harvard Citation
The harv (Harvard citation) template creates a short citation in the form of (Smith 2007, p.
Template documentation | This template is used on approximately 6,000 pages and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them. |
 | This template uses Lua: |
22)", for use inside explanatory notes. It is occasionally used in project namespace for essays. It can be used within footnotes, but should not be used in the body text of any article. Since 2020, inline parenthetical references have been deprecated on Wiki. Any usage of parenthetical references in the body of an article can be converted to footnotes.
{{harv}} is designed to be used to create shortened footnotes, a citation style which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a complete citation in the references section at the end of the article (see example below). This citation style is used to reduce clutter in the edit window and to combine multiple citations to the same source.
Common problems and known workarounds are given in the section possible issues section below.
There are several other templates that are designed for use with shortened footnotes. They differ slightly in the way they format the author-date citation and how much of their functionality is automated. A full list of these related templates is below.
Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See WP:CITEVAR.
Also note that inline use of these templates, i.e. use of {{harv}} without ... tags around it, was deprecated in September 2020. See also WP:PAREN.
Usage
harv generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters:
with
- <last1> – required; surname of first author or corporate author
- <last2>–<last4> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation
- <year> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like
2012a |p=– specific page referenced in the source (alias:|page=)|pp=– comma-separated list of individual pages and / or range(s) of pages referenced in the source (alias:|pages=)|loc=– in-source location when|p=and|pp=are inappropriate; may be used to supplement|p=and|pp=; information such as a section or figure number.
Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section.
Template harv is placed inside ... tags to create shortened footnotes. (Using harv outside of ... tags was deprecated in September 2020).
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}} More article text.{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}} Still more article text.{{harv|Smith|2020|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 | title = Smith's Book }} | Article text. More article text. Still more article text.
Smith, John (2020). Smith's Book. |
Parameters
Author(s) and year
The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from |lastN= or |authorN= ) are required, followed by the year of publication (from |year= or |date=). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result.
The possible issues section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as large number of authors, no author name, multiple works in the same year, multiple authors with same last name and others.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}} | Article text. |
Article text.{{harv|Smith|Jones|2020|p=25}} | Article text. |
Article text.{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|2020|p=25}} | Article text. |
Article text.{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2020|p=25}} | Article text. |
Location in the source text
The optional parameters |p=, |pp= and |loc= can be used to indicate the location in the source, such as page numbers. For single pages, use |p=; for multiple pages (such as ranges), use |pp=. Use of |p= for multiple pages or |pp= for single pages can cause cite errors. |loc= can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. The parameters |page= and |pages= exist as aliases for |p= and |pp=, respectively.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}} | Article text. |
Article text.{{harv|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}} | Article text. |
Article text.{{harv|Smith|2020|loc=chpt. 3}} | Article text. |
Article text.{{harv|Smith|2020|loc=section 7}} | Article text. |
Additional text
The optional parameter |postscript= or |ps= can be used to change the text which appears at the end of the note in the reference list. (See § Adding additional comments or quotes and § No closing period, below.) The postscript is only effective the first time {{sfn}} is used for a particular author, year and location.
Hard-coded link names
Not available in {{sfn}} and similar templates.
The optional parameter |ref= is used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary, and it is more common to use {{sfnRef}} or {{harvid}} in the reference section. If you specify |ref=none, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter |Ref= is an alias for |ref=.
Possible issues
Adding additional comments or quotes
The templates {{harvnb}} or {{harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote. Examples are below.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Some information.{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information." == Notes == {{reflist}} | Some information. |
"A quote in a secondary source."{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}} == Notes == {{reflist}} | "A quote in a secondary source." |
Nota bene: In the past, the use of |ps= has been advised to hold this additional information, but it is not suitable for this purpose. Two or more {{sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different |ps= will result in a Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content message. This message happens because the reference names that {{sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the tag and the tag will be different. A workaround is to convert one or some of the {{sfn}} templates to {{harvnb}} wrapped in ... tags.
Adding a URL for the page or location
If a specific link to the page or section is available, a URL can be added to the location or page number.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org chpt. 3]}} | |
{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org §7]}} | (Smith 2011, §7) |
| Article text.
|
A citation inside an explanatory footnote
Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. Templates like {{sfn}} can't be directly imbedded between ... tags, because the following message will be produced: Cite error references missing group.
The templates {{efn}} and {{notelist}} can be used to create separate explanatory footnotes from short citations, as shown in the first example. An article that uses this technique extensively is Chinese Room.
