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citation Style 1

Citation Style 1 (CS1) is a collection of reference citation templates that can be modified to create different styles for different referenced materials.

Its purpose is to provide a set of default formats for references on Wiki English. It includes a series of templates that in turn use Module:Citation/CS1.

The use of CS1 or of templates is not compulsory; per WP:CITESTYLE:

Wiki does not have a single house style. Editors may choose any option they want; one article need not match what is done in other articles or what is done in professional publications or recommended by academic style guides. However, citations within a given article should follow a consistent style.

WP:CITEVAR additionally states:

If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page.

CS1 uses (in addition to Wikipedia's own Manual of Style) elements of The Chicago Manual of Style and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, with significant adaptations.

Style

There are a number of templates that use a name starting with cite; many were developed independently of CS1 and are not compliant with the CS1 style. There are also a number of templates that use one of the general use templates as a meta-template to cite a specific source.

To be compliant with CS1, a template must:

  • Use Module:Citation/CS1 or one of the templates listed below.
  • Use a period as a punctuation mark to separate fields and end the citation.
  • Use a semicolon as a punctuation mark to separate authors and editors.
  • Format the title of longer works in italics.
  • Format the title of short works such as chapters in quotes.

Templates

General use

The following is a list of templates that implement Citation Style 1 for one or more types of citations but are not restricted to any specific source.

Yes Indicates that the corresponding tool or gadget can generate the template anytime user wishes. However, this does not mean that the tool or gadget fully supports all parameters or provides an interface for them. In fact, none of the mentioned items do so.
Sometimes Indicates that the corresponding tool or gadget may or may not generate the corresponding template. For more information, see associated footnote.
General-use CS1 templates
Template Use Citoid Citation expander RefToolbar 2.0 ProveIt SnipManager
{{Cite arXiv}} arXiv preprints
{{Cite AV media}} audio and visual sources Yes Yes
{{Cite AV media notes}} liner notes from albums, DVDs, CDs and similar audio-visual media
{{Cite book}} books Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
{{Cite conference}} conference papers Yes
{{Cite encyclopedia}} edited collections Yes
{{Cite episode}} television or radio programs and episodes Yes
{{Cite interview}} interviews
{{Cite journal}} academic and scientific papers published in journals Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
{{Cite magazine}} magazines and newsletters Yes
{{Cite mailing list}} archived public mailing lists
{{Cite map}} maps
{{Cite news}} news articles in print, video, audio or web Yes Sometimes Yes Yes Yes
{{Cite newsgroup}} online newsgroups
{{Cite podcast}} audio or video podcast
{{Cite press release}} press releases Yes
{{Cite report}} reports by government departments, instrumentalities, operated companies, etc. Yes
{{Cite serial}} audio or video serials
{{Cite sign}} signs, plaques and other visual sources Yes
{{Cite speech}} speeches
{{Cite tech report}} technical reports
{{Cite thesis}} theses Yes Yes
{{Cite web}} web sources not characterized by another template Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Specific source

There are a number of templates that are CS1 compliant, because they use a CS1 template as a base, but are tied to a specific source; these are listed in Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates.

How the templates work

CS1 uses a series of templates that provide a consistent output. The main difference is in parameters optimized for the subject. For example, {{cite book}} has fields for title and chapter, whereas {{cite journal}} has fields for journal and title.

This help page uses the names most commonly used across the templates series; see each template's documentation for details.

CS1 templates present a citation generally as:

  • With author:
    Author (n.d.). "Title". Work. Publisher. Identifiers.
  • Without author:
    "Title". Work. Publisher. n.d. Identifiers.

(where "n.d." could also be any other valid date formatted per the MOS)

Authors

An author may be cited using separate parameters for the author's surname and given name by using |last= and |first= respectively. If a cited source has multiple authors, subsequent authors can be listed in the citation using |last2= and |first2=, |last3= and |first3=, etc. For symmetry with the other numbered parameters, |last1= and |first1= are available as well, as shown in the following example:

    {{cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=Stephen |last2=Hawking |first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}
    Hawking, Stephen; Hawking, Lucy. George's Secret Key to the Universe.

For symmetry with similar parameters for editors and other contributors (discussed further below), longer parameter forms are also available for authors: |author-last= and |author-first=, as well as numbered variants like |author-lastn= and |author-firstn= or |authorn-last= and |authorn-first= (with n referring to this author's number in the list). Because the shorthand parameters might erroneously have been used also for editors and other types of contributors by some Wikipedians in the past, please make sure that the parameters actually refer to authors when expanding |last= and |first= parameters to their longer equivalents (equivalent parameters for editors etc. exist as well, see below).

If a cited source has a large number of authors, one can limit the number of authors displayed when the citation is published by using the |display-authors= parameter as described in detail in the Display options section of this help page.

If a cited author is notable and the author has a Wikipedia article, the author's name can be linked with |author-link=. If a citation includes multiple notable authors, one may use |author-linkn= or |authorn-link=, etc. This method is used because the |last=- and |first=-type parameters do not allow wikilinking. However, |author-link= cannot be used to link to an external website; the external link will not render correctly. Below is an example of a wikilinked author credit:

    {{cite book |author-last1=Hawking |author-first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Hawking |author-last2=Hawking |author-first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}

When an author is cited, the date of the cited work is displayed after the author's name, as shown in the example below:

    {{cite book |author-last1=Hawking |author-first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Hawking |author-last2=Hawking |author-first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe |date=2007}}

If no author is cited, the date appears after the title, as shown in the example below:

    {{cite book |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe |date=2007}}
    George's Secret Key to the Universe. 2007.

If the cited source does not credit an author, as is common with newswire reports, press releases or company websites use:

    |author=

This HTML comment alerts fact-checking and citation-fixing editors, and potentially bots, that the cited source did not name an author—the author was not overlooked. Without this entry editors and bots would waste time researching cited sources for a non-existent author credit.

When using |author= avoid citations like {{cite news |work=Weekday Times |author=''Weekday Times'' editors |title=...}}, unless the article is on a field in which the majority of professional journals covering that field use such a citation style.

Editors should use an |author= organizational citation when the cited source, such as a committee report, specifically names an official body or a sub-unit of the publisher as the collective author of the work, e.g. |author=Commission on Headphone Safety or |author=Rules Sub-committee. Do not use |author= to assert what you think was probably the collective author when the source itself does not specifically specify a collective author; doing so is original research and falsification of source verifiability and reliability.

|author= should never hold the name of more than one author. Separate individual authors into enumerated individual |authorn= parameters.

