Wiki Fiji Hindi
HIFWiki Tiếng ViệtWiki English

Nobel Prize

Har saal Nobel Prizes dher vibhag me dewa jaawe hae.

Ii vibhag hae Literature, Science aur Peace. Nobel Prize ke Alfred Nobel ke baad naam dewa gais hae. Iske dunia me sab se barraa prize maana jaawe hae.

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences bhi Alfred Nobel ke yaad me dewa jaae hae, aur kabhi kabhi iske Nobel Prize in Economics bola jaawe hae, lekin ii Nobel ke will ke hissa nai hae. Iske 1969 me Bank of Sweden suruu karis rahaa. Ii prize ke aur Nobel Prize ke ssathe dewa jaae hae.

Prize ke vibhag aur jiite waala

Bhautik vigyan (Physics) me nobel prize jiite waala jiske Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences de hae

Saal Jiite waala Des Kaaran
1901 Nobel Prize  Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany "uske ek rakam ke ray ke pawe ke khatir jiske naam uske naam dewa gais hae."
1902 Nobel Prize  Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands " uske ii khoj ke khatir ki radiation ke uppar magnetism ke kon asar rahe hae."
Nobel Prize  Pieter Zeeman Netherlands
1903 Nobel Prize  Antoine Henri Becquerel France "uske spontaneous radioactivity ke baare me paawe ke baad"
Pierre Curie France " uu logan ke Professor Henri Becquerel se pawa gais radiation phenomena ke baare me khoj "
Nobel Prize  Marie Curie Poland / France
1904 Nobel Prize  John William Strutt United Kingdom "uske khaas gas ke uppar khoj aur uske argon ke paawe ke khatir"
1905 Nobel Prize  Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Germany "uske cathode ray ke uppar kaam ke khaatir"
1906 Nobel Prize  Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom " uske "conduction of electricity by gases" ke uppar ke khoj ke khatir
1907 Nobel Prize  Albert Abraham Michelson United States "uske optical precision instruments aur spectroscopic aur metrological ke uppar ke khoj ke khatir"
1908 Nobel Prize  Gabriel Lippmann France "for uske rang se chaapa ke banae ke tarika jon ki interference phenomenon pe based hae "
1909 Nobel Prize  Guglielmo Marconi Italy "[for] their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
Nobel Prize  Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany
1910 Nobel Prize  Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"
1911 Nobel Prize  Wilhelm Wien Germany "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"
1912 Nobel Prize  Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden "for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"
1913 Nobel Prize  Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes Netherlands "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"
1914 Nobel Prize  Max von Laue Germany "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.
1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays", an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
Nobel Prize  William Lawrence Bragg United Kingdom
1916 Not awarded
1917 Nobel Prize  Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom "For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements", another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1918 Nobel Prize  Max Planck Germany "[for] the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"
1919 Nobel Prize  Johannes Stark Germany "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"
1920 Nobel Prize  Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland "[for] the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"
1921 Nobel Prize  Albert Einstein Germany "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
1922 Nobel Prize  Niels Bohr Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
1923 Nobel Prize  Robert Andrews Millikan United States "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
1924 file:Manne Siegbahn.jpg Manne Siegbahn Sweden "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"
1925 Nobel Prize  James Franck Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
file:Gustav Ludwig Hertz.jpg Gustav Hertz Germany
1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
1927 Nobel Prize  Arthur Holly Compton United States "for his discovery of the effect named after him"
Nobel Prize  Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1928 Nobel Prize  Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
1929 Nobel Prize  Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie France "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"
1930 file:CVRaman.jpg Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
1931 Not awarded
1932 Nobel Prize  Werner Heisenberg Germany "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"
1933 Erwin Schrödinger Austria "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
Nobel Prize  Paul Dirac United Kingdom
1934 Not awarded
1935 file:Chadwick.jpg James Chadwick United Kingdom "for the discovery of the neutron"
1936 Nobel Prize  Victor Francis Hess Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation"
Nobel Prize  Carl David Anderson United States "for his discovery of the positron"
1937 Nobel Prize  Clinton Joseph Davisson United States "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
Nobel Prize  George Paget Thomson United Kingdom
