Thòaⁿ-Sò͘

Thoàⁿ-sò͘ sī 1 chióng hui-kim-sio̍k (nonmetal), ū 4 ê goân-chú-kè (valency) ê goân-sò͘, i ū chin chē tông-sò͘-thé (allotropy), pí-lūn kóng soān-chio̍h he̍k-chiá sī chio̍h-ba̍k.

Thoàⁿ-sò͘,  ₆C

Graphite (left) and diamond (right), the two most well-known allotropes of carbon
Spectral lines of carbon
Ki-pún sèng-chit
Miâ, hû-hō	Thoàⁿ-sò͘, C
Eng-bûn	carbon
Tông-sò͘-thé	graphite, diamond
Gōa-hêng	graphite: black diamond: clear
Thoàⁿ-sò͘ tī chiu-kî-piáu lāi ê ūi-tì
– ↑ C ↓ Si phêng-sò͘ ← Thoàⁿ-sò͘ → chek-sò͘
Goân-chú-hoan	6
Goân-chú-liōng	12.011 (12.0096–12.0116)
Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t	to-goân-chú hui-kim-sio̍k sometimes considered a metalloid
Cho̍k, hun-khu	14 cho̍k, p khu
Chiu-kî	tē 2 chiu-kî
Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t	[He] 2s2 2p2
per shell	2, 4
Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit
Siòng	kò͘-thé
Sublimation point	3915 K ​(3642 °C, ​6588 °F)
Bi̍t-tō͘  (sek-un)	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g·cm−3 graphite: 2.267 g·cm−3 diamond: 3.515 g·cm−3
Sam-siòng-tiám	4600 K, ​10,800 kPa
Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t	graphite: 117 kJ·mol−1
Jia̍t-iông-liōng	graphite: 8.517 J·mol−1·K−1 diamond: 6.155 J·mol−1·K−1
Goân-chú sèng-chit
Sng-hòa-sò͘	+4, +3, +2, +1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 ​(a mildly acidic oxide)
Tiān-hū-tō͘	Pauling scale: 2.55
Tiān-lī-lêng	1st: 1086.5 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 2352.6 kJ·mol−1 3rd: 4620.5 kJ·mol−1 (more)
Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng	sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pm sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals pòaⁿ-kèng	170 pm
Cha̍p-lio̍k
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	graphite: ​simple hexagonal (black)
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	​diamond cubic
Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á)	diamond: 18,350 m·s−1 (at 20 °C)
Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng	diamond: 0.8 µm·m−1·K−1 (at 25 °C)
Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t	graphite: 119–165 W·m−1·K−1 diamond: 900–2300 W·m−1·K−1
Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t	graphite: 7.837 µΩ·m
Chû-sèng	diamagnetic
Young hē-sò͘	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear hē-sò͘	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk hē-sò͘	diamond: 442 GPa
Poisson pí	diamond: 0.1
Mohs ngē-tō͘	graphite: 1–2 diamond: 10
CAS teng-kì pian-hō	7440-44-0
Le̍k-sú
Hoat-hiān	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Chòe ún-tēng ê tông-ūi-sò͘
Chú bûn-chiong: Thoàⁿ-sò͘ ê tông-ūi-sò͘
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 11C syn 20 min β+ 0.96 11B 12C 98.9% 12C is stable with 6 neutrons 13C 1.1% 13C is stable with 7 neutrons 14C trace 5730 y β− 0.156 14N

Thoàⁿ-sò͘ mā sī cho͘-sêng iú-ki-bu̍t ê chú-iàu sêng-hun, sī kò͘-chō chhut tē-kiû téng seng-bu̍t ê ki-pún goân-sò͘.

Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t

Thòaⁿ-sò͘ thang keng-kòe sio-chiap ê thòaⁿ-sò͘–thòaⁿ-sò͘ kiat-ha̍p, chiâⁿ chò te̍k-pia̍t tn̂g liān, chit-ê sèng-chit mā hō chò chiâⁿ-liān (catenation).

Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t lāi-bīn siāng tan-sûn ê sī thòaⁿ-hòa chúi-sò͘ (hydrocarbon). Che sī chi̍t lūi iú-ki hun-chú, hâm chúi-sò͘ kap chi̍t liân-á ê thòaⁿ-sò͘ goân-chú. Liân-á ê tn̂g-tō͘ kap chok-iōng-ki (functional group) thang éng-hióng hun-chú ê sèng-chit.