cite Journal

This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for academic and scientific papers published in bona fide journals.

Periodical

  • work (required by {{cite journal}} and {{cite magazine}}): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website. Use Latin script. For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field.
    • script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website.
    • trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website.
        ... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ...
    • article-number: For journals that provide article numbers for the articles in a journal issue; rendered between volume/issue and page(s).
    • issue: When the publication is one of a series that is published periodically. Alias: number. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g. |issue=2, ''Modern Canadian Literature''. Please choose either |issue= or |number= depending on what is used in the actual publication. If a publication carries both issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example |issue=2 #143. Displayed in parentheses following volume.
    • department: Title of a regular department, column, or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text.
    When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:
      title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.
      chapter does not display (and will produce an error message).

Publisher

  • publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
  • place: For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
  • publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
  • publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.
  • via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the access level parameters to display access restrictions.

Edition, series, volume

  • edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so |edition=2nd produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
  • series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.
  • volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.

In-source locations

  • page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Displays preceded by colon (:). If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |page=3{{hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert |page=3-12 to |pages=3{{ndash}}12. Alias: p.
  • OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content or the range of pages of the article as a whole, or both (using the following notation: article-page-range [content-supporting-pages], for example: pp. 4–10 [5, 7]). Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by colon (:).
    Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |pages= without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use |at=, like this: |at=pp. 3-1–3-15. Alias: pp.
  • OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by |page= or |pages=. Use only one of |page=, |pages=, or |at=.
    Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
  • For |quote-page= and |quote-pages= used in conjunction with |quote=, see here.

Identifiers

  • id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, |id=NCJ 122967 will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as |id={{NCJ|122967}} to append NCJ 122967 instead.

The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.

  • arxiv: arXiv identifier; for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint.
  • asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example |asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.
    • asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ae, au, br, ca, cn, de, es, fr, in, it, jp, mx, nl, pl, sa, se, sg, tr, uk. Aliases: none.
  • bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none.
  • biorxiv: bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. 10.1101/078733 for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://doi.org/10.1101/078733; 10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400). Aliases: none.
  • citeseerx: CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. 10.1.1.176.341 for http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341). Aliases: none.
  • doi: Digital object identifier; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.
    • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
    • doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
  • eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.
    • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
  • hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example |hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL.
  • isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9. (See Wiki: ISBN and ISBN § Overview.) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.
    • Use the {{Format ISBN}} template within the parameter – in the form |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.
    • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
  • ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN.
  • issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |issn=2049-3630. Aliases: ISSN.
    • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
  • jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik; do not include "JFM" in the value; example |jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM.
  • jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example: |jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR.
  • lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example |lccn=79-57364 or |lccn=2004042477 or |lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN.
  • mr: Mathematical Reviews; example |mr=630583. Aliases: MR.
  • oclc: OCLC Number for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog; example |oclc=9355469. Aliases: OCLC.
  • ol: Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example |ol=7030731M. Aliases: OL.
  • osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information; example |osti=4367507. Aliases: OSTI.
  • pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g. |pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. See also the pmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMC.
    • pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
  • pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example |pmid=17322060 See also the pmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMID.
  • rfc: Request for Comments; example |rfc=3143. Aliases: RFC.
  • sbn: Standard Book Number; example |sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases: SBN.
    • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
  • ssrn: Social Science Research Network; example |ssrn=1900856. Aliases: SSRN.
  • s2cid: Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example |s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID.
  • zbl: Zentralblatt MATH; example |zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use |jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.

In very rare cases, valid identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.

For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.

For {{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).

It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.

Subscription or registration required

Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.

Four access levels can be used:

  • access indicator for named identifiers:
    • Freely accessible free: the source is free to read for anyone
  • access indicators for url-holding parameters:
    • Free registration required registration: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration
    • Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required limited: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required
    • Paid subscription required subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall")

As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.

Access indicators for url-holding parameters

Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url=, and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as free. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add |archive-url= and |archive-date= values if possible.

URL-holding and access-indicator parameters
URL Access Allowed keywords
|url= |url-access= registration Free registration required
limited Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required
subscription Paid subscription required
|article-url= |article-url-access=
|chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=
|contribution-url= |contribution-url-access=
|entry-url= |entry-url-access=
|map-url= |map-url-access=
|section-url= |section-url-access=

For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:

{{cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}} 

which renders as:

Access indicator for named identifiers

Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.

Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters
Identifier Access Allowed keywords
|bibcode= |bibcode-access= free Freely accessible
|doi= |doi-access=
|hdl= |hdl-access=
|jstor= |jstor-access=
|ol= |ol-access=
|osti= |osti-access=
|ssrn= |ssrn-access=
|s2cid= |s2cid-access=

Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:

  • |arxiv=
  • |biorxiv=
  • |citeseerx=
  • |medrxiv=
  • |pmc=
  • |rfc=

For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.

Quote

  • quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
    • script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
        ... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...
    • trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
  • quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in |page=, |pages= or |at=. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none.
  • OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in |pages= or |at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |quote-pages= without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.

Anchor

  • ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, |ref=ID generates an anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's ID"> HTML tag). Setting |ref=ID identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{sfn}} and {{harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair |ref=harv has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set |ref=none. Aliases: none. See Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates.

Display options

  • mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For |mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For |mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript.
  • author-mask:
  • contributor-mask:
  • editor-mask:
  • interviewer-mask:
  • subject-mask:
  • translator-mask:
      Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. |authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.
  • display-authors:
  • display-contributors:
  • display-editors:
  • display-interviewers:
  • display-subjects:
  • display-translators:
      Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). |display-authors=0 is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
  • postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. |postscript= is ignored if quote is defined.

Notes

Although it may appear redundant to include multiple ids for articles, it is helpful for many editors who only have access to a certain resource. If only one ID is to be included, the DOI should be used, as this is the universal standard preferred by professional publications. Specifying a link as a DOI, PMID, etc. is always preferable to including it as a URL parameter, as it makes it clear that the link is accurate and stable, but not necessarily openly accessible. |access-date= is not necessary when a permanent identifier is used.

TemplateData

This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. See a monthly parameter usage report for Template:Cite journal in articles based on its TemplateData.

TemplateData for Cite journal

This template formats a citation to an article in a magazine or journal, using the provided source information (e.g. journal name, author, title, issue, URL) and various formatting options.

Template parametersEdit template data

This template has custom formatting.

ParameterDescriptionTypeStatus
Last namelast author author1 last1

The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

    Linesuggested
    First namefirst first1

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

      Linesuggested
      Author linkauthor-link author-link1 author1-link

      Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

        Page nameoptional
        Last name 2last2 author2

        The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'

          Lineoptional
          First name 2first2

          Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink

            Lineoptional
            Author link 2author-link2 author2-link

            Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author

              Page nameoptional
              Last name 3last3 author3

              The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'

                Lineoptional
                First name 3first3

                Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink

                  Lineoptional
                  Author link 3author-link3 author3-link

                  Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author

                    Page nameoptional
                    Last name 4last4 author4

                    The surname of the forth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'

                      Lineoptional
                      First name 4first4

                      Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the forth author; don't wikilink

                        Lineoptional
                        Author link 4author-link4 author4-link

                        Title of existing Wikipedia article about the forth author

                          Page nameoptional
                          Last name 5last5 author5

                          The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'

                            Lineoptional
                            First name 5first5

                            Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink

                              Lineoptional
                              Author link 5author-link5 author5-link

                              Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author

                                Page nameoptional
                                Last name 6last6 author6

                                The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'

                                  Lineoptional
                                  First name 6first6

                                  Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink

                                    Lineoptional
                                    Author link 6author-link6 author6-link

                                    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author

                                      Page nameoptional
                                      Last name 7last7 author7

                                      The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'

                                        Lineoptional
                                        First name 7first7

                                        Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink

                                          Lineoptional
                                          Author link 7author-link7 author7-link

                                          Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author

                                            Page nameoptional
                                            Last name 8last8 author8

                                            The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'

                                              Lineoptional
                                              First name 8first8

                                              Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink

                                                Lineoptional
                                                Author link 8author-link8 author8-link

                                                Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author

                                                  Page nameoptional
                                                  Last name 9last9 author9

                                                  The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.