1938 Nobel Prize  Enrico Fermi Italy "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
1939 Nobel Prize  Ernest Lawrence United States "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
1940 Not awarded
1941 Not awarded
1942 Not awarded
1943 file:OttoStern.jpg Otto Stern United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1944 Nobel Prize  Isidor Isaac Rabi United States "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1945 Nobel Prize  Wolfgang Pauli Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"
1946 file:Percy Williams Bridgman.jpg Percy Williams Bridgman United States "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"
1947 Nobel Prize  Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"
1948 Nobel Prize  Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"
1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
Nobel Prize  Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland
1952 Nobel Prize  Felix Bloch United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
Nobel Prize  Edward Mills Purcell United States
1953 Nobel Prize  Frits Zernike Netherlands "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"
1954 Nobel Prize  Max Born United Kingdom "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
Nobel Prize  Walther Bothe West Germany "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
1955 Nobel Prize  Willis Eugene Lamb United States "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
Nobel Prize  Polykarp Kusch United States "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1956 Nobel Prize  John Bardeen United States "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
Nobel Prize  Walter Houser Brattain United States
Nobel Prize  William Bradford Shockley United States
1957 Tsung-Dao Lee Republic of China "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
Nobel Prize  Chen Ning Yang Republic of China
1958 Nobel Prize  Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
Nobel Prize  Il'ya Frank Soviet Union
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union
1959 Nobel Prize  Owen Chamberlain United States "for their discovery of the antiproton"
Nobel Prize  Emilio Gino Segrè Italy
1960 Nobel Prize  Donald Arthur Glaser United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1961 Nobel Prize  Robert Hofstadter United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
Nobel Prize  Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"
1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
1963 Nobel Prize  Eugene Paul Wigner United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
file:Maria Goeppert-Mayer.gif Maria Goeppert-Mayer United States "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
Nobel Prize  J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany
1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
Nobel Prize  Aleksandr Prokhorov Soviet Union
Charles Hard Townes United States
1965 Nobel Prize  Richard Phillips Feynman United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
Nobel Prize  Julian Schwinger United States
Nobel Prize  Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Japan
1966 Nobel Prize  Alfred Kastler France "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
1967 Nobel Prize  Hans Albrecht Bethe United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1968 Nobel Prize  Luis Walter Alvarez United States "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
1969 Nobel Prize  Murray Gell-Mann United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1970 Nobel Prize  Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Sweden "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"
Louis Néel France "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
1971 Dennis Gabor United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1972 Nobel Prize  John Bardeen United States "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
Leon Neil Cooper United States
file:Schrieffer.jpg John Robert Schrieffer United States
1973 Leo Esaki Japan "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
Nobel Prize  Ivar Giaever United States
Norway
file:Brian David Josephson.jpg Brian David Josephson United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1974 Martin Ryle United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
Antony Hewish United Kingdom
1975 Aage Bohr Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
Nobel Prize  Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark
Leo James Rainwater United States
1976 Nobel Prize  Burton Richter United States "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States
1977 Nobel Prize  Philip Warren Anderson United States "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
file:Sir Nevill Francis Mott.jpg Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States
1978 Nobel Prize  Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"
Nobel Prize  Arno Allan Penzias United States "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
Robert Woodrow Wilson United States
1979 Nobel Prize  Sheldon Lee Glashow United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
file:Abdus salam.gif Abdus Salam Pakistan
Nobel Prize  Steven Weinberg United States