It is also possible to use the magic word {{#tag:ref|...}} and the {{sfn}} template will work correctly inside the footnote, as shown in the second example.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }} | Interesting fact.
|
Interesting fact.{{#tag:ref|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2017}}}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2017 | title = Smith's other book }} | Interesting fact.
|
Multiple lists of inline citations
Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see Template:Houston family tree and the article Margaret Lea Houston).
To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{cite book}} place {{harvnb}} or {{harv}} within the efn template.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
...by the fact itself.{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=1}} ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== [[Ipso facto]]{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=2}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} | ...by the fact itself. He's his own grandpa.
|
More than one work in a year
Where there is a need to cite more than one work by the same author published in the same year, the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year element of the {{sfn}} template (e.g. {{sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{sfn|Smith|2006b}}). Make sure to add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. {{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}).
Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1
When {{sfn}} is used with {{citation}} or Citation Style 1 templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to |date= for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric (YYYY-MM-DD). It is not necessary to include both |date= and |year= (see exception below). If both are included, |year= is used for the CITEREF anchor to be compliant with legacy citations.
|date=2013a: simple year only dates|date=Jan 2013bor|date=Winter 2013b: month or season and year dates|date=9 November 2013bor|date=November 9, 2013b: full dates|date=June–July 2013cor|date=Winter–Spring 2013c: month or season ranges and year dates|date=c. 2013d: circa year dates|date=2024–2025eor|date=Summer 2024–25e: year ranges|date=n.d.f: no date (n.d.)|date=2013g-11-09|year=2013g. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given:|date=2013-11-09|year=2013x. In this case,|date=is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and|year=for link disambiguation.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b |title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }} | Article text. More text.
|
More than one author with the same last name
The above solution to add a letter suffix after the year element also works for multiple authors with the same last name. For example, both Richard Bushman and Claudia Lauper Bushman published books in 2006. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "2006a" and the second one "2006b".
Large number of authors
If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in |last= or |author=) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use the |ref={{harvid}} in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many scientists | journal = Important Journal }} | Article text.
|
Article text.{{harv|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal = Important Journal | ref = {{harvid|Smith et al.|1995}} }} | Article text.
|
No author name in citation template
Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are:
- For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date.
- For a publication by an institution, use either:
- The initials of the institution
- The name of the institution
- Alternatively, some style guides recommend using the title of the article.
- Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."
An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using |ref={{harvid}} in the citation template can handle these cases.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
| Article text.
|
| Article text.
|
Citation has |date= and no |year=
Either the |date= or |year= of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both |date= and |year= parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal }} | Article text.
|
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }} | Article text.
|
Using harv with {{cite comic}}
The {{cite comic}} template uses the parameter |ref= to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This can be set with {{sfnRef}}, {{harvid}}, or using CITEREF directly with a concatenation of #CITEREF plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=[[Fleetway]] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}} }} | |
Using harv with {{vcite}}
The Citation Style Vancouver family of templates use parameter |harvid= to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{vcite book | author = Smith K | date = 1999 | title = Smith's 1999 Book | harvid = Smith1999 }} | Article text.
|
Citation format does not support anchors: {{wikicite}}
In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the |ref= parameter or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use {{wikicite}} to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad links. It is always possible to simply remove {{harv}} or {{sfn}}, leaving plain text without links.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}} }} | Article text.
|
Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{harvid|A particularly unusual citation}} }} | Article text.
|
It is also possible to use to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with HTML 5.
No closing period: |ps=none
Using |ps=none in {{sfn}} removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with Citation style 2, as produced by {{Citation}}, which does not use a trailing period (full stop) when rendering full citations. The postscript is only effective the first time {{sfn}} is used for a particular author, year, and location. An empty |ps= will also suppress terminal punctuation, but |ps=none is recommended in order to make it clear that an editor intended there to be no terminal punctuation.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=none}} == Notes == {{reflist}} | Article text. |
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}} | Article text. |
Wikilink to citation does not work
If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted wikilink from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:
- The correct citation does not appear at the bottom of the article. Solution: Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with
{{citation not found}}. - The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and
- The Harvard citation uses a template (such as
{{sfn}}or{{harv}}):- The citation uses a template from the list at Citation Style 1:
- The name is spelled or capitalized differently here than in the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations.
- The year is different here than the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations.
- The template has a
|date=field and no|year=field, but the format of the|date=field is unusual. Solution: Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add|year=to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) - The citation does not have an author's, or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). Solution: check that
|ref={{harvid}}is set correctly (see below).