                                                    Lineoptional
                                                    First name 9first9

                                                    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink

                                                      Lineoptional
                                                      Author link 9author-link9 author9-link

                                                      Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author

                                                        Page nameoptional
                                                        Last name 10last10 author10

                                                        The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'.

                                                          Lineoptional
                                                          First name 10first10

                                                          Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink

                                                            Lineoptional
                                                            Author link 10author-link10 author10-link

                                                            Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author

                                                              Page nameoptional
                                                              Last name 11last11 author11

                                                              The surname of the 11th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'.

                                                                Lineoptional
                                                                First name 11first11

                                                                Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 11th author; don't wikilink

                                                                  Lineoptional
                                                                  Author link 11author-link11 author11-link

                                                                  Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 11th author

                                                                    Page nameoptional
                                                                    Last name 12last12 author12

                                                                    The surname of the 12th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'.

                                                                      Lineoptional
                                                                      First name 12first12

                                                                      Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 12th author; don't wikilink

                                                                        Lineoptional
                                                                        Author link 12author-link12 author12-link

                                                                        Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 12th author

                                                                          Page nameoptional
                                                                          Last name 13last13 author13

                                                                          The surname of the 13th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'.

                                                                            Lineoptional
                                                                            First name 13first13

                                                                            Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 13th author; don't wikilink

                                                                              Lineoptional
                                                                              Author link 13author-link13 author13-link

                                                                              Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 13th author

                                                                                Page nameoptional
                                                                                Last name 14last14 author14

                                                                                The surname of the 14th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'.

                                                                                  Lineoptional
                                                                                  First name 14first14

                                                                                  Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 14th author; don't wikilink

                                                                                    Lineoptional
                                                                                    Author link 14author-link14 author14-link

                                                                                    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 14th author

                                                                                      Page nameoptional
                                                                                      Last name 15last15 author15

                                                                                      The surname of the 15th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'.

                                                                                        Lineoptional
                                                                                        First name 15first15

                                                                                        Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 15th author; don't wikilink

                                                                                          Lineoptional
                                                                                          Author link 15author-link15 author15-link

                                                                                          Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 15th author

                                                                                            Page nameoptional
                                                                                            Display authorsdisplay-authors

                                                                                            number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used;

                                                                                              Numberoptional
                                                                                              Author maskauthor-mask

                                                                                              Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead

                                                                                                Stringoptional
                                                                                                Name list stylename-list-style

                                                                                                Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two on the name list to '&' or 'and', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.

                                                                                                  Stringoptional
                                                                                                  Vancouver style authorsvauthors

                                                                                                  comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses

                                                                                                    Lineoptional
                                                                                                    Source datedate

                                                                                                    Date of the source; do not wikilink. As listed in the publication

                                                                                                      Datesuggested
                                                                                                      Year of publicationyear

                                                                                                      Year of the source being referenced; recommended only when date parameter format is YYYY-MM-DD and a CITEREF disambiguator is needed

                                                                                                        Numberoptional
                                                                                                        Original dateorig-date

                                                                                                        Original date of publication; provide specifics

                                                                                                          Numberoptional
                                                                                                          Editor last nameeditor-last editor1-last

                                                                                                          The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-last', 'editor'

                                                                                                            Lineoptional
                                                                                                            Editor first nameeditor-first editor1-first

                                                                                                            Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'

                                                                                                              Lineoptional
                                                                                                              Editor linkeditor-link

                                                                                                              Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-link'

                                                                                                                Page nameoptional
                                                                                                                Editor last name 2editor2-last editor2

                                                                                                                The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'

                                                                                                                  Lineoptional
                                                                                                                  Editor first name 2editor2-first

                                                                                                                  Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink

                                                                                                                    Lineoptional
                                                                                                                    Editor link 2editor2-link editor-link2

                                                                                                                    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor

                                                                                                                      Page nameoptional
                                                                                                                      Editor last name 3editor3-last editor3

                                                                                                                      The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'

                                                                                                                        Lineoptional
                                                                                                                        Editor first name 3editor3-first

                                                                                                                        Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink

                                                                                                                          Lineoptional
                                                                                                                          Editor link 3editor3-link editor-link3

                                                                                                                          Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor

                                                                                                                            Page nameoptional
                                                                                                                            Editor last name 4editor4-last editor4

