Binciken ciwon daji yana nufin gano, cewon kansa kafin bayyanar cututtuka.
Wannan na iya haɗawa da gwajin jini, gwajin fitsari, gwajin DNA, da koma, wasu gwaje-gwaje, ko hoton likita . Amfanin dubawa cikin sharuddan rigakafin ciwon daji, gano wuri da wuri da Kuma magani na gaba dole ne a auna shi da kowane lahani.
Binciken Ciwon Daji | |
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medical test (en) | |
Bayanai | |
Ƙaramin ɓangare na | screening (en) |
Nunawa na duniya, wanda kuma aka sani da gwajin taro ko tantance yawan jama'a, ya haɗa da tantance kowa, yawanci a cikin takamaiman rukunin shekaru. Zaɓen tantancewa yana gano mutanen da aka san suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa, kamar mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali na ciwon daji.
Nunawa na iya haifar da sakamako mai kyau na ƙarya da hanyoyin ɓarna na gaba. Hakanan dubawa na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau na ƙarya, inda aka rasa ciwon daji da ke wanzu. Rikici yana tasowa lokacin da ba a bayyana ba idan fa'idodin tantancewar sun zarce kasadar tsarin tantancewar da kanta, da kuma duk wani gwaji da jiyya na bin diddigi.
Gwaje-gwajen nunawa dole ne su kasance masu tasiri, lafiyayye, jurewa da kyau tare da ƙarancin ƙima na sakamako mara kyau na ƙarya . Idan an gano alamun ciwon daji, ana yin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci da ɓarna don isa ga ganewar asali. Yin gwajin cutar kansa zai iya haifar da rigakafin cutar kansa da kuma ganewar asali a baya. Ganewar asali na farko na iya haifar da ƙarin ƙimar magani mai nasara da tsawaita rayuwa. Duk da haka, yana iya zama ƙarya don ƙara lokacin mutuwa ta hanyar nuna son kai ko tsayin lokaci .
Manufar gwajin cutar kansa ita ce samar da bayanan lafiya masu amfani waɗanda za su iya jagorantar jiyya. Binciken na iya taimakawa wajen gano ciwon daji a farkon matakai. Kyakkyawan gwajin cutar kansa ba zai zama mafi kusantar haifar da lahani ba fiye da samar da bayanai masu amfani. Gabaɗaya, gwajin cutar kansa yana da haɗari kuma bai kamata a yi shi ba sai da alamar likita .
Daban-daban hanyoyin duban cutar kansa suna da haɗari daban-daban, amma gwaje-gwaje masu kyau suna raba wasu halaye. Idan gwajin ya gano ciwon daji, to sakamakon gwajin shima yakamata ya haifar da zabin magani. Gwaje-gwaje masu kyau sun zo tare da bayanin majiyyaci na dalilin da yasa wannan mutumin yana da isasshen haɗarin kansa don tabbatar da gwajin. Wani ɓangare na ƙwarewar gwaji shine don mai ba da kiwon lafiya don bayyana yadda sakamakon tabbataccen ƙarya na gama gari ya kasance don majiyyaci ya fahimci mahallin sakamakon su. Idan akwai gwaje-gwaje da yawa, to yakamata a gabatar da gwajin gwaji tare da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka.
Binciken cutar kansa yana da cece-kuce a lokuta lokacin da har yanzu ba a san ko gwajin ya ceci rayuka ba. Nunawa na iya haifar da ingantaccen sakamako na gaskiya na ƙarya da kuma hanyoyin cin zarafi na gaba. Rigimar ta taso lokacin da ba a bayyana ba idan fa'idodin tantancewar sun zarce haɗarin gwaje-gwajen bincike na bin diddigin da kuma maganin ciwon daji. Ba a nuna gwajin cutar kansa ba sai dai idan tsawon rayuwa ya wuce shekaru biyar kuma amfanin ba shi da tabbas fiye da shekaru 70.