- The citation uses a Citation Style Vancouver template. Solution: check that
|harvid=is set correctly (see below). - The citation uses a template that does not support
|ref=(See Wiki: Citation templates and reference anchors). Solution: Consider modifying the template to support|ref=. Alternatively, an anchor can be created using{{wikicite|id={{harvid|args}}|reference={{citation}}}}. - The full citation does not use a template:
- It has no wikicode to create an anchor. Solution: If
{{cite *}}citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the full citation with the appropriate{{cite *}}template (and set the|ref=appropriately, if necessary). Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add{{cite *}}templates and{{harv}}templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use{{wikicite}}to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates. - It uses a
...span to create an anchor. Solution: remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed following the recommendation immediately above. - It uses
{{wikicite}}. Solution: Check that the text in|id={{harvid}}matches the text in{{wikicite}}.
- It has no wikicode to create an anchor. Solution: If
- The citation uses a template from the list at Citation Style 1:
- If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as
[[#Reference-Smith2006|Smith (2006)]]:- The citation uses a citation template which supports
|ref=(See Wiki: Citation templates and reference anchors). Solution: Check that|ref=is set to a matching id. - Otherwise, check that the reference has
{{wikicite|ref=id|reference=citation}}with a matching id.
- The citation uses a citation template which supports
- The Harvard citation uses a template (such as
Templates that have broken wikilinks using these templates are added to the category Category:All articles with broken links to citations.
When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{cite DNB}} (which wraps {{cite encyclopedia}}), a error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding |ignore-err=yes to the template, or by adding the template {{Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in Special:ExpandTemplates and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead.
Harv embedded in list-defined ref does not work
If you embed an Harv template in a list-defined reference, you may get a false-positive "missing key" error which looks like this:
- A list-defined reference named ". . ." is not used in the content (see the help page).
This is a false-positive: list-defined references do not work correctly when references are nested. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see phab:T22707). A workaround is possible using {{sfnlink}}.
Additional bugs associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the reference name given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in T26600.
Other author–date citation templates
There are several templates used to create short citations; they differ in the use and placement of parentheses, in the separator before the page or location, and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present:
| Templates | Aliases | Example |
|---|---|---|
{{Harvard citation no brackets}} | {{harvnb}} | Smith 2006, p. 25 |
{{Harvard citation}} | {{harv}} | (Smith 2006, p. 25) |
{{Harvard citation text}} | {{harvtxt}} | Smith (2006, p. 25) |
{{Harvcoltxt}} | Smith (2006:25) | |
{{Harvcol}} | (Smith 2006:25) | |
{{Harvcolnb}} | Smith 2006:25 | |
{{Harvard citations}} | {{harvs}} | John Smith (2006, 2007) (and many other forms). |
{{Harvp}} | Smith (2006), p. 25 | |
{{Harvc}} | {{Citec}} | (Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work) Article text. More article text. Even more article text. References Sources
|
{{Shortened footnote template}} | {{sfn}} | Article text. |
{{Sfnp}} | Article text. | |
{{Sfnm}} | Article text. | |
{{Sfnmp}} | Article text. |
Full citations can be created manually or by templates:
- Citation Style 1 templates
{{citation}}
All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of {{sfnm}} and {{harvs}}; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions.
Applications of these templates
Shortened footnote: {{sfn}} or {{harvnb}}
Template {{harvnb}} inside a span can be used to create a shortened footnote that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template {{sfn}} (without the use of ) has the same effect, automatically adds a period (full stop) after the page number, and combines identical footnotes automatically.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2007 | title = Smith's Book }} | Article text. More article text. Still more article text.
|
Article text.{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}. More article text. Still more article text.{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}. ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2008 | title = Smith's Book }} | Article text. More article text. Still more article text.
|
In text attribution: {{harvtxt}}
Template {{harvtxt}} can be used to link an in-text attribution to the full citation at the bottom of the page.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ... ==References== * {{citation | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2009 | title = Smith's Book }} | According to Smith (2009, p. 25) ...
|
Bundled citation: {{harvnb}} or {{sfnm}}
Template {{harvnb}} can be used to bundle citations. {{sfnm}} also produces bundled citations.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}). | Article text (Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010). |
Article text.{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}} | Article text. |
Article text.{{sfnm|la1=Smith|y1=2010|p1=25|la2=Jones|y2=2010}} | Article text. |
==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John ... Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary ... Jones' book}} |
|
Note that {{sfn}} is inappropriate for bundled citations; use {{harvnb}} or {{sfnm}}.