Editors

An editor may be cited using separate parameters for the editor's last and first name. A single or first editor would use |editor-last= and |editor-first=; subsequent editors would use |editor2-last= and |editor2-first=, |editor3-last= and |editor3-first=, etc.

If an editor has a Wikipedia article, you may wikilink to that Wikipedia article using |editor-link=. If a cited work has multiple editors, you may use |editor2-link=, |editor3-link=, etc. to wikilink to each editor's Wikipedia article. This method is used because |editor-last= and |editor-first= do not allow wikilinking. |editor-link= cannot be used to link to an external website.

If a cited source has a large number of editors, one can limit the number of editors displayed when the citation is published using the |display-editors= parameter as described in detail in the Display options section of this help page.

Translators

A translator may be cited using separate parameters for the translator's last and first name. A single or first translator would use |translator-last= and |translator-first=; subsequent translators would use |translator2-last= and |translator2-first=, |translator3-last= and |translator3-first=, etc.

If a translator has a Wikipedia article, you may wikilink to that Wikipedia article using |translator-link=. If a cited work has multiple translators, you may use |translator2-link=, |translator3-link=, etc. to wikilink to each translator's Wikipedia article. This method is used because |translator-last= and |translator-first= do not allow wikilinking. |translator-link= cannot be used to link to an external website.

Others

  • others: This parameter is used to credit contributors other than an author or an editor, such as an illustrator. You should include both the type of contribution and the name of the contributor, for example |others=Illustrated by John Smith.

Dates

Dates are indicated by these parameters:

  • date: Date of publication edition being referenced, in the same format as other dates in citations in the same article. Must not be wikilinked.
    • or: year: Year of publication edition being referenced. Do not use in combination with date, except in the rare case that all of the following conditions are met:
      1. the publication-date format in the template is YYYY-MM-DD
      2. the citation requires a CITEREF disambiguator
  • orig-date: Original publication date or year, for display (in square brackets) after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics, for instance |orig-date=first published 1859 or |orig-date=composed 1904. This parameter displays only if there is a value for date (or year). Alias: origyear.

When a source does not have a publication date, use |date=n.d. or |date=nd

Acceptable date formats are shown in the "Acceptable date formats" table of the Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Dates, months and years. Further points:

  • Prescriptions about date formats only apply when the date is expressed in terms of Julian or Gregorian dates, or which use one of the seasons (spring, summer, autumn or fall, winter). Sources are at liberty to use other ways of expressing dates, such as "spring/summer" or a date in a religious calendar; editors should report the date as expressed by the source. Although the seasons are not normally capitalized, they are capitalized when used as dates in CS1 templates, and the capitalization of the season stated by the source may be altered to follow this convention. In cases where the date as expressed in the source is not compatible with the template software, the citation should be created without using a template.
  • Do not wikilink.
  • Access and archive dates in references should be in either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.

Date format compliance with Wikipedia's Manual of Style

CS1 uses Wiki: Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Dates, months, and years (MOS:DATEFORMAT) as the reference for all date format checking performed by Module:Citation/CS1. For various reasons, CS1 is not fully compliant with MOS:DATEFORMAT. This table indicates CS1 compliance with the listed sections of MOS:DATEFORMAT.

CS1 compliance with Wiki: Manual of Style/Dates and numbers
Section Compliant Comment
Acceptable date formats table yes Exceptions: linked dates not supported;
sortable dates not supported ({{dts}} etc.);
proper name dates not supported with the exception of 'Easter YYYY' and 'Christmas YYYY';
shortened month names longer than three characters or with terminating periods not supported;
quarterly dates supported in the form 'First Quarter 2020'
Unacceptable date formats table yes
Consistency yes† Article-level restrictions are beyond the scope of CS1
†CS1/CS2 templates follow the format specified by the article's {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} templates; see Auto-formatting citation template dates
Strong national ties to a topic no
Retaining existing format no
Era style no Dates earlier than 100 not supported. Wikipedia editors seldom read ancient manuscripts directly; the specific, modern, published edition read by the editor is what goes in the source citation. Thus, the date of the source actually consulted should be provided in |date=, and the date of the ancient source may be provided in |orig-date=; the format of the orig-date value is not checked for errors.
Julian and Gregorian calendars limited Julian prior to 1582; Gregorian from 1582; assumes Gregorian in the overlap period of 1582 – c. 1923
Ranges yes Exceptions: does not support the use of – or
does not support dates prior to 100;
does not support solidus separator (/)
does not support " to " as a date separator
does not support YYYY–YY where the two-digit year is less than 13 (change to YYYY–YYYY to eliminate the error message)
Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates yes Exceptions: does not support {{circa}} or {{floruit}};
does not support dates prior to 100;
Supports c. only with a single year value (no ranges or day/month combinations).
Days of the week no
Seasons limited CS1 capitalizes seasons used as dates in citations, in line with external style guides
Decades no
Centuries and millennia no
Abbreviations for long periods of time no

Date range, multiple sources in same year

If dates are used, the year range is 100 to present without era indication (AD, BC, CE, BCE). In the case where the same author has written more than one work in the same year, a lower-case letter may be appended to the year in the date parameter (|date=July 4, 1997b) or the year parameter (|year=1997b).

Auto-formatting citation template dates

Citation Style 1 and 2 templates automatically render dates (|date=, |access-date=, |archive-date=, etc.) in the style specified by the article's {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template. Editors may also choose how CS1/CS2 templates render dates by the use of |cs1-dates=<keyword> in the article's {{use xxx dates}} template.

Acceptable |cs1-dates= keywords
Keyword Definition
l long-form publication and access- / archive-dates;
this is the default case when |cs1-dates= is omitted or empty
ll
ls long-form publication dates; abbreviated access- / archive-dates
ly long-form publication dates; year-initial numeric access- / archive-dates (ymd)
s abbreviated publication and access- / archive-dates
ss
sy abbreviated publication dates; year-initial numeric access- / archive-dates (ymd)
y year-initial numeric publication, access- and archive-dates (ymd);
cs1|2 cannot reformat Month YYYY, Season YYYY, date-ranges of any form, or Julian calendar dates into ymd format
yy

Example: to have the CS1/CS2 templates in an article render their publication dates in the long form (fully spelled-out month names) with access-/archive-dates rendered in short form (abbreviated month names), write:

This documentation page has {{use dmy dates|date=April 2024|cs1-dates=y}} at the top of this section so this cs1 template will render with ymd dates:

    {{cite web |title=Example Webpage |date=31 October 2017 |website=Example |url=https://example.com/ |access-date=Dec 5, 2017}}

This global setting may be overridden in individual CS1/CS2 templates by use of |df=; abbreviated date forms are not supported by |df=.