1980 Nobel Prize  James Watson Cronin United States "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
Val Logsdon Fitch United States
1981 Nobel Prize  Nicolaas Bloembergen United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
Nobel Prize  Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"
1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar India, United States "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
William Alfred Fowler United States "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1984 Nobel Prize  Carlo Rubbia Italy "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
Simon van der Meer Netherlands
1985 Nobel Prize  Klaus von Klitzing West Germany "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"
1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"
Nobel Prize  Gerd Binnig West Germany "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
Nobel Prize  Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland
1987 Nobel Prize  Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
Nobel Prize  Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland
1988 Nobel Prize  Leon Max Lederman United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
Melvin Schwartz United States
Nobel Prize  Jack Steinberger United States
1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
Hans Georg Dehmelt United States "for the development of the ion trap technique"
Wolfgang Paul West Germany
1990 Jerome I. Friedman United States "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
Nobel Prize  Henry Way Kendall United States
Richard E. Taylor Canada
1991 Nobel Prize  Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"
1992 Nobel Prize  Georges Charpak France "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
1993 Russell Alan Hulse United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
Nobel Prize  Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. United States
1994 Nobel Prize  Bertram Brockhouse Canada "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
Clifford Glenwood Shull United States "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
1995 Nobel Prize  Martin Lewis Perl United States "for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
Nobel Prize  Frederick Reines United States "for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
1996 David Morris Lee United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
Nobel Prize  Douglas D. Osheroff United States
Nobel Prize  Robert Coleman Richardson United States
1997 Nobel Prize  Steven Chu United States "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."
Nobel Prize  Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France
Nobel Prize  William Daniel Phillips United States
1998 Nobel Prize  Robert B. Laughlin United States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
Nobel Prize  Horst Ludwig Störmer Germany
Daniel Chee Tsui United States
1999 Nobel Prize  Gerardus 't Hooft Netherlands "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"
Nobel Prize  Martinus J. G. Veltman Netherlands
2000 Nobel Prize  Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"
Herbert Kroemer Germany
Jack St. Clair Kilby United States "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
2001 Eric Allin Cornell United States "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
Carl Edwin Wieman United States
Nobel Prize  Wolfgang Ketterle Germany
2002 Raymond Davis, Jr. United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
Masatoshi Koshiba Japan
Nobel Prize  Riccardo Giacconi United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2003 Nobel Prize  Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia
United States 		"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
Nobel Prize  Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia
Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom
United States
2004 Nobel Prize  David J. Gross United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
H. David Politzer United States
Nobel Prize  Frank Wilczek United States
2005 Nobel Prize  Roy J. Glauber United States "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
John L. Hall United States "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"
Nobel Prize  Theodor W. Hänsch Germany
2006 Nobel Prize  John C. Mather United States "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
Nobel Prize  George F. Smoot United States
2007 Nobel Prize  Albert Fert France "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"
Nobel Prize  Peter Grünberg Germany
2008 Nobel Prize  Makoto Kobayashi Japan "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"
Nobel Prize  Toshihide Maskawa Japan
Nobel Prize  Yoichiro Nambu United States "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
2009 Nobel Prize  Charles K. Kao Hong Kong
United Kingdom
United States 		"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"
Nobel Prize  Willard S. Boyle Canada
United States 		"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
Nobel Prize  George E. Smith United States
2010 Nobel Prize  Andre Geim Russia
Netherlands 		"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"
Nobel Prize  Konstantin Novoselov Russia
United Kingdom