                                                                                                                            The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'

                                                                                                                              Lineoptional
                                                                                                                              Editor first name 4editor4-first

                                                                                                                              Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink

                                                                                                                                Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                Editor link 4editor4-link editor-link4

                                                                                                                                Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor

                                                                                                                                  Page nameoptional
                                                                                                                                  Editor last name 5editor5-last editor5

                                                                                                                                  The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'

                                                                                                                                    Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                    Editor first name 5editor5-first

                                                                                                                                    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink

                                                                                                                                      Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                      Editor link 5editor5-link editor-link5

                                                                                                                                      Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor

                                                                                                                                        Page nameoptional
                                                                                                                                        Editor last name 6editor6-last editor6

                                                                                                                                        The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'

                                                                                                                                          Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                          Editor first name 6editor6-first

                                                                                                                                          Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink

                                                                                                                                            Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                            Editor link 6editor6-link editor-link6

                                                                                                                                            Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor

                                                                                                                                              Page nameoptional
                                                                                                                                              Editor last name 7editor7-last editor7

                                                                                                                                              The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'

                                                                                                                                                Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                Editor first name 7editor7-first

                                                                                                                                                Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink

                                                                                                                                                  Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                  Editor link 7editor7-link editor-link7

                                                                                                                                                  Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor

                                                                                                                                                    Page nameoptional
                                                                                                                                                    Editor last name 8editor8-last editor8

                                                                                                                                                    The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'

                                                                                                                                                      Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                      Editor first name 8editor8-first

                                                                                                                                                      Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink

                                                                                                                                                        Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                        Editor link 8editor8-link editor-link8

                                                                                                                                                        Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor

                                                                                                                                                          Page nameoptional
                                                                                                                                                          Editor last name 9editor9-last editor9

                                                                                                                                                          The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'

                                                                                                                                                            Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                            Editor first name 9editor9-first

                                                                                                                                                            Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink

                                                                                                                                                              Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                              Editor link 9editor9-link editor-link9

                                                                                                                                                              Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor

                                                                                                                                                                Page nameoptional
                                                                                                                                                                Othersothers

                                                                                                                                                                Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'

                                                                                                                                                                  Contentoptional
                                                                                                                                                                  Titletitle

                                                                                                                                                                  The title of the article; can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in quotes.

                                                                                                                                                                    Contentrequired
                                                                                                                                                                    Script titlescript-title

                                                                                                                                                                    For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...

                                                                                                                                                                      Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                      Translated titletrans-title

                                                                                                                                                                      An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended

                                                                                                                                                                        Contentoptional
                                                                                                                                                                        URLurl URL

                                                                                                                                                                        The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "http://..." or maybe even the protocol-relative scheme "//..."

                                                                                                                                                                          Example
                                                                                                                                                                          https://www.nytimes.com/...
                                                                                                                                                                        Linesuggested
                                                                                                                                                                        URL statusurl-status

                                                                                                                                                                        If set to 'live', the title displays with the URL linked; if set to 'dead', the title displays with the archive URL linked

                                                                                                                                                                          Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                          Formatformat

                                                                                                                                                                          Format of the work referred to by 'url' ('url' is required when using 'format'); examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML

                                                                                                                                                                            Contentoptional
                                                                                                                                                                            Departmentdepartment

                                                                                                                                                                            Department (section) within the periodical

                                                                                                                                                                              Stringoptional
                                                                                                                                                                              Journaljournal

                                                                                                                                                                              Name of the source journal; may be wikilinked; displays in italics; alias of 'work'

                                                                                                                                                                                Example
                                                                                                                                                                                [[American Journal of Sociology]]
                                                                                                                                                                              Contentrequired
                                                                                                                                                                              Chapterchapter

                                                                                                                                                                              The chapter heading of the source

                                                                                                                                                                                Stringoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                Typetype

                                                                                                                                                                                Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case

                                                                                                                                                                                  Contentoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                  Seriesseries version

                                                                                                                                                                                  Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal; alias of 'version'

                                                                                                                                                                                    Contentoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                    Languagelanguage

                                                                                                                                                                                    The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates

                                                                                                                                                                                      Contentoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                      Editionedition

                                                                                                                                                                                      When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.'