Nota bene: CS1/CS2 auto-date formatting does not apply when previewing an article section that does not contain a {{use xxx dates}} template.

Titles and chapters

  • title: The title of the cited source. Titles are displayed in italics, except for short works such as a {{cite press release}} and cited articles in {{cite news}}, {{cite journal}}, {{cite magazine}}, {{cite web}}, {{cite conference}}, and {{cite podcast}}, where the title is shown in quotation marks. For templates like these that show the title in quotation marks, any double quotation marks inside the title should be converted to single quotation marks. Use title case unless the cited source covers a scientific, legal or other technical topic and sentence case is the predominant style in journals on that topic. Use either title case or sentence case consistently throughout the article. Do not omit a leading "The" from the title. Subtitles are typically separated from titles with ": " though " – " is also used. As with trademarks, Wikipedia does not attempt to emulate any stylistic flourishes used by the cited source's publisher, such as ALL-CAPS, all-lower-case, Small Caps, etc.; use either standard title case or sentence case consistently. If the cited source is itself notable and has a Wikipedia article, the title can be wikilinked. Wikilinking the title will make it impossible to use the "url" parameter to link to an external copy of the cited source, so only do this when citing works that do not need to be externally linked. A link to the actual source is preferred to a link to a Wikipedia article about the source.
  • script-title: Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., should not be italicized and may also read right-to-left (RTL). To include titles in these languages, use script-title. Titles in script-title are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text. Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script. Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language. The prefix is one of the supported language codes followed by a colon: |script-title=ar:العربية. Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation.
  • trans-title: If the cited source is in a foreign language, an English translation of the title can be given here. This field will be displayed in square brackets after the title and will be linked to |url= if used.
  • chapter: The title of the cited chapter from the source, written in full. Displayed in quotes before the title. For websites arranged in sections the "at" parameter serves a similar function: |at=Featured News
  • script-chapter: Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., may possibly read right-to-left (RTL). To include chapter titles in these languages, use script-chapter. Chapter titles in script-chapter are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text. Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script. Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language. The prefix is one of the supported language codes followed by a colon: |script-chapter=ar:العربية. Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation. This field will be displayed following the transliterated title.
  • trans-chapter: If the cited source is in a foreign language, an English translation of the cited chapter title can be given here. This field will be displayed in square brackets within the quotation marks which enclose the chapter field.

Titles containing certain characters will both display and link incorrectly unless those characters are replaced or encoded like this:

Character Must be replaced with
newline space
[ [
] ]
| |

|script-<param>= language codes

Language codes known to cs1|2 for languages that do not use a Latin script are:

  • ab: Abkhazian
  • am: Amharic
  • ar: Arabic
  • be: Belarusian
  • bg: Bulgarian
  • bn: Bengali
  • bo: Tibetan
  • bs: Bosnian
  • dv: Divehi
  • dz: Dzongkha
  • el: Greek
  • fa: Persian
  • gu: Gujarati
  • he: Hebrew
  • hi: Hindi
  • hy: Armenian
  • ja: Japanese
  • ka: Georgian
  • kk: Kazakh
  • km: Khmer
  • kn: Kannada
  • ko: Korean
  • ku: Kurdish
  • ky: Kyrgyz
  • lo: Lao
  • mk: Macedonian
  • ml: Malayalam
  • mn: Mongolian
  • mni: Manipuri
  • mr: Marathi
  • my: Burmese
  • ne: Nepali
  • or: Odia
  • ota: Ottoman Turkish
  • pa: Punjabi
  • ps: Pashto
  • ru: Russian
  • sd: Sindhi
  • si: Sinhala
  • sr: Serbian
  • syc: Classical Syriac
  • ta: Tamil
  • te: Telugu
  • tg: Tajik
  • th: Thai
  • ti: Tigrinya
  • tt: Tatar
  • ug: Uyghur
  • uk: Ukrainian
  • ur: Urdu
  • uz: Uzbek
  • yi: Yiddish
  • yue: Cantonese
  • zh: Chinese

Type

  • type: Specifies the type of work cited. Appears in parentheses immediately after the title. Some templates use a default that can be overridden; example: {{cite press release}} will show "(Press release)" by default. Other useful values are: Review, Systemic review, Report, Abstract, Meta-analysis, Original article, Oral history, Email, Website, Text, Document. Alias: medium, in {{cite AV media}}, where typical values are: Motion picture, Moving image, Television production, Videotape, DVD, Blu-ray, Trailer, CD, Radio broadcast, Podcast, Sound.

Language

  • : The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: |language=ru; |lang=fr, pt-br; |lang=Russian; |language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang

Work and publisher

  • work: Used by some templates such as {{cite web}} (where it is aliased to website), {{cite news}} (aliased to newspaper), {{cite magazine}} (aliased to magazine), {{cite journal}} (aliased to journal), and others where the citation is usually to a specific item (given in the "title" parameter) found in a larger work (this "work" parameter), most commonly an article in a website or print periodical, or an episode in a TV series. Do not confuse this with the "publisher" parameter, which is for the publishing company. If the work is notable and has an article in Wikipedia, it should be wiki-linked at first appearance in citations in the article. If the "title" is already linked-to externally, do not externally link to the "work". If the work title as given by the site/publication would be exactly or substantially the same as the name of the publisher, do not use the "publisher" parameter (see below for more detail).
    On websites, in most cases "work" is the name of the website (as usually given in the logo/banner area of the site, and/or appearing in the </code> of the homepage, which may appear as the page title in your browser tab, depending on browser). Do not append ".com" or the like if the site's actual title does not include it (thus <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|work=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]</code>, not <code>Salon.com</code>). If no clear title can be identified, or the title explicitly is the domain name, then use the site's domain name. Do not falsify the work's name by adding descriptive verbiage like "Website of [Publisher]" or "[Publisher]'s Homepage". Capitalize for reading clarity, and omit "www.", e.g. convert "www.veterinaryresourcesuk.com" to "VeterinaryResourcesUK.com".</dd> <dd>Many journals use highly abbreviated titles when citing other journals (e.g. <i>J. Am. Vet. Med.</i> for <i><a href="/wiki/en/Journal_of_the_American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association">Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</a></i>) because specialists in the field the journal covers usually already know what these abbreviations mean. Our readers usually do not, so these abbreviations should always be expanded.</dd> <dd>If the titled item being cited is part of some other larger work, as in a book in a series, a special issue of a periodical, or a sub-site at a domain (e.g., you are citing the law school's section of a university's website system), it is usually better to use the name of that more specific work than just that of the entire larger work. Various citation templates provide separate fields for such information, e.g. <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter=</code><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=</code><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|series=</code> in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a>}}</code>. If the nature of the work and its relation to the site, book, or other context in which it is found is complicated or confusing, simply explain the situation after the citation template and before the <code class="duhoc-en nowrap"></ref></code> that closes the citation.</dd></ul> <ul><li><b>publisher</b>: the name of the organization that actually published the source. The field should not include the corporate designation such as "Ltd" or "Inc.", unless some ambiguity would result or the organization is usually known with that designation even in everyday use (e.g. <a href="/wiki/en/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>, which otherwise might be confused with <a href="/wiki/en/Apple_Records" title="Apple Records">Apple Records</a> and other publishers). "Publisher", "Publishing" and "Publications" can be abbreviated "Pubr.", "Pubg." and "Pubs." respectively, but some templates in this series include a period (full-stop) immediately after this parameter, so the period may have to be omitted; check the output if you abbreviate here. They are usually safe to omit, but are usefully included where the publisher's name might be confusing without it. This is most often the case when the publisher's name is something like "Joshua Martin Publications", which without the designation might be mistaken for a co-author/editor. A leading "The" can generally be omitted, again unless confusion might result (e.g., for <a href="/wiki/en/The_International_Cat_Association" title="The International Cat Association">The International Cat Association</a>, "The" is part of their official acronym, TICA). If the publisher is notable and has an article independent of the "work", the "publisher" parameter can include a wiki-link to that article, but should never externally link to the publisher's website. Whether the publisher needs to be included depends to an extent on the type of work and sometimes on its recognizability. <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Citing_sources" title="Wiki:Citing sources">WP:Citing sources</a>, and most off-Wikipedia citation guides, suggest that it should be used for books (even famous ones), but not necessarily other works. The "publisher" parameter should not be included for widely-known mainstream news sources, for major academic journals, or where it would be the same or mostly the same as the work. For example, the "publisher" parameter should be omitted in these examples: <ul><dd><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|work=[[Amazon.⁠com]]</code><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher=Amazon Inc.</code></dd> <dd><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|newspaper=The Aberdeen Times</code><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher=The Aberdeen Times</code></dd> <dd><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]</code><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher=The New York Times Company</code></dd> <dd><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|newspaper=[[USA Today]]</code><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]</code></dd> <dd><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]</code><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher=[[Nature Research]]</code></dd></ul></li></ul> <ul><dd>If the work is self-published, <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:SELFPUB" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:SELFPUB">this is a very important fact</a> about <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:RS" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:RS">potential reliability of the source</a>, and needs to be specified; no consensus exists for the exact value of <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publisher=</code> in such a case, but some printed style guides suggest "author", while many Wikipedia editors have used "self-published" for increased clarity. When an exhaustive attempt to discover the name of the publisher (try <a href="/wiki/en/Whois" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Whois">whois</a> for websites, and <a href="/wiki/en/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> for books, etc.) fails, use <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publisher=</code> to explicitly indicate that this was checked, so other editors do not waste time duplicating your fruitless efforts. Do not guess at the publisher when this information is not clear. See next entry for co-published works and how to specify multiple publishers and their locations.</dd></ul> <ul><li><b>location</b> (alias <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publication-place=</code>): Geographical place of publication (<em>not</em> where you found your copy, nor location of material in the source). This is usually <var style="padding-right: 1px;">City, Country</var>, or <var style="padding-right: 1px;">City, US State</var>. The city name by itself can be used for world-recognized cities like New York, London (except in articles about <a href="/wiki/en/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">Canadian</a> topics), Paris, Tokyo. Simply having a unique name does not mean it is globally recognizable; e.g., many people do not know where <a href="/wiki/en/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> is, especially if they are old enough that it was called <a href="/wiki/en/Bombay" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> for much of their lives. If in doubt, be more not less specific, since "Toronto, Canada" and "San Francisco, California" do not actually hurt anything. Be more specific when a <var style="padding-right: 1px;">City, Country</var> would be ambiguous, e.g. <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=Hanley, Staffordshire, UK</code>, versus <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=Hanley, Worcestershire, UK</code>. Do not use sub-national postal abbreviations ("DE", "Wilts", etc.), per <a href="/wiki/en/MOS:POSTABBR" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="MOS:POSTABBR">MOS:POSTABBR</a>.<sup class="duhoc-en noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wiki:Accuracy dispute"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts">disputed</span></a> <span class="duhoc-en metadata"> – <a href="/wiki/en/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1#Postal_abbreviations" title="Help talk:Citation Style 1">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup> The location parameter should be omitted when it is implied by the name of the work, e.g. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. The location parameter should be used when the location is part of a common appellation of but not the actual title of a periodical. For example, the newspaper sometimes called the <i>New York Daily News</i> is actually <a href="/wiki/en/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)"><i>Daily News</i></a> and can be entered with <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|newspaper=Daily News</code> <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=New York</code>, which yields: <i>Daily News</i>. New York. A similar example is <i><a href="/wiki/en/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London (contrast <i><a href="/wiki/en/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>). Per <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT">WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT</a>, provide the location of the edition you are using (e.g., if a publisher has operations in both New York and London and you have the London-published edition, use <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=London</code>, even if the publisher's corporate HQ is in New York). If your edition specifically gives multiple locations, this can be indicated with, e.g., <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=New York / London</code>. This same technique can be used for co-published works, e.g.: <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois / Los Angeles</code><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publisher=[[Council of Science Editors]] / [[Loyola Marymount University]] Press</code>; just get them in corresponding order in both parameters. The templates do <em>not</em> have separate <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|location1=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher1=</code>, etc., parameters. For historical publications that are still worth citing and still findable (e.g. via book digitizers – see the "via" parameter below), do not confuse the <em>printer</em> (printing press owner-operator) with the <em>publisher</em> (organization or person that sponsored the work); an edition may have a printer's name in larger type than the publisher, but for citation purposes we care about the publisher. If the distinction cannot be determined for certain in a particular case, list both. While some off-site publishers lean toward omitting publishing locations, they can serve more than purely bibliographical purposes on Wikipedia (e.g. an overabundance of material published in one place in an article about another place may reveal an editorial bias).