citations Quick Reference
Citations are important in Wikipedia to ensure that information comes from actual, reliable sources (WP:V, WP:CITE).
 | This help page is a how-to guide. It details processes or procedures of some aspect(s) of Wikipedia's norms and practices. It is not one of Wiki's policies or guidelines, and may reflect varying levels of consensus and vetting. |
There are three preferred ways of citing sources:
- Footnotes
- Footnotes with list-defined references
- Shortened footnotes
Citations can also be placed as external links, but these are not preferred because they are prone to link rot and usually lack the full information necessary to find the original source in cases of link rot. In cases where citations are lacking, the template {{fact}} can be added after the statement in question.
The following table shows examples of these ways of citing sources, categorized as "the good, the bad and the ugly".
| Citation style | Article wikitext | Appears as | References section wikitext | Appears as | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good | Footnotes | Substantiated claim.<ref name="Robinson">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Arthur Howard |authorlink=Arthur H. Robinson |date=1995 |origyear=1953 |title=Elements of Cartography |edition=6th |location=New York |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=0471555797 |oclc=30976558}}ref>{{rp|13}} Another substantiated claim.<ref name="Robinson" />{{rp|42}} Substantiated claim from web site.<ref name="example web reference">{{cite web |url=http://www.example.org |title=Example |website=www.example.org |accessdate=5 September 2020}} Additional text about the link.ref> | Substantiated claim.: 13 Another substantiated claim.: 42 Substantiated claim from web site. | ===References=== <references/> or ==References== {{reflist}} | |
| Good | Footnotes with list-defined references | Substantiated claim.<ref name="Robinson" />{{rp|13}} Another substantiated claim.<ref name="Robinson" />{{rp|42}} Substantiated claim from web site.<ref name="example web reference"/> | Substantiated claim.: 13 Another substantiated claim.: 42 Substantiated claim from web site. | ==References== <references> <ref name="Robinson">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Arthur Howard |authorlink=Arthur H. Robinson |date=1995 |origyear=1953 |title=Elements of Cartography |edition=6th |location=New York |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=0471555797 |oclc=30976558}}ref> <ref name="example web reference">{{cite web |url=http://www.example.org |title=Example |website=www.example.org |accessdate=5 September 2020}} Additional text about the link.ref> references> | |
| Good | Shortened footnotes | Substantiated claim.{{sfn|Harris|Sanborn|2014|p=13}} Another substantiated claim.{{sfn|Harris|Sanborn|2014|p=42}} Substantiated claim from web site.{{sfn|Example|2020}} | Substantiated claim. Another substantiated claim. Substantiated claim from web site. | ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.example.org |title=Example |website=www.example.org |accessdate=5 September 2020 |ref={{harvid|Example|2020}}}} Additional text about the link. * {{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Richard Jackson |last2=Sanborn |first2=Fred W. |date=2014 |origyear=1994 |title=A Cognitive Psychology of Mass Communication |edition=6th |series=Routledge Communication Series |location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780415537049 |oclc=785869181}} {{refend}} | |
| Bad | Embedded links | Substantiated claim.[https://www.loc.gov] | Substantiated claim.[1] | * [https://www.loc.gov Library of Congress website] | |
| Ugly | Citation needed | Unsubstantiated claim.{{fact}} | Unsubstantiated claim.[citation needed] |
See also
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