ipa/Lombard

The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet represents Lombard language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Words are listed for the two major varieties of the language: Western and Eastern Lombard. Neither is preferred at Wikipedia unless a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant. See the respective articles to learn more.

There exist several proposed orthographies, none of which is comprehensive enough to represent the whole dialectal span of the language, and a final agreement to select common written standard of Lombard has yet to be reached. Classical Milanese orthography is here used for Western Lombard and Eastern Unified Orthography for Eastern Lombard. When a word is spelled the same in both orthographies, it is given only once.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b (WL) biott, dubbi, (EL) biót, döbe bud
d (WL) lader, drizz, (EL) làder, drécc day
dz (WL) mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter cods
(WL) veggia, gent, giovin, resgiô, lecc grand, (EL) ègia, regiùr juice
f (WL) boffà, oeuv, (EL) bofà, öf fit
ɡ (WL) gatt, bagaj, (EL) gat, bagài good
h (EL) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès ham
k (WL) can, marches, foeugh, (EL) cà, marchés, föch sky
l lacc, caròtola, (WL) ballon, vioeula, (EL) balù, viöla, pedriöl lock
m (WL) mes'cià, (EL) mes-cià, campiù maid
ɱ (EL) banfà, convegnì triumph
n nòcc, (WL) danee, (EL) danér, cantù, sen den
ŋ (EL) ànga, mànche long
ɲ (WL) gnucca, legn, (EL) gnöca, lègn, àzegn opinion
p (WL) piasè, goeubb, (EL) piasér, gòp spite
r (WL) roeuda, porscell, corr, caròtola, vioeula, (EL) röda, porsèl, cór trilled r
s (WL) pressident, sora, dis, zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, scova, (EL) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès, scùa same
ʃ (WL) pesciada, scigolla, pesg, scenna, scova, (EL) scéna shame
t (WL) todesch, giald, (EL) todèsch, zalt stay
ts (WL) zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, (EL) söcher, lensöl, casöla, mès, dersèt pets
(WL) mas'c, vegg, ciocca, cinch, cent, tucc trii, (EL) mascc, ècc, ciòca, lesiù chain
ʋ (WL) violin, el vent, cavej, on pò de vent, (EL) viulì, ol vènt between wet and vet
z desmentegà, (WL) basell, s'gionf, mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter, (EL) bazèl, sgiónf, mezalüna, rözà, mès méter, zét, zùen, rezùr zone
ʒ (WL) resgiô, desmentegà vision
Non-native consonants
ʎ (WL) botteglia, (EL) butìglia million
Semivowels
IPA Examples English approximation
j (WL) piatt, tajà, mej, lezion, (EL) piàt, taià, mèi, cc grant, töcc tré yes
w (WL) aqua, sguerc, s'ciao, (EL) àqua, sguèrs way
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Short vowels
a abità, (WL) mamma, Bressa, perchè, semper, (EL) mama, Brèsa, cantù, pader, lombard, nacc, ach, italià manner (Scotland)
e pelà, perchè, (WL) semper, cortellin, elencà, elettrega, vedemm, besògn, (EL) envéren, méter, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, dét, prensépe, isé, prém, mel, dré, seré, décc, énte bay
ɛ (WL) regn, adess, invern, metter, savè, domènega, (EL) règn, adès, pelà, perchè, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, prensépe, setèmber bed
i (WL) inscì, primm, Milan, elettrega, vedemm, besògn, (EL) curtilì, saì, dümìnica, Milà, simpàtech, finìcc, cunusìcc, mìa, giardì beet, but shorter
o (EL) s-ciào, Cóm, cólda, ólter, ólta, póch, conós, óst, modéren, colùr, popolasiù, compàgn, piemontés, ciót, faró, alóra, próa, segónt law (RP), but shorter
ɔ (WL) nòmm, anmò, Còmm, oeuli, vòlta, pocch, cognoss, (EL) nòm, amò, mama, Brèsa off
ø (WL) oeugg, (EL) öcc, öle, töarà, cöcömer, pröa, töcc, piö, löster, cöntà, encö, zöga, löna, scör, cönt, öndes bird (RP), but shorter
u (WL) agost, modern, pocch, cognoss, sô, color, popolazion, comun, tovarà, cocumer, (EL) sul, culùr, pupulasiù, piemuntés, cumpuzisiù, alùra, amùr, put, nasiù cool, but shorter
y (WL) tucc, pussee, luster, comunicazion, busecca, (EL) lüna, scür, cümü, büzèca foot (Scotland)
Short nasal vowels
ã (WL) banfà, campion, canton sang (Scotland)
(WL) sentì, asen, venditor sang (Southern U.S.)
ĩ (WL) prinzipi, simpategh ring
ũ (WL) compagn, piemontes, composizion, convegnì no English equivalent; nasalized /u/
(WL) cun no English equivalent; nasalized /y/
Long vowels
(WL) pader, lombard, andaa, calda, alter father
(WL) mel, dree bay
(WL) dii, prinzipi, finii beet
(WL) calda, alter, oeuli, vòlta law (RP)
(WL) ciod, faroo, alora, amor cool
øː (WL) proeuva, incoeu, oeuli, vòlta bird (RP)
(WL) giuga, luna, scur, cuu, cognossuu few (Scotland)
Long nasal vowels
ãː (WL) vanga, manchi, anca, italian sang (Scotland)
ẽː (WL) settember, seren sang (Southern U.S.)
ĩː (WL) dinc, vint, minga, giardin no English equivalent; nasalized /iː/
ũː (WL) segond, pont, nazion no English equivalent; nasalized /uː/
ỹː (WL) cunt, vundes, comun no English equivalent; nasalized /yː/
Suprasegmentals
IPA Examples Explanation
ˈ (WL) insemma [ĩˈsɛma], (EL) enma [ɛnˈsɛma] primary stress
ˌ (WL) tirabuscion [ˌti(ː)rabyˈʃũː], (EL) tirabosù [ˌtiraboˈsu] secondary stress
. (WL) sciador [ʃi.aˈduːr], (EL) sciadùr [ʃi.aˈdur] syllable break
ː (WL) tròpp dolz [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːul(t)s], (EL) tròp dóls [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːols] geminated consonant

Notes

See also

  • Bonfadini, Giovanni. "lombardi, dialetti" [Lombard dialects]. Enciclopedia Treccani (in Italian).

Tags:

International Phonetic AlphabetLombard languageTemplate:IPAWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation

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