</li> <li><b>publication-date</b>: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if date or year are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.</li> <li><b>via</b> (optional): Name of the content deliverer (when they are <em>not</em> the publisher). "via" is not a replacement for "publisher", but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original, or when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, or as suggested in <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wiki:The Wikipedia Library">WP:The Wikipedia Library</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Credo_accounts/Citations" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:Credo accounts/Citations">WP:Credo accounts/Citations</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Registration_or_subscription_required">§ Registration or subscription required</a>. Typical uses of this parameter are identification of a book-scanning and -databasing project such as those provided by the <a href="/wiki/en/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/en/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/en/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>; journal indexing and search services through which we commonly find academic articles, e.g. <a href="/wiki/en/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/en/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/en/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>; and other aggregators or indexers of previously-published content, such as <a href="/wiki/en/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. Use via only when a standard identifier cannot be used (see <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Identifiers">§ Identifiers</a>). Example: <code>{{Cite dictionary |entry=skeptic |entry-url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/skeptic?s=t#collins-section |title=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |edition=Complete & Unabridged Digital |date=2012 |location=London |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |via=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=24 April 2024}}</code></li></ul> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-Pages-How_the_templates_work" id="Pages"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pages-How_the_templates_work"></span>Pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pages-How_the_templates_work"></span></span> </h3> <table class="duhoc-en wikitable table-responsive plainrowheaders sortable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>CS1/CS2 template support for<br><code>|volume=</code>, <code>|issue=</code>, <code>|page(s)=</code> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Template </th> <th scope="col">|volume= </th> <th scope="col">|issue= </th> <th scope="col">|page(s)= </th> <th scope="col">|quote-page(s)= </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">cite arXiv</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">cite AV media notes</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_bioRxiv" title="Template:Cite bioRxiv">cite bioRxiv</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_citeseerx" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite citeseerx">cite citeseerx</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="duhoc-en plainlist"> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a>}}</code></li> <li>(as a book)</li></ul> </div> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="duhoc-en plainlist"> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a>}}</code></li> <li>(as a journal)</li></ul> </div> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">cite episode</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">cite interview</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">cite mailing list</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="duhoc-en plainlist"> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">cite map</a>}}</code></li> <li>(as book)</li></ul> </div> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="duhoc-en plainlist"> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">cite map</a>}}</code></li> <li>(as journal or magazine)</li></ul> </div> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">cite newsgroup</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">cite podcast</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">cite serial</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">cite sign</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">cite speech</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_ssrn" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite ssrn">cite ssrn</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_tech_report" title="Template:Cite tech report">cite tech report</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="duhoc-en table-yes">Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An editor may use any <u>one</u> of the following parameters in a given citation to refer to the specific page(s) or place in a cited source that contains the information that supports the article text. If more than one of the following parameters are used in the same citation, the error message <span style="color:red">Extra <code>|pages=</code> or <code>|at=</code> (</span><a href="/wiki/en/Help:CS1_errors#extra_pages" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a><span style="color:red">)</span> will display in the published citation. When more than one of the following parameters is used in error, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code> overrides both <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> and <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>; <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> overrides <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>. To resolve the error, remove extra parameters of this type until only one remains in the affected citation. </p> <ul><li><b>page</b>: page in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text, for example <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=52</code>. <ul><li><b>Note:</b> For a hyphenated page, use <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=12{{hyphen}}34</code>. This will not only properly display a hyphen, but also reduce the likelihood that an editor/bot will convert this to <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=12{{endash}}34</code> by mistake.</li></ul></li> <li><b>pages</b>: pages in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text. Separate page ranges with an <a href="/wiki/en/En_dash#En_dash" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a>: – , for example <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=236–239</code>. Separate non-sequential pages either with commas or semicolons, for example <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=157, 159</code>. The form <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=461, 466–467</code> is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential pages. For page numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the page number in <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup">accept-this-as-written markup</a> to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators, e.g. <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=((1,234{{endash}}1,235))</code>. For multiple hyphenated pages, use the <a class="duhoc-en mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Accept-this-as-written_markup">accept-this-as-written markup</a> to avoid the hyphens being converted to dashes, e.g. <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=((1{{hyphen}}2)), ((3{{hyphen}}4))</code>. <ul><li><b>Note:</b> CS1 citations do not record the total number of pages in a cited source; do not use this parameter for that purpose.</li></ul></li> <li><b>at</b>: place in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text when a page number is not given, is inappropriate or is insufficient. Common examples include column or col., paragraph or para. and section or sec. Depending on the source being cited, other indicators may be appropriate to use with the <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code> parameter including, but not limited to, track, hours, minutes and seconds, act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, etc. Examples include <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=Column 2</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=Paragraph 5</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=Back cover</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=Act III, Scene 2</code>.</li> <li><b>quote-page</b>: The number of a single page quoted in <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote=</code>. Use either <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code>, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>. Displays preceded by <code class="duhoc-en mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr">p.</code> unless <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|no-pp=yes</code>. If hyphenated, use {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Hyphen" title="Template:Hyphen">hyphen</a>}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12</code>). Alias: none.</li> <li>OR: <b>quote-pages</b>: A list or range of pages quoted in <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote=</code>. Use either <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code>, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by <code class="duhoc-en mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr">pp.</code> unless <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|no-pp=yes</code> is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use <a class="duhoc-en mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Accept-this-as-written_markup">double parentheses</a> to tell the template to display the value of <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code> without processing it, and use {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Hyphen" title="Template:Hyphen">hyphen</a>}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))</code>. Alias: none.