ipa/Taiwanese Hokkien
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
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 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Taiwanese Hokkien on Wiki English. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Taiwanese Hokkien in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Note that the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literary reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.
Consonants
| Consonants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation | |||
| p | p | ㄅ | 布 (pòo) | span | ||||
| pʰ | ph | ㄆ | 普 (phóo) | pan | ||||
| b | b |  | 明 (bîng) | timber | ||||
| m | m- | ㄇ | 媽 (má) | moon | ||||
| am, om, im |  ,  | 暗 (àm), 參 (som), 心 (sim) | rim | |||||
| t | t | ㄉ | 端 (tuan) | stop | ||||
| tʰ | th | ㄊ | 透 (thò) | top | ||||
| l | l | ㄌ | 來 (lâi) | lime | ||||
| n | n | ㄋ | 泥 (nî) | noon | ||||
| -n | ㄣ, ㄢ | 因 (in), 安 (an) | ||||||
| k | k | ㄍ | 見 (kiàn) | skin | ||||
| kʰ | kh | ㄎ | 溪 (khe) | kin | ||||
| g | g |  | 義 (gī) | finger | ||||
| ŋ | ng- |  | 吳 (ngôo) | singer | ||||
| eng, ang, ong | ing, ang, ong | ㄥ, ㄤ,  | 櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông) | song | ||||
| h | h | ㄏ | 曉 (hiáu) | hit | ||||
| ʔ | ∅ | 影 (íng, [ʔiə̯ŋ˥˩]) | uh-oh | |||||
| t͡s | ch | ts | ㄗ | 走 (tsáu) | cats, usually retracted in most cases | |||
| t͡ɕ | ㄐ | 精 (tsing) | like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). | |||||
| t͡sʰ | chh | tsh | ㄘ | 菜 (tshài) | cats | |||
| t͡ɕʰ | ㄑ | 市 (tshī) | like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized). | |||||
| s | s | ㄙ | 三 (sam) | same | ||||
| ɕ | ㄒ | 審 (sím) | like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized). | |||||
| d͡z | j |  | 熱 (jua̍h) | pads | ||||
| z | zoo | |||||||
| d͡ʑ |  | 日 (ji̍t) | like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). | |||||
| ʑ | like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). | |||||||
| Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [d͡ʑ / ʑ]) always precede [i] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩. | ||||||||
| Syllabic consonants | ||||||||
| m̩ | -m |  | 姆 (ḿ) | rhythm | ||||
| ŋ̍ | -ng |  | 光 (kng) | song | ||||
| Stop consonant finals | ||||||||
| p̚ | -p | ◌ㄅ | 合 (ha̍p) | like sip, but no audible release; apt | ||||
| t̚ | -t | ◌ㄉ | 七 (tshit) | like sit, but no audible release | ||||
| k̚ | -k | ◌ㄍ | 角 (kak) | like sick, but no audible release | ||||
| ʔ | -h | ◌ㄏ | 桌 (toh) | uh-oh | ||||
Vowels
| Vowels | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation | |||
| a | a | ㄚ | 鴨 (ah) | father | ||||
| e | e |  | 家 (ke) | day | ||||
| ɤ | o | o/or | ㄜ | 高 (kor) | Roughly like bird | |||
| o | o | ㄛ | 高 (ko) | snow | ||||
| ɔ | o͘ | oo |  | 烏 (oo) | thought | |||
| ong, om, op, ok | , , ㄅ, ㄍ | 福 (hok) | ||||||
| i | i | ㄧ | 一 (it) | see | ||||
| u | u | ㄨ | 武 (bú) | shoe | ||||
| Diphthongs | ||||||||
| ai̯ | ai | ㄞ | 愛 (ài) | fight | ||||
| au̯ | au | ㄠ | 交 (kau) | out | ||||
| i̯a | ia | ㄧㄚ | 射 (siā) | Russia | ||||
| i̯ɛ | ian, iat | ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚㄉ | 電 (tiān), 結 (kiat) | yes | ||||
| iə̯ | eng, ek | ing, ik | ㄧㄥ, ㄧㄍ | 英 (ing), 色 (sik) | eon | |||
| i̯ə | io | ior | ㄧㄜ | 腰 (ior) | ||||
| i̯o | io | ㄧㄛ | 腰 (io) | Leo | ||||
| i̯ɔ | iong, iok | ㄧ , ㄧ ㄍ | 中 (tiong), 欲 (io̍k) | kiosk | ||||
| i̯u | iu | ㄧㄨ | 手 (tshiú) | dew | ||||
| u̯a | oa | ua | ㄨㄚ | 化 (huà) | like quality | |||
| u̯e | oe | ue | ㄨ | 尾 (bué) | question | |||
| u̯i | ui | ㄨㄧ | 水 (suí) | we | ||||