                                                                                                                                                                                        Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                        Location of publicationlocation

                                                                                                                                                                                        Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place; alias of 'place'

                                                                                                                                                                                          Stringoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                          Publisherpublisher

                                                                                                                                                                                          Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked; displays after title

                                                                                                                                                                                            Example
                                                                                                                                                                                            [[University of Chicago Press]]
                                                                                                                                                                                          Contentoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                          Place of publicationpublication-place

                                                                                                                                                                                          Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'

                                                                                                                                                                                            Contentoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                            Publication datepublication-date

                                                                                                                                                                                            Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink

                                                                                                                                                                                              Dateoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                              Volumevolume

                                                                                                                                                                                              For one publication published in several volumes, usually a number. Do not prepend with v. or vol.

                                                                                                                                                                                                Example
                                                                                                                                                                                                3
                                                                                                                                                                                              Linesuggested
                                                                                                                                                                                              Issueissue

                                                                                                                                                                                              Issue identifier when the source is part of a series that is published periodically, usually a number. Do not prepend with no.

                                                                                                                                                                                                Example
                                                                                                                                                                                                4
                                                                                                                                                                                              Linesuggested
                                                                                                                                                                                              Pagepage

                                                                                                                                                                                              Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'

                                                                                                                                                                                                Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                Pagespages

                                                                                                                                                                                                Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.')

                                                                                                                                                                                                  Linesuggested
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Atat

                                                                                                                                                                                                  May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                    No ppno-pp

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')

                                                                                                                                                                                                      Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                      arXiv identifierarxiv

                                                                                                                                                                                                      An identifier for arXiv electronic preprints of scientific papers

                                                                                                                                                                                                        Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ASINasin

                                                                                                                                                                                                        Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters

                                                                                                                                                                                                          Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                          ASIN TLDasin-tld

                                                                                                                                                                                                          ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US

                                                                                                                                                                                                            Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                            Bibcodebibcode

                                                                                                                                                                                                            Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters

                                                                                                                                                                                                              Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                              biorXivbiorxiv

                                                                                                                                                                                                              biorXiv identifier; full doi

                                                                                                                                                                                                                Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                CiteSeerXciteseerx

                                                                                                                                                                                                                CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  DOIdoi

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Stringoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    DOI broken datedoi-broken-date

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The date that the DOI was determined to be broken

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Dateoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ISBNisbn

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ISSNissn

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        International Standard Serial Number (print); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          eISSNeissn

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          International Standard Serial Number (online); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            jfm codejfm

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              JSTORjstor

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              JSTOR identifier

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                LCCNlccn

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Library of Congress Control Number

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  MRmr

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Mathematical Reviews identifier

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    OCLCoclc

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Online Computer Library Center number

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Numberoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      OLol

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Open Library identifier

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        OSTIosti

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          PMCpmc

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          PubMed Center article number

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Numberoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            PMIDpmid

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            PubMed Unique Identifier

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              RFCrfc

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Request for Comments number

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Numberoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Semantic Scholar Corpus IDs2cid S2CID

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The corpus ID from the paper's Semantic Scholar page, if available. Displays as a link to the Semantic Scholar page.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Example
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  255254796
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Unknownoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                SSRNssrn

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Social Science Research Network

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Zblzbl

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    idid

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      URL access levelurl-access

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Stringoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Archive URLarchive-url

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Archive datearchive-date

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Dateoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            URL access dateaccess-date

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Dateoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Quotequote

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Contentoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Postscriptpostscript

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Default
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Refref

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set |ref=none.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Lineoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Content deliverer (i.e. Database)via

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Provider of the article (not the publisher), usually an aggregator of journal articles or a repository

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Example
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    JSTOR, Project MUSE, Elsevier Science Direct
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Stringsuggested
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Bibcode access levelbibcode-access

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Stringoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    DOI access leveldoi-access

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Stringoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      HDL access levelhdl-access

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Stringoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        JSTOR access leveljstor-access

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        If the full text is free to read on JSTOR, type 'free'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Stringoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          OpenLibrary access levelol-access

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Stringoptional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            OSTI access levelosti-access

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Stringoptional

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              See also

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Tags:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Digital object identifierHelp:Citation Style 1Template:Cite magazineUser:Citation bot/useWikipedia:CITE

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