ipa/Russian

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wiki: Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ʲ, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. In native words, /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʐ, ʂ, ts/ are always hard.

See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

Consonants
Hard Soft
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
b ; апде́йт boot , beautiful
d ; do ; ; media
jug начди́в; jig
dz lads dzʲ дзюдо́ lad's young
f ; ; fool ; ; few
ɡ ; good ɡʲ argue
ɣ ; ; Бог даст; дух бодр loch (Scottish) but voiced ɣʲ двухдверный Loch Ewe (Scottish) but voiced
j [je-]; [jɵ-]; [ju-]; [ja]; yes
k ; ; scar ; секью́рити skew
l pill ; failure
m moot ; mute
n noon ; ; vinyard
p ; ; span ; ; spew
r American atom ; American catty
s ; ; soup ; ; ; ; assume (RP)
ʂ ; ; ; rush ɕː ; ; wish sheep
t ; ; stand ; ; ; stew (RP)
ts ; cats tsʲ Цю́рих cat's young
chop ; chip
v ; его́; афга́н voodoo ; view
x ; loch (Scottish); ugh ; Хью́стон; huge (for some dialects)
z ; zoo ; резьба́; ; presume (RP)
ʐ ; кешбэ́к pleasure ʑː ; вещдо́к prestige genre
Stressed vowels
[-soft] [+soft]
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
a father (Australian English) æ ; pat
ɛ ; met e ; mace
ɨ ; ; с и́грами roses (for some dialects) i ; meet
o ; chore ɵ ; foot
u cool ʉ ; choose
Unstressed vowels
[-soft] [+soft]
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
ə ; ; ; about ə ; ; lasagna
ɐ ; ; ; bud ɪ ; ; ; ; bit
ɛ тетра́эдр; поэте́сса met
ɨ ; ; ; ; к Ива́ну roses (for some dialects)
o ; поэте́сса chore ɵ ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст foot
ʊ pull ʉ ; youth
Suprasegmental
IPA Example Explanation
ˈ [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable
ː [ˈzːadʲɪ] consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant

Notes

References

  • Cubberley, Paul (2002), "The phonology of Modern Russian", Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press
  • Halle, Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Timberlake, Alan (2004), "Sounds", A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

See also

Tags:

International Phonetic AlphabetRussian languageTemplate:IPAWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation

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