Ana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa don tantance ko fa'idodin tantancewar sun zarce kasada da tsadar aikin tantancewar. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da:
Binciken ciwon nono shine gwajin likita na asymptomatic, a fili mata masu lafiya don ciwon nono a yunƙurin cimma ganewar asali a baya. Manufar ganowa da wuri shine a nemo ciwon daji lokacin da za'a iya magance shi. An yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen gwaji da yawa, gami da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da na kai, mammography, gwajin nono na asibiti, jarrabawar nono, thermography, samfurin nama da hoton maganadisu. Mammography ita ce hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita don tantance ciwon nono ga matan da suka kai shekaru 50 zuwa sama. Akwai mammograms na 3D yanzu ana amfani da su kuma ga matan da ke da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono suna iya samun MRI. Ana la'akari da abubuwan haɗari na ciwon nono don yanke shawara idan ana buƙatar gwajin gwaji kuma idan haka ne wanda ya fi dacewa ga mutum.
Binciken mahaifa ta hanyar gwajin Pap ko wasu hanyoyin yana da matukar tasiri wajen ganowa da kuma hana ciwon daji na mahaifa, kodayake akwai haɗarin wuce gona da iri a cikin mata matasa har zuwa shekaru 20 ko sama da haka, waɗanda ke da saurin samun ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa waɗanda ke sharewa. ta halitta. Akwai kewayo mai yawa a cikin shekarun da aka ba da shawarar da za a fara nunawa a duniya. Dangane da ka'idodin Turai na 2010 don gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa, shekarun da za a fara gwajin ya bambanta tsakanin shekaru 20-30, "amma ba fi son kafin shekaru 25 ko 30 ba", ya danganta da nauyin cutar a cikin yawan jama'a da albarkatun da ake da su.
A Amurka adadin ciwon sankarar mahaifa ya kai kashi 0.1 cikin 100 na mata ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20, don haka kungiyar Cancer ta Amurka da kuma kwalejin likitocin mata na Amurka suna ba da shawarar cewa a fara tantancewar tun daga shekara 21, ba tare da la’akari da shekaru a lokacin jima’i ba. ko wasu halaye masu alaƙa da haɗari. Ga mata masu lafiya masu shekaru 21-29 waɗanda ba su taɓa yin smear mara kyau ba, gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa tare da cytology na mahaifa (Pap smear) ya kamata ya faru kowace shekara 3, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin rigakafin HPV ba. Abin da aka fi so don mata masu shekaru 30-65 shine "gwaji tare", wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwajin cytology na mahaifa da gwajin HPV, kowane shekaru 5. Duk da haka, yana da kyau a gwada wannan rukunin shekaru tare da yin gwajin Pap kadai a kowace shekara 3. A cikin matan da suka haura shekaru 65, ana iya dakatar da yin gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa idan babu sakamakon binciken da bai dace ba a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata kuma babu tarihin CIN 2 ko sama da haka.
Binciken ciwon daji na launin fata, idan an yi shi da wuri, yana da kariya domin kusan dukkanin ciwon daji na launin fata ya samo asali ne daga ci gaban da ake kira polyps, wanda za'a iya samuwa kuma a cire shi a lokacin colonoscopy (duba polypectomy colonic ).
A Amurka M Services Task Force ya bayar da shawarar nunawa ga colorectal ciwon daji ta amfani da fecal occult jini gwaji, sigmoidoscopy, ko colonoscopy, a manya, farko a shekaru 50 da shekaru da kuma ci gaba har shekaru 75 years. Ga mutane sama da 75 ko waɗanda ke da tsawon rayuwar ƙasa da 10 ba a ba da shawarar duba shekaru ba. Sabuwar hanyar enzyme don tantance ciwon daji na launin fata shine gwajin M2-PK, wanda ke iya gano ciwon jini da kuma ciwon daji marasa jini da kuma polyps. A cikin 2008, Kaiser Permanente Colorado ya aiwatar da wani shiri wanda ya yi amfani da kira mai sarrafa kansa kuma ya aika da na'urorin gwajin rigakafi na fecal ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka wuce lokacin gwajin cutar kansar launin fata. Shirin ya kara yawan adadin membobin da suka cancanta da aka tantance da kashi 25 cikin dari. Multi-Target Stool DNA Test (Cologuard) da Plasma SEPT9 DNA Methylation Test (Epi proColon) an yarda da FDA.