Chemistry me Nobel prize jiite waala log(decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

Year Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C]
1901 Nobel Prize  Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff the Netherlands "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer Germany "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"
1903 Svante August Arrhenius Sweden "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"
1904 Nobel Prize  Sir William Ramsay United Kingdom "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"
1905 Nobel Prize  Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer Germany "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
1906 Henri Moissan France "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"
1907 Nobel Prize  Eduard Buchner Germany "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"
1908 Nobel Prize  Ernest Rutherford United Kingdom
New Zealand 		"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"
1909 Nobel Prize  Wilhelm Ostwald Germany "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"
1910 Otto Wallach Germany "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
1911 Nobel Prize  Marie Curie, née Sklodowska Poland "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
1912 Victor Grignard France "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"
Paul Sabatier France "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"
1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"
1914 Nobel Prize  Theodore William Richards United States "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
1915 Nobel Prize  Richard Martin Willstätter Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
1916 Not awarded
1917 Not awarded
1918 Nobel Prize  Fritz Haber Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
1919 Not awarded
1920 Nobel Prize  Walther Hermann Nernst Germany "[for] his work in thermochemistry"
1921 Frederick Soddy United Kingdom "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"
1922 Francis William Aston United Kingdom "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"
1923 Nobel Prize  Fritz Pregl Austria "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"
1924 Not awarded
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Germany "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"
1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg Sweden "for his work on disperse systems"
1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Germany "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"
1929 Arthur Harden United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin Germany
1930 Hans Fischer Germany "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"
1931 Carl Bosch Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
Friedrich Bergius Germany
1932 Nobel Prize  Irving Langmuir United States "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
1933 Not awarded
1934 Nobel Prize  Harold Clayton Urey United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
1935 Frédéric Joliot France "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
Irene Joliot-Curie France
1936 Nobel Prize  Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye the Netherlands "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"
1937 Walter Norman Haworth United Kingdom "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"
Paul Karrer Switzerland "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"
1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt Germany "for his work on sex hormones"
Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
1940 Not awarded
1941 Not awarded
1942 Not awarded
1943 Nobel Prize  George de Hevesy Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
1944 Otto Hahn Germany "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"
1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"
1946 James Batcheller Sumner United States "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
John Howard Northrop United States "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
Wendell Meredith Stanley United States
1947 Sir Robert Robinson United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"
1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"
1949 William Francis Giauque United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels Federal Republic of Germany "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"
Kurt Alder Federal Republic of Germany
1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"
Glenn Theodore Seaborg United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography"
Richard Laurence Millington Synge United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger Federal Republic of Germany "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
1954 Nobel Prize  Linus Carl Pauling United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud United States "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood United Kingdom "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov USSR
1957 Lord (Alexander R.) Todd United Kingdom "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"
1958 Nobel Prize  Frederick Sanger United Kingdom "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"
1960 Willard Frank Libby United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
1961 Nobel Prize  Melvin Calvin United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
Nobel Prize  John Cowdery Kendrew United Kingdom
1963 Karl Ziegler Federal Republic of Germany "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
Giulio Natta Italy
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
1965 Robert Burns Woodward United States "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
1966 Robert S. Mulliken United States "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
1967 Manfred Eigen Federal Republic of Germany "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish United Kingdom
George Porter United Kingdom
1968 Lars Onsager United States "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
1969 Derek H. R. Barton United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
Odd Hassel Norway
1970 Nobel Prize  Luis F. Leloir Argentina "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"
1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"
1972 Nobel Prize  Christian B. Anfinsen United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
Stanford Moore United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
William H. Stein United States
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer Federal Republic of Germany "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
Geoffrey Wilkinson United Kingdom
1974 Paul J. Flory United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"
1975 John Warcup Cornforth Australia
United Kingdom 		"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"
Vladimir Prelog Switzerland "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
1976 William N. Lipscomb United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
1978 Peter D. Mitchell United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"
1979 Herbert C. Brown United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
Georg Wittig Federal Republic of Germany
1980 Nobel Prize  Paul Berg United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
Nobel Prize  Walter Gilbert United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
Nobel Prize  Frederick Sanger United Kingdom
1981 Kenichi Fukui Japan "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
Roald Hoffmann United States
1982 Aaron Klug United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
1983 Henry Taube United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
Jerome Karle United States
1986 Nobel Prize  Dudley R. Herschbach United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
Yuan T. Lee United States
John C. Polanyi Canada
1987 Donald J. Cram United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
Nobel Prize  Jean-Marie Lehn France
Charles J. Pedersen United States
1988 Johann Deisenhofer Federal Republic of Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
Nobel Prize  Robert Huber Federal Republic of Germany
Hartmut Michel Federal Republic of Germany
1989 Sidney Altman Canada
United States 		"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
Nobel Prize  Thomas R. Cech United States
1990 Elias James Corey United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"
1992 Nobel Prize  Rudolph A. Marcus United States "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1993 Kary B. Mullis United States "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chaen reaction (PCR) method"
Michael Smith Canada "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
1994 George A. Olah United States "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1995 Paul J. Crutzen the Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
Mario J. Molina Mario J. Molina United States
Nobel Prize  F. Sherwood Rowland United States
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. United States "for their discovery of fullerenes"
Nobel Prize  Sir Harold W. Kroto United Kingdom
Richard E. Smalley United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
John E. Walker United Kingdom
Jens C. Skou Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"
1998 Walter Kohn United States "for his development of the density-functional theory"
John A. Pople United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt
United States 		"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
2000 Alan J. Heeger United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"
Alan G MacDiarmid United States
New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa Japan
2001 William S. Knowles United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
Nobel Prize  Ryoji Noyori Japan
K. Barry Sharpless United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2002 Nobel Prize  John B. Fenn United States "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
Koichi Tanaka Japan
Nobel Prize  Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
2003 Peter Agre United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"
Nobel Prize  Roderick MacKinnon United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
2004 Nobel Prize  Aaron Ciechanover Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Nobel Prize  Avram Hershko Israel
Nobel Prize  Irwin Rose United States
2005 Yves Chauvin France "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
Nobel Prize  Robert H. Grubbs United States
Richard R. Schrock United States
2006 Nobel Prize  Roger D. Kornberg United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
2007 Nobel Prize  Gerhard Ertl Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
2008 Nobel Prize  Osamu Shimomura United States "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
Nobel Prize  Martin Chalfie United States
Nobel Prize  Roger Y. Tsien United States

