory XVI in the German National Library catalogue
Pautan luar
| Gelaran Gereja Roman Katolik | ||
|---|---|---|
| Didahului oleh {{{before}}} | Prefect of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith | Diikuti oleh: {{{after}}} |
| Didahului oleh {{{before}}} | Paus | Diikuti oleh: {{{after}}} |
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