</li></ul> <p>If the same source is reused with different pages, separate citations must be created. A way around this problem is to use a short citation <code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code>, or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Rp" title="Template:Rp">rp</a>}}</code> to provide linked page number citations. </p> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-Edition_identifiers-How_the_templates_work" id="Edition_identifiers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Edition_identifiers-How_the_templates_work"></span>Edition identifiers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Edition_identifiers-How_the_templates_work"></span></span> </h3> <ul><li><b>edition</b>: Identifies the particular edition of a cited source when the source has more than one edition, such as "2nd", "Revised", etc. Note that this parameter automatically displays " ed." after your entry. For example, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|edition=Revised third</code> displays as: Revised third ed. The edition parameter can be omitted if there is no content difference between two editions of the same work; e.g. if a book was identically published in the UK and the US except, for example, ISBN number and cover art, it is not necessary to indicate either "UK" or "US" edition; or if citing minute:seconds of a film available in both a regular edition and a "Special Limited Collector's Edition", if the running time and cut are the same, it is not necessary to cite the particular edition.</li> <li><b>series</b>: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted. For journal series, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|series=</code> should be limited to <code class="duhoc-en mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr">Original/New Series</code>, <code class="duhoc-en mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr">First/Second/Third/... Series</code>, or similar.</li> <li><b>volume</b>: For a source published in several volumes. This field is displayed in bold after the title and series parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the title parameter after the main title. Separate volume ranges with an <a href="/wiki/en/En_dash#En_dash" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a>: – , for example <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=I–IV</code>. Separate non-sequential volumes either with commas or semicolons, for example <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=I, III</code>. The form <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=I, III–V</code> is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential volumes. For volume numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the volume number in <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup">accept-this-as-written markup</a> to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.</li> <li><b>issue</b>: When the source is part of a series that is published periodically. Alias: <b>number</b>. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g. <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issue=2, ''Modern Canadian Literature''</code>. Please choose either <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issue=</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|number=</code> depending on what nomenclature is actually used in a publication. If a publication carries both, issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issue=2 #143</code>. Separate ranges with an <a href="/wiki/en/En_dash#En_dash" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a>: – , and non-sequential numbers either with commas or semicolons. For numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the number in <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup">accept-this-as-written markup</a> to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.</li></ul> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links-How_the_templates_work" id="External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links-How_the_templates_work"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links-How_the_templates_work"></span></span> </h3> <ul><li><b>url</b>: Adds a link to the title</li> <li><b>chapter-url</b>: Adds a link to the chapter.</li> <li><b>format</b>: Format of the document at its URL (e.g., PDF, XLS, etc.). Do not specify for HTML as it is implied as the default. Do not use this parameter for completely different purposes, with annotations such as "fee required" or "reprint"; its intent is to notify readers what the file format is (e.g. in case some browsers might have trouble with it, or some might prefer to save the link to disk rather than open it in the browser). Access restrictions can be shown using the appropriate <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-access=</code> parameter, see <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Registration_or_subscription_required">Registration or subscription required</a>. Other notes about reprintings, etc., should be placed after the template, and before <code class="duhoc-en nowrap" style=""></ref></code>.</li></ul> <h4 data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_|format=-External_links" id="Using_|format="><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_|format=-External_links"></span>Using |format=<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_|format=-External_links"></span></span> </h4> <p>When MediaWiki encounters an external link URL with a '.pdf' or '.PDF' <a href="/wiki/en/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">extension</a>, it renders the external link with a <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external text" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://example.com/document.pdf">PDF icon</a> in place of the usual <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external text" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://example.com/document">external-link icon</a>. To make rendered cs1|2 citations that link to PDF documents somewhat more accessible, cs1|2 automatically adds a parenthetical PDF annotation so that those readers using screen-reader technology can know the type of the linked file. This is imperfect because some on-line sources redirect .pdf URLs to .html landing pages (this is common for PDF documents behind paywalls or registration barriers). Because the parenthetical PDF annotation happens automatically, editors are not required to set <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|format=PDF</code>, though doing so causes no harm. The <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|format=PDF</code> parameter may be deleted as part of a more substantial edit but editors should consider that many cs1|2 templates are copied from en.Wikipedia to other-language Wikipedias when articles here are translated to that other language. Do not assume that other-language Wikipedias use up-to-date cs1|2 templates; many do not, so removing <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|format=PDF</code> here can affect readers/translators at other Wikipedias. </p> <h4 data-mw-thread-id="h-Online_sources-External_links" id="Online_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Online_sources-External_links"></span>Online sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Online_sources-External_links"></span></span> </h4> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"> <p>Links to sources are regarded as conveniences and are not required, except when citing Web-only sources. There are many digital libraries with works that may be used as sources. </p> <ul><li>Links should be to full versions of the source.</li> <li>Online sources that require payment or subscription may be included per <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Verifiability" title="Wiki:Verifiability">Wiki: Verifiability</a>.</li></ul> <p>Do not link to: </p> <ul><li>Sites that do not have permission to republish the work or which otherwise violate copyright.</li> <li>Commercial sites such as Amazon, unless no alternative exists.</li> <li>Reviews of the work.</li> <li>Very short extracts such as Google Books snippet view where there is not enough context to verify the content, unless the entire work is also freely available there. (See <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:BOOKLINKS" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:BOOKLINKS">WP:BOOKLINKS</a>)</li></ul> <h4 data-mw-thread-id="h-Link_formats-External_links" id="Link_formats"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Link_formats-External_links"></span>Link formats<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Link_formats-External_links"></span></span> </h4> <p>Links should be kept as simple as possible. For example, when performing a search for a Google Book, the link for <i>Monty Python and Philosophy</i> would look like: </p> <ul><dd><a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></dd></ul> <p>But can be trimmed to: </p> <ul><dd><a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></dd></ul> <p>or: </p> <ul><dd><a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&printsec=frontcover">https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&printsec=frontcover</a></dd></ul> <p>or: </p> <ul><dd><a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC">https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC</a> (if Google Books does not provide the cover page).</dd></ul> <h4 data-mw-thread-id="h-Pages_2-External_links" id="Pages_2"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pages_2-External_links"></span>Pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pages_2-External_links"></span></span> </h4> <p>A direct link to a specific page may be used if supported by the host. For example, the link to page 172 of <i>Monty Python and Philosophy</i> on Google Books: </p> <ul><dd><a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PA172">https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PA172</a></dd></ul> <p>like so: </p> <ul><dd><code>|page=[https://books.google.com/?id=wPQelKFNA5MC&pg=PA172 172]</code></dd></ul> <h4 data-mw-thread-id="h-Special_characters-External_links" id="Special_characters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Special_characters-External_links"></span>Special characters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Special_characters-External_links"></span></span> </h4> <p>URLs must begin with a supported <a href="/wiki/en/URI_scheme" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a>. <code>http://</code> and <code>https://</code> will be supported by all browsers; however, <code>ftp://</code>, <code>gopher://</code>, <code>irc://</code>, <code>ircs://</code>, <code>mailto:</code> and <code>news:</code> may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. <a href="/wiki/en/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> host-names are currently not supported. </p><p>If URLs in <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Citation_templates#Examples" title="Wiki:Citation templates">citation template parameters</a> contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be <a href="/wiki/en/Percent-encoded" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Percent-encoded">percent-encoded</a>. For example, a space must be replaced by <code>%20</code>. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: </p> <table class="duhoc-en wikitable table-responsive " style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Character </th> <th scope="col">space </th> <th scope="col">" </th> <th scope="col">' </th> <th scope="col">< </th> <th scope="col">> </th> <th scope="col">[ </th> <th scope="col">] </th> <th scope="col">{ </th> <th scope="col">| </th> <th scope="col">} </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Encoding </th> <td>%20</td> <td>%22</td> <td>%27</td> <td>%3C</td> <td>%3E</td> <td>%5B</td> <td>%5D</td> <td>%7B</td> <td>%7C</td> <td>%7D </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. </p> <h4 data-mw-thread-id="h-Access_date-External_links" id="Access_date"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Access_date-External_links"></span>Access date<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Access_date-External_links"></span></span> </h4> <ul><li><b>access-date</b>: The full date when the content pointed to by <b>url</b> was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires <b>url</b>; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the article's citations. It is <i>not required for linked documents that do not change.</i> For example, <b>access-date</b> is not required for links to copies of published research papers accessed via DOI or a published book, but should be used for links to news articles on commercial websites (these can change from time to time, even if they are also published in a physical medium). Note that <b>access-date</b> is the date that the URL was checked to not just be working, but to support the assertion being cited (which the current version of the page may not do). Can be <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1/accessdate" title="Help:Citation Style 1/accessdate">hidden or styled</a> by registered editors. Alias: <b>accessdate</b>.</li></ul> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-Web_archives-How_the_templates_work" id="Web_archives"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Web_archives-How_the_templates_work"></span>Web archives<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Web_archives-How_the_templates_work"></span></span> </h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"> <ul><li><b>archive-url</b>. Alias: <b>archiveurl</b>.</li> <li><b>archive-date</b>. Alias: <b>archivedate</b>.</li></ul> <p>The original link may become unavailable. When an archived version is located, the original URL is retained and <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> is added with a link to an archived copy of a web page, usually from services like WebCite and the Internet Archive. <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code> must be added to show the date the page was archived, not the date the link was added. When <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> is used, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> and <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code> are required, else an error will show. When an archived link is used, the citation displays with the title linked to the archive and the original link at the end: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="duhoc-en citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external text" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501102912/http://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC"><i>Monty Python and Philosophy</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external text" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC">the original</a> on 2013-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%252Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty+Python+and+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%252F%252Fbooks.google.com%252Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPQelKFNA5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%252Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="duhoc-en Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><b>url-status</b>: To change the order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end, set <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=live</code>:</li></ul> <ul><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="duhoc-en citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external text" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC"><i>Monty Python and Philosophy</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external text" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501102912/http://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%252Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty+Python+and+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%252F%252Fbooks.google.com%252Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPQelKFNA5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%252Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="duhoc-en Z3988"></span></dd></ul> <p>When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=unfit</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=usurped</code> suppresses display of the original URL (but <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> and <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> are still required). </p> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-Identifiers-How_the_templates_work" id="Identifiers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Identifiers-How_the_templates_work"></span>Identifiers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Identifiers-How_the_templates_work"></span></span> </h3> <p>The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. <code>|rfc=822</code> or <code>|pmc=345678</code>. </p> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_arxiv">arxiv</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external text" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://arxiv.org/help/arxiv_identifier">identifier</a>; for example: <code>|arxiv=hep-th/9205027</code> (before April 2007) or <code>|arxiv=0706.0001</code> (April 2007 – December 2014) or <code>|arxiv=1501.00001</code> (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: <b>eprint</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_asin">asin</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">Amazon Standard Identification Number</a>; if first character of <b id="">asin</b> value is a digit, use <b id="">isbn</b>. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example <code>|asin=B00005N5PF</code>. Aliases: <b>ASIN</b>. <ul><li><b id="csdoc_asin-tld">asin-tld</b>: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: <code>ae</code>, <code>au</code>, <code>br</code>, <code>ca</code>, <code>cn</code>, <code>de</code>, <code>es</code>, <code>fr</code>, <code>in</code>, <code>it</code>, <code>jp</code>, <code>mx</code>, <code>nl</code>, <code>pl</code>, <code>sa</code>, <code>se</code>, <code>sg</code>, <code>tr</code>, <code>uk</code>. Aliases: none.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_bibcode">bibcode</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: <code>1974AJ.....79..819H</code>. Aliases: none.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_biorxiv">biorxiv</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">bioRxiv</a> id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. <code>10.1101/078733</code> for <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733">http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733</a> or <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://doi.org/10.1101/078733">https://doi.org/10.1101/078733</a>; <code>10.1101/2020.07.24.220400</code> for <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400">https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400</a>). Aliases: none.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_citeseerx">citeseerx</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. <code>10.1.1.176.341</code> for <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341</a>). Aliases: none.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_doi">doi</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">Digital object identifier</a>; for example: <code>10.1038/news070508-7</code>. It is checked to ensure it begins with (<code class="duhoc-en mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr">10.</code>). Aliases: <b>DOI</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> DOIs using a non-standard format, see <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#ATAWM">below</a>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_doi_brokendate">doi-broken-date</b>: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://doi.org">https://doi.org</a>. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_eissn">eissn</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">International Standard Serial Number</a> for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a <a href="/wiki/en/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>, but not an <a href="/wiki/en/Dash#En_dash" title="Dash">en dash</a> or a space; example <code>|eissn=1557-2986</code>. Aliases: <b>EISSN</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> eISSNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_hdl">hdl</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Handle_System" title="Handle System">Handle System</a> identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example <code>|hdl=20.1000/100</code>. Aliases: <b>HDL</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_isbn">isbn</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">International Standard Book Number</a>; for example: <code>978-0-8126-9593-9</code>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><span role="note" class="duhoc-en hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:ISBN" title="Wiki:ISBN">Wiki: ISBN</a> and <a href="/wiki/en/ISBN#Overview" title="ISBN">ISBN § Overview</a>.)</span> Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use <b id="">sbn</b>. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without <em>any</em> additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: <b>ISBN</b>. <ul><li>Use the {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Format_ISBN" title="Template:Format ISBN">Format ISBN</a>}} template within the parameter – in the form <code>|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}</code> – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.