Medicine me Nobel prize jiite waala log (decided by Karolinska Institutet)

1901-1910

Nobel Prize 
Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1906
  • 1901 - Emil Adolf von Behring, Germany, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria
  • 1902 - Ronald Ross, United Kingdom, for work on malaria
  • 1903 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Denmark, for treating lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation.
  • 1904 - Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Russia, for his work on the way digestion works.
  • 1905 - Robert Koch, Germany, for studying tuberculosis
  • 1906 - Camillo Golgi, Italy and Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spain for their work on the parts of the nervous system
  • 1907 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, France, for his work on the way protozoa can cause disease
  • 1908 - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russia, and Paul Ehrlich, Germany, for finding out how immunity fights disease
  • 1909 - Emil Theodor Kocher, Switzerland, for his work on the thyroid gland
  • 1910, Albrecht Kossel, Germany, for his work on proteins and nucleic substances

1911-1919

Nobel Prize 
Allvar Gullstrand, 1911
  • 1911 - Allvar Gullstrand, Sweden, for his work on light refraction and the eye
  • 1912 - Alexis Carrel, France, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
  • 1913 - Charles Robert Richet, France, for his work on anaphylaxis
  • 1914 - Robert Bárány, Austria, for his work on the ear and balance
  • 1915 - Not awarded
  • 1916 - Not awarded
  • 1917 - Not awarded
  • 1918 - Not awarded
  • 1919 - Jules Bordet, Belgium, for his discoveries about immunity