| Triphthongs | ||||||||
| i̯au̯ | iau | ㄧㄠ | 妖 (iau) | meow | ||||
| u̯ai̯ | oai | uai | ㄨㄞ | 怪 (kuài) | quiet | |||
| Nasal vowels | ||||||||
| ◌̃ | m◌, n◌, ng◌ | ㄇ◌, ㄋ◌, ◌ | 鰻 (muâ), 梁 (niû), 迎 (ngiâ) | Nasalized vowel(s) | ||||
| ã | an | ann |  | 衫 (sann) | like naive; nasalized [a] | |||
| ẽ | en | enn |  | 青 (tsenn) | like next; nasalized [e] | |||
| ĩ | in | inn |  | 圓 (înn) | like niece; nasalized [i] | |||
| ɔ̃ | on | onn |  | 否 (hónn) | French: son; nasalized [ɔ] | |||
| ãĩ̯ | ain | ainn |  | 載 (tsáinn) | like nine; nasalized [ai̯] | |||
| ĩ̯ã | ian | iann | ㄧ | 兄 (hiann) | roughly like civilian; nasalized [i̯a] | |||
| ĩ̯ũ | iun | iunn | ㄧ | 羊 (iûnn) | like nuance; nasalized [i̯u] | |||
| ũ̯ã | oan | uann | ㄨ | 官 (kuann) | roughly like wander nasalized [u̯a] | |||
| ũ̯ĩ | uin | uinn | ㄨ | 快 (khuìnn) | roughly like twin; nasalized [u̯i] | |||
| ĩ̯ãũ̯ | iaun | iaunn | ㄧ | 喓 (iaunn) | like meow; nasalized [i̯au̯] | |||
| ũ̯ãĩ̯ | oain | uainn | ㄨ | 關 (kuainn) | roughly like wine; nasalized [u̯ai̯] | |||
| Note: ⟨◌n⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported. | ||||||||
Tones
| Tones | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone Number | IPA (WP) | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | Dialect values (IPA) | ||
| Kaohsiung | Taipei | Lukang | ||||||
| 0 | ◌--a | 後日 （āu--ji̍t） | (varying) | |||||
| 1 | ˦ | a | ㄚ | 東 | [˥] 55 | [˦] 44 | [˧] 33 | |
| 2 | ˥˩ | á | ㄚˋ | 黨 | [˥˩] 51 | [˥˧] 53 | [˥] 55 | |
| 3 | ˧˩ | à | ㄚ˪ | 棟 | [˧˩] 31 | [˨˩] 21 | [˧˩] 31 | |
| 4 | ʔ˧˨ | a◌ | ㄚ◌ | 督 | [˧] 3 | [˨] 2 | [˥] 5 | |
| 5 | ˨˦ | â | ㄚˊ | 同 | [˨˦] 24 | |||
| 6 | ˨ | ǎ | ㄚˋ | 動 | [˨] 22 | |||
| 7 | ˧ | ā | ㄚ˫ | 洞 | [˧] 33 | [˧˩] 31 | ||
| 8 | ʔ˦ | a̍◌ | ㄚ◌˙ | 毒 | [˥] 5 | [˦] 4 | [˧˥] 35 | |
| 9 | ˧˥ | a̋ | 引擎 | [˧˥] 35 | ||||
| Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the above. | ||||||||
Dialectal segments
Choân-chiu Dialect
| Consonants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation |
| d͡ʑ | j | j | | 字 (jī / lī) | like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). |
| l | l | ㄌ | lap | ||
| 熱 (jua̍h / lua̍h) | |||||
| d͡z | j | | pads | ||
| Vowels | |||||
| ə | e | er | ㄜ | 火 (hér) | about |
| ɨ | i / u | ir |  | 豬 (tir) | roughly like glasses; sometimes pronounced as [ɯ] as goose (California) |
| ɘ̯e | oe | ere | ㄜ | 雞 (kere) | |
| ɘ̯u | io | eru | ㄜㄨ | 購 (kerù) | |
| ɨ̯̃ĩ | eng | irinn | | 肩 (kirinn) | |
Chiang-chiu Dialect
| Consonants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation |
| ȵ | n | gn |  | 耳 (gní) | like onion |
| ʑ | j | j | | 日 (ji̍t / gi̍t) | like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). |
| g | g | | give | ||
| z | j | | 熱 (jua̍h) | zoo | |
| Vowels | |||||
| ɛ | e | ee / ek / eng | ㄝ | 家 (kee) | bet |
| ɛ̃ | en | eenn |  | 青 (tsheenn) | French: vin; nasalized [ɛ] |
| ĩ̯ɔ̃ | iun | ionn | ㄧ | 羊 (iônn) | like neon; nasalized [i̯o] |
Notes
References
- "Tai-Hoa Dictionary". Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun Bang-cham - Written Taiwanese Southern-Min.
- "Dictionary for Common Vocabulary in Taiwanese Hokkien". Ministry of Education (Taiwan).
- "Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network". National Taichung University of Education.
See also
This article uses material from the Wikipedia English article Taiwanese Hokkien, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license ("CC BY-SA 3.0"); additional terms may apply (view authors). Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
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