Harvard citation: {{harv}}
Template {{harv}} creates a parenthetical reference with a link to the full citation. It should only be used within footnotes or on internal pages. Use of inline parenthetical referencing within the body text of articles has been deprecated by the Wikipedia community since 2022. This usage has not been deprecated within internal pages such as Wikipedia documentation, user pages, or wikiprojects, though there is rarely a practical use for it instead of just using normal citation footnotes.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | title = Smith's book | date = 2006 }} | Article text.
|
More exotic Harvard citations: {{harvid}} or {{harvs}}
More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom [[#{{harvid|parameters}}|link name]]. ({{citeref}} is a wrapper for {{harvid}} making it easier to consistently create such internal links in small superscript[n] or plain-text label styles.)
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}. | The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (1936, 1937, 1943). |
The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]). | The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (1936, 1937, 1943). |
== References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} |
|
Some articles use this idiom [[#CITEREFid | link name ]]. See notes on implementation details below.
Variations
Using colon format: {{harvcol}}, {{harvcolnb}}, {{harvcoltxt}}
Templates {{harvcol}}, {{harvcolnb}}, and {{harvcoltxt}} use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25}} | (Smith 2011:25) |
{{harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25}} | Smith 2011:25 |
{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25}} | Smith (2011:25) |
{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26}} | (Smith 2011:25–26) |
{{harvcol|Smith|2011|loc=chpt. 3}} | (Smith 2011:chpt. 3) |
Parentheses around the year: {{sfnp}} and {{harvp}}
Template {{sfnp}} puts parentheses around the year. Compare the two examples.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}} | Article text. |
Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}} | Article text. |
Similarly, in order to mimic Citation Style 1 citations, template {{harvp}} puts parentheses around the year.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
{{harvp|Smith|2011|p=25}} | Smith (2011), p. 25 |
Implementation notes
These templates use two elements: a wikilink in the body of the article, and an anchor in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor.
Citation template anchor
The most common citation templates are Citation Style 1 or Citation Style 2. By default, Module:Citation/CS1 creates an anchor followed by the concatenation of the following parameters:
- last or last1 or surname or surname1 or author-last or author-last1 or author1-last or author-surname or author-surname1 or author1-surname or author or author1 or authors,
- last2 or surname2 or author-last2 or author2-last or author-surname2 or author2-surname or author2,
- last3 or surname3 or author-last3 or author3-last or author-surname3 or author3-surname or author3,
- last4 or surname4 or author-last4 or author4-last or author-surname4 or author4-surname or author4,
- editor-last or editor-last1 or editor1-last or editor-surname or editor-surname1 or editor1-surname or editor1 or editor,
- editor-last2 or editor2-last or editor-surname2 or editor2-surname or editor2,
- editor-last3 or editor3-last or editor-surname3 or editor3-surname or editor3,
- editor-last4 or editor4-last or editor-surname4 or editor4-surname or editor4,
- date, year
This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at Wiki: Citation templates and reference anchors.
Use of the date parameter in place of the year parameter in citation templates is preferred.
Harvard citation wikilink
The Harvard citation templates create a wikilink to the anchor. For example {{Harv|Smith|2006|p=25}} produces the link #CITEREFSmith2006 and {{Citation|last=Smith|first=John|date=27 January 2006|title=My Life}} produces the anchor CITEREFSmith2006.
Using CITEREF directly
A few articles create a custom ID using CITEREF, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. [[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]) or as a value for |ref= in the citation template. A custom ID must follow these rules:
- Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.
- Names must not be purely numeric; the software will accept something like
":31337"(which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore"31337"(purely numeric). - Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like
"Nguyen 2010"are preferred to names like":31337". - Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as
":0"or"NYT". - Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard English alphabet and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant:
- Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters
A–Z,a–z, digits0–9, and the symbols!$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~. That is, all printable ASCII characters except#"'/=<>?\and space. - Inclusion of any other characters, including spaces, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example,
name="John Smith". But quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign (<) or a double straight quote symbol ("), which may however be included by escaping as<and"respectively.
- Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters
- If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the
|ref=field must be replaced with underscores- The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks (
"); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name.
- The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks (
- You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.
Examples:
Where cite_name is a name such as the publisher.
To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations.
Note that the CITEREF prefix is necessary for the reference tooltips gadget (MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js) to detect that a link goes to a citation.
{{sfn}}'s ref name
Template {{sfn}} creates a named footnote, so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with FOOTNOTE followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{sfn|Smith|2006|p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as {{Harvnb}} which, in turn, has the same functionality as [[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p. 26.
The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{sfn|Joyce|1903|p=213}}, which, once defined, can be called by . The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL.
The call to {{harvnb}} has been subst'ed for quicker load times.