1920-1929

Nobel Prize 
Frederick Banting, 1923
  • 1920 - Schack August Steenberg Krogh, Denmark, for his discoveries about capillaries
  • 1921 - Not awarded
  • 1922 - Archibald Vivian Hill, United Kingdom, for finding out how muscles make heat
  • 1922 - Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germany, for finding out how oxygen makes chemical changes in lactic acid in muscles
  • 1923 - Frederick Grant Banting, Canada and John James Richard Macleod, Canada, for the discovery of insulin"
  • 1924 - Willem Einthoven, The Netherlands, for inventing the electrocardiogram"
  • 1925 - Not awarded
  • 1926 - Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Denmark, for his discovery that an infection could lead to cancer
  • 1927 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austria, for his discovery that malaria inoculation helps the treatment of paralysis
  • 1928 - Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, France, for his work on typhus
  • 1929, Christiaan Eijkman, The Netherlands, for finding out how to use a vitamin to stop nerve pain"
  • 1929 - Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the vitamins that help growth

1930-1939

  • 1930 - Karl Landsteiner, for discovery of human blood types
  • 1931 - Otto Heinrich Warburg, Germany, for his discovery of the respiratory enzyme
  • 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, United Kingdom, and Edgar Douglas Adrian, United Kingdom, for discoveries about neurons (nerve cells)
  • 1933 - Thomas Hunt Morgan, United States, for his work on chromosomes and heredity"
  • 1934 - George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, and William Parry Murphy, United States, for their work on treating the liver to help with anaemia
  • 1935 - Hans Spemann, Germany, for finding the organizer effect in embryonic development
  • 1936 - Sir Henry Hallett Dale, United Kingdom, and Otto Loewi, Austria for their discoveries about neurotransmitters and nerve impulses
  • 1937 - Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt, Hungary, for his discoveries about cells, vitamin C and chemical changes of fumaric acid
  • 1938 - Corneille Jean François Heymans, Belgium, for work on the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the control of breathing
  • 1939 - Gerhard Domagk, Germany, for finding the antibacterial effects of prontosil

1940-1949

Nobel Prize 
Alexander Fleming, 1945
  • 1940 - Not awarded
  • 1941 - Not awarded
  • 1942 - Not awarded
  • 1943 - Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Denmark, for his discovery of vitamin K
  • 1943 - Edward Adelbert Doisy, United States, for work on vitamin K"
  • 1944 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser, United States, for their discoveries about single nerve fibres
  • 1945 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chaen, United Kingdom and Howard Walter Florey, Australia, for the discovery of penicillin and making it into an antibiotic to cure infectious diseases
  • 1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller, United States, for the discovery of mutations caused by X-ray irradiation
  • 1947 - Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, United States, for their work on catalytic conversion of glycogen
  • 1947 - Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Argentina, for finding out how the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe works in the metabolism of sugar
  • 1948 - Paul Hermann Müller, Switzerland, for his work on DDT as a poison against several insects
  • 1949 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the brain controls the internal organs
  • 1949 - Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, Portugal, for using leucotomy (brain surgery) to cure some mental illnesses.

1950-1959

Nobel Prize 
Selman Waksman, 1952
  • 1950 - Philip Showalter Hench, Edward Calvin Kendall, United States, and Tadeusz Reichstein, Switzerland, for finding out about the hormones of the adrenal cortex.
  • 1951 - Max Theiler, Union of South Africa, for his discoveries about yellow fever.
  • 1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman, United States, for finding streptomycin, the first antibiotic to work against tuberculosis
  • 1953 - Hans Adolf Krebs, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the citric acid cycle
  • 1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann, United States, for his discovery of co-enzyme A
  • 1954 - John Franklin Enders, Frederick Chapman Robbins, and Thomas Huckle Weller, United States, for finding the poliomyelitis virus and growing it in a laboratory
  • 1955 - Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell, Sweden, for his discoveries about enzymes changing with oxygen
  • 1956 - André Frédéric Cournand, Dickinson W. Richards, United States, and Werner Forssmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for their discoveries about heart catheterization and changes in the circulatory system
  • 1957 - Daniel Bovet, Italy for his work on antihistamine and what they do to parts of the body
  • 1958 - George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum, United States, for finding out how genes work
  • 1958 - Joshua Lederberg, United States, for finding out how genes can work together and the organization of the genes in bacteria
  • 1959 - Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa, United States, for their discovery of how living things join ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