A Ingila, ana yin gwajin manya a duk shekara ta hanyar gwajin jini na faecal a tsakanin shekarun 60 zuwa 74, kuma kwanan nan ya wuce shekaru daga 50 zuwa 74.
Lokacin da ake yin gwajin cutar kansar prostate, gwajin PSA na iya gano ƙananan ciwon daji waɗanda ba za su taɓa zama masu barazanar rai ba, amma da zarar an gano su za su kai ga jiyya. Wannan yanayin, wanda ake kira overdiagnosis, yana sanya maza cikin haɗari don rikitarwa daga jiyya maras muhimmanci kamar tiyata ko radiation. Bibiyar hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don gano cutar kansar prostate ( prostate biopsy ) na iya haifar da illa, gami da zubar jini da kamuwa da cuta. Maganin ciwon daji na prostate na iya haifar da rashin natsuwa (rashin iya sarrafa kwararar fitsari) da tabarbarewar karfin mazakuta (rashin karfin jima'i). A sakamakon haka, a cikin 2012, da Amurka ke hana ayyukan hana daukar nauyin su (USPSF) da takamammen antigen (PSA) don cutar kansa da cutar cututtukan cutar sankara ba, " yayin da kowa ke son taimakawa wajen hana mace-mace daga cutar sankara ta prostate, hanyoyin gwajin PSA na yanzu da kuma maganin ciwon daji da aka gano a allo ba shine amsar ba."
Kwanan nan, Fenton's 2018 bita (wanda aka gudanar don USPSTF) ya mayar da hankali kan manyan nau'o'in sarrafawa guda biyu masu inganci na farashi da fa'idodin binciken PSA, kuma binciken ya kwatanta al'amurra masu rikitarwa da ke hade da binciken ciwon daji. Fenton ya bayar da rahoton cewa, tantance maza 1,000 a duk shekara hudu na shekaru 13 yana rage mace-mace daga cutar sankara ta prostate da guda ɗaya kawai. Musamman ma, daga cikin waɗancan maza 1,000: 243 sun sami alamar ciwon daji a lokacin gwajin PSA (mafi yawansu sannan suna da biopsy); daga cikinsu, 3 dole ne a kwantar da su a asibiti don matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta; An gano 35 tare da ciwon gurguwar prostate (saboda haka adadin ƙararrawar ƙarya daga ainihin gwajin PSA shine> 85%); Daga cikin wadancan 35, 3 sun guje wa cutar sankara ta prostate da kuma 1 sun guje wa mutuwa ta hanyar ciwon gurguwar prostate yayin da 9 suka sami rashin ƙarfi ko rashin iya yoyon fitsari saboda jinyarsu sannan 5 sun mutu sakamakon cutar kansar prostate duk da cewa an yi musu magani. A cikin shawarwarin su na 2018, USPSTF ta kiyasta cewa 20% -50% na maza da aka gano da cutar sankara ta prostate bayan ingantaccen gwajin PSA suna da ciwon daji wanda, ko da ba a kula da su ba, ba zai taɓa girma, yadawa, ko cutar da su ba
Yawancin ƙungiyoyin likitocin Arewacin Amurka suna ba da shawarar yanke shawara na keɓaɓɓu game da tantancewa, la'akari da kasada, fa'idodi, da abubuwan da majiyyata suka zaɓa.