1960-1969

  • 1960 - Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australia, and Peter Brian Medawar, United Kingdom, for finding out how the body's immunity to things can change.
  • 1961 - Georg von Békésy, United States, for his discoveries about the cochlea"
  • 1962 - Francis Harry Compton Crick, United Kingdom, James Dewey Watson, United States, and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, New Zealand, for finding the structure of nucleic acids and its importance in moving information in living things
  • 1963 - Sir John Carew Eccles, Australia, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, United Kingdom, and Andrew Fielding Huxley, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about nerve cell membrane
  • 1964 - Konrad Bloch, United States, and Feodor Lynen, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding out how cholesterol and fatty acid work in the body
  • 1965 - François Jacob, André Lwoff, and Jacques Monod, France, for finding out how genes control control viruses
  • 1966 - Peyton Rous, United States, for his discovery that viruses can cause tumours
  • 1966 - Charles Brenton Huggins, United States, for using hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
  • 1967 - Ragnar Granit, Sweden, Haldan Keffer Hartline, and George Wald, United States, for their discoveries about how the eye works
  • 1968 - Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W. Nirenberg, United States, for their understanding of the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis
  • 1969 - Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, and Salvador E. Luria, United States, for finding how viruses reproduce

1970-1979

Nobel Prize 
David Baltimore, 1975
  • 1970 - Julius Axelrod, Ulf von Euler, Sweden, and Sir Bernard Katz, United Kingdom, for finding out about transmittors in the nerve terminals and how they work
  • 1971 - Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., United States, for his discoveries about hormones
  • 1972 - Gerald M. Edelman, United States, and Rodney R. Porter, United Kingdom, for finding out the chemical structure of antibodies
  • 1973 - Karl von Frisch, Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Lorenz, Austria, and Nikolaas Tinbergen, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about individual and social behaviour patterns
  • 1974 - Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, Belgium, and George E. Palade, United States, for their discoveries about cells
  • 1975 - David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, and Howard Martin Temin, United States, for finding what happens when tumour causing viruses infect normal cells.
  • 1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek, United States, for their discoveries about the beginnings and spreading of infectious diseases
  • 1977 - Roger Guillemin, Andrew W. Schally, United States, for their discoveries about how the brain makes peptide hormone
  • 1977 - Rosalyn Yalow, United States, for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
  • 1978 - Werner Arber, Switzerland, Daniel Nathans, United States, and Hamilton O. Smith, United States for finding restriction enzymes and their use in molecular genetics"
  • 1979 - Allan M. Cormack, United States, and Godfrey N. Hounsfield, United Kingdom, for the development of computer assisted tomography

1980-1989

file:Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1965.jpg
Rita Levi-Montalcini, 1986
  • 1980 - Baruj Benacerraf, United States, Jean Dausset, France, and George D. Snell, United States, for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that control immunological reactions
  • 1981 - Roger W. Sperry, United States, for finding out the role of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain
  • 1981 - David H. Hubel, United States, and Torsten N. Wiesel, Sweden, for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system"
  • 1982 - Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Sweden, and John R. Vane, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about prostaglandins.
  • 1983 - Barbara McClintock, United States, for her discovery of mobile genetic elements
  • 1984 - Niels K. Jerne, Denmark, Georges J.F. Köhler, Federal Republic of Germany, César Milstein, Argentina and the United Kingdom, for theories about the development and control of the immune system and the discovery of monoclonal antibodies are made
  • 1985 - Michael S. Brown, and Joseph L. Goldstein, United States, for finding out how cholesterol is controlled
  • 1986 - Stanley Cohen, United States, and Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italy and the United States, for their discoveries of growth factors
  • 1987 - Susumu Tonegawa, Japan, for his discovery how the genes make different antibodies
  • 1988 - Sir James W. Black, United Kingdom, Gertrude B. Elion, and George H. Hitchings, United States, for finding important rules for drug treatment
  • 1989 - J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus, United States, found how disturbing a large family of genes that control the normal growth and division of cells, can cause normal cells to change into cancer cells.

1990-1999

Nobel Prize 
Ferid Murad, 1998
  • 1990 - Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas, United States, for their discoveries about organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of disease"
  • 1991 - Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding what single ion channels do in cells
  • 1992 - Edmond H. Fischer, Switzerland and the United States, and Edwin G. Krebs, United States, for finding reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological control mechanism
  • 1993 - Richard J. Roberts, United Kingdom, and Phillip A. Sharp, United States, for their discoveries of split genes
  • 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman, and Martin Rodbell, United States, for finding G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
  • 1995 - Edward B. Lewis, United States, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Federal Republic of Germany, and Eric F. Wieschaus, United States, for finding how embryonic development is changed by genes
  • 1996 - Peter C. Doherty, Australia, and Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Switzerland, for finding how the immune system knows which cells are virus-infected
  • 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner, United States, for his discovery of Prions, proteins that make people sick
  • 1998 - Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad, United States, for finding how nitric oxide works as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
  • 1999 - Günter Blobel, United States, for the discovery that proteins have built-in signals that control their transport and localization in the cell

2000-2009

Nobel Prize 
Luc Montagnier, 2008
  • 2000 - Arvid Carlsson, Sweden, Paul Greengard, United States, and Eric R. Kandel, United States, for their discoveries about signal transduction in the nervous system"
  • 2001 - Leland H. Hartwell, United States, Tim Hunt, United Kingdom, and Sir Paul M. Nurse, United Kingdom, for finding the main controls in the cell cycle
  • 2002 - Sydney Brenner, United Kingdom, H. Robert Horvitz, United States, and John E. Sulston, United Kingdom, for their finding the genetic controls of organ development and programmed cell death
  • 2003 - Paul Lauterbur, United States, and Sir Peter Mansfield, United Kingdom, for inventing magnetic resonance imaging"
  • 2004 - Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck, United States, for finding odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system, (how we smell things)
  • 2005 - Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren, Australia, for finding the bacterium Helicobacter pylori that causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
  • 2006 - Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello, United States, for finding how RNA interference can switch genes "on" or "off"
  • 2007 - Mario R. Capecchi, United States, Sir Martin J. Evans, United Kingdom, Oliver Smithies, United States, for finding how to change genes in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
  • 2008 - Harald zur Hausen, Germany, for finding the human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer
  • 2008 - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, France, for finding the human immunodeficiency virus
  • Winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature (decided by the Swedish Academy)
  • Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize (decided by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, appointed by the Norwegian Parliament, Stortinget)
  • Winners of the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

References

Tags:

Nobel Prize Prize ke vibhag aur jiite waalaNobel PrizeDuniaLiteratureScience

🔥 Trending searches on Wiki Fiji Hindi:

CoffeeSodiumUzbekistan29 NovemberAman Pratap AdhikaryAnkaraCatalan bhasaPrajatantrSingaporeRembrandt1998Fiji ke schoolValletta199916 JanuaryBrazil1938Siddhesh LadMago IslandComicsGanrajyaInternational Monetary FundMotarPaudhaKollamPaglaapan26 JulyBasketballPiano1932Desert2021AreaSonaKanuunKotwaraAtomic numberNimakHungaryBosnian bhasaJorge Luis BorgesCOVID-19 mahamari (Pandemic)DNAElizabeth I of EnglandAlabamaSuwarAugustine of HippoBangkokChromiumViolinLanthanumPhotographyLatvian bhasa4 MayGangaFiji HindiUKChaitanya LakshmanVirginiaPeter I of RussiaFashionLata Mangeshkar1962🡆 More