Nazarin bincike don ciwon huhu na huhu an yi shi ne kawai a cikin yawan haɗari masu haɗari, kamar masu shan taba da ma'aikata masu bayyanar da sana'a ga wasu abubuwa. A cikin 2010s shawarwarin da hukumomin kiwon lafiya suka bayar suna nuna goyon baya ga gwajin cutar kansar huhu, wanda mai yuwuwa ya zama sananne a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa.
A watan Disamba 2013 The Amurka Ayyukan da ke hana ayyukansa (Uspstf) ya ba da shawarar shaidar cutar ta shekara-shekara don karancin ciwon kai lissafta tomography a cikin manya masu shekaru 55 zuwa 80 waɗanda ke da tarihin fakitin shekaru 30 na shan taba kuma a halin yanzu suna shan taba ko kuma sun daina a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata. Yakamata a daina tantancewa da zarar mutum bai sha taba ba har tsawon shekaru 15 ko kuma ya sami matsalar lafiya wanda ke da iyakacin tsawon rai ko kuma iyawa ko kuma niyyar yin tiyatar huhu na curative.”
Gano farkon gano ciwon daji na pancreatic biomarkers an cika shi ta amfani da tsarin rigakafi na tushen SERS. A SERS-base multiplex proteinbiomarker gano dandamali a cikin guntu microfluidic don ganowa ana amfani da shi don gano furotin biomarkers da yawa don tsinkayar nau'in cuta da masu mahimmancin halittu da haɓaka damar ganowa tsakanin cututtuka tare da masu siyar da halittu masu kama (PC, OVC, da pancreatitis). An yarda da cewa gabaɗaya gwajin manyan ƙungiyoyi don ciwon daji na pancreatic ba zai iya yin tasiri a halin yanzu ba, kuma a waje gwaje-gwajen asibiti babu shirye-shirye don wannan. A Turai Society for Medical Oncology bada shawarar yau da kullum nunawa tare da endoscopic duban dan tayi da kuma MRI / CT Dabarar ga waɗanda a babban hadarin daga gaji halittar jini, a layi tare da wasu shawarwari, wanda zai iya kuma sun hada da CT. Don tantancewa, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin duban CT na musamman, kamar CT scan multiphase.
Ga matsakaitan mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin, ba a ba da shawarar yin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don ciwon daji na pancreatic ba a halin yanzu.
Ayyukan rigakafin na Amurka (Uspstf) a cikin 2013 sun gano cewa shaidar ta isa don tantance daidaiton fa'idodi da cutar kansa ba tare da masu samar da kulawa ba. Cibiyar Nazarin Likitocin Iyali ta Amurka ta zo ga irin wannan matsaya yayin da Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa manya sama da shekaru 20 waɗanda ke yin gwajin lafiya na lokaci-lokaci yakamata a bincika kogon baki don ciwon daji. Ƙungiyar Haƙori ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa masu ba da sabis su kasance a faɗake don alamun ciwon daji yayin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun. Wasu ƙungiyoyin likitocin haƙori kuma suna ba da shawarar gwajin cutar kansar baki.
Babu isassun shedar da za a ba da shawarar don ko ƙin gwajin cutar kansar fata, da kansar mafitsara . Ba a ba da shawarar yin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don kansar ƙwanƙwasa da kansar kwai ba
Ana samun cikakkun sikanin CT na jiki don gwajin cutar kansa, amma irin wannan nau'in hoto na likitanci don bincika cutar kansa a cikin mutane ba tare da bayyananniyar alamun bayyanar ba na iya haifar da matsaloli kamar haɓakar haɓakar ionizing radiation . Koyaya, sikanin maganadisu na maganadisu ( MRI ) ba su da alaƙa da haɗarin radiation, kuma ana ƙididdige sikanin MRI don amfani da su wajen tantance cutar kansa. Akwai babban haɗarin gano abin da ake kira incidentalomas - raunuka marasa kyau waɗanda za a iya fassara su azaman ciwon daji kuma suna sanya marasa lafiya cikin haɗari mai yuwuwa ta hanyar bin hanyoyin da za a bi.
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