</li> <li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> ISBNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_ismn">ismn</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">International Standard Music Number</a>; for example: <code>979-0-9016791-7-7</code>. <a href="/wiki/en/Hyphens" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Hyphens">Hyphens</a> or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without <i>any</i> additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: <b>ISMN</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_issn">issn</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">International Standard Serial Number</a>; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a <a href="/wiki/en/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>, but not an <a href="/wiki/en/Dash#En_dash" title="Dash">en dash</a> or a space; example <code>|issn=2049-3630</code>. Aliases: <b>ISSN</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> ISSNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_jfm">jfm</b>: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/en/Jahrbuch_%C3%BCber_die_Fortschritte_der_Mathematik" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik">Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik</a></i></span>; do not include "JFM" in the value; example <code>|jfm=53.0144.01</code>. Aliases: <b>JFM</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_jstor">jstor</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> reference number; for example: <code>|jstor=3793107</code>. Aliases: <b>JSTOR</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_lccn">lccn</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example <code>|lccn=79-57364</code> or <code>|lccn=2004042477</code> or <code>|lccn=e09001178</code>. Aliases: <b>LCCN</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_mr">mr</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Mathematical_Reviews" title="Mathematical Reviews">Mathematical Reviews</a>; example <code>|mr=630583</code>. Aliases: <b>MR</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_oclc">oclc</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/OCLC_Number" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="OCLC Number">OCLC Number</a> for looking up publications in the <a href="/wiki/en/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> <a href="/wiki/en/Union_catalog" title="Union catalog">union catalog</a>; example <code>|oclc=9355469</code>. Aliases: <b>OCLC</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_ol">ol</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example <code>|ol=7030731M</code>. Aliases: <b>OL</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_osti">osti</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information">Office of Scientific and Technical Information</a>; example <code>|osti=4367507</code>. Aliases: <b>OSTI</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_pmc">pmc</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>; use article number for <a href="/wiki/en/Open_repository" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Open repository">open repository</a> full-text of a journal article, e.g. <code>|pmc=345678</code>. Do not include "PMC" in the value. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><span role="note" class="duhoc-en hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also the <b id="">pmid</b> parameter, below; these are two different identifiers</span>. Aliases: <b>PMC</b>. <ul><li><b id="csdoc_Embargo">pmc-embargo-date</b>: Date that <b id="">pmc</b> goes live; if this date is in the future, then <b id="">pmc</b> is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_pmid">pmid</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>; use unique identifier; example <code>|pmid=17322060</code> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><span role="note" class="duhoc-en hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also the <b id="">pmc</b> parameter, above; these are two different identifiers.</span> Aliases: <b>PMID</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_rfc">rfc</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a>; example <code>|rfc=3143</code>. Aliases: <b>RFC</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_sbn">sbn</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Standard_Book_Number" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Standard Book Number">Standard Book Number</a>; example <code>|sbn=356-02201-3</code>. Aliases: <b>SBN</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> SBNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_ssrn">ssrn</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">Social Science Research Network</a>; example <code>|ssrn=1900856</code>. Aliases: <b>SSRN</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_s2cid">s2cid</b>: <a href="/wiki/en/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a> corpus ID; example <code>|s2cid=37220927</code>. Aliases: <b>S2CID</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_zbl">zbl</b>: <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/en/Zentralblatt_MATH" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Zentralblatt MATH">Zentralblatt MATH</a></span></span>; example <code>|zbl=0472.53010</code> For zbMATH search results like <code>JFM 35.0387.02</code> use <code>|jfm=35.0387.02</code>. Aliases: <b>ZBL</b>.</li></ul> <p>In very rare cases, <i>valid</i> identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (<code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|eissn=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|isbn=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issn=</code>, and <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|sbn=</code>) support a special <a class="duhoc-en mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Accept-this-as-written_markup">accept-this-as-written markup</a> which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">param</var>>=((<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">value</var>>))</code>). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message. </p><p>For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the <a class="duhoc-en mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Registration_or_subscription_required">access status</a> using the corresponding <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">param</var>>-access=</code> parameter. </p><p>For {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> and <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code> are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code> to manually select a specific source (<code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=pmc</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=doi</code>) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (<code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=none</code>). </p><p>It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link <i>identical</i> to a link also produced by an identifier. The <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> parameter (or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code>) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Citing_sources#Convenience_links" title="Wiki:Citing sources">convenience link</a> to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible. </p><p>A custom identifier can be specified through </p> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_id">id</b>: A <a href="/wiki/en/Unique_identifier" title="Unique identifier">unique identifier</a>, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an <a href="/wiki/en/Category:External_link_templates" title="Category:External link templates">external link template</a> as applicable. For example, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|id=NCJ 122967</code> will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|id={{NCJ|122967}}</code> to append <a href="/wiki/en/NCJ_(identifier)" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="NCJ (identifier)">NCJ</a> <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external text" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=122967">122967</a> instead.</li></ul> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-Registration_or_subscription_required-How_the_templates_work" id="Registration_or_subscription_required"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Registration_or_subscription_required-How_the_templates_work"></span>Registration or subscription required<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Registration_or_subscription_required-How_the_templates_work"></span></span> </h3> <p> Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:PAYWALL" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:PAYWALL">Verifiability § Access to sources</a>. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:V" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:V">verifying claims in articles</a>. </p><p>Four access levels can be used: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers">access indicator for named identifiers</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Freely accessible"><img alt="citation Style 1" class="duhoc-en lazyload" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" data-alt="Freely accessible" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="duhoc-en mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <code>free</code>: the source is free to read for anyone</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters">access indicators for url-holding parameters</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free registration required"><img alt="citation Style 1" class="duhoc-en lazyload" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" data-alt="Free registration required" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-class="duhoc-en mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <code>registration</code>: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><img alt="citation Style 1" class="duhoc-en lazyload" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" data-alt="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-class="duhoc-en mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <code>limited</code>: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="citation Style 1" class="duhoc-en lazyload" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" data-alt="Paid subscription required" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-class="duhoc-en mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <code>subscription</code>: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("<a href="/wiki/en/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a>")</li></ul></li></ul> <p>As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link. </p> <h5 data-mw-thread-id="h-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters-Registration_or_subscription_required" id="Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters-Registration_or_subscription_required"></span>Access indicators for url-holding parameters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters-Registration_or_subscription_required"></span></span> </h5> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1213096230"><div class="duhoc-en module-shortcutanchordiv"></div><div class="duhoc-en module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="duhoc-en module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Shortcut" title="Wiki:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="duhoc-en plainlist"><ul><li><span class="duhoc-en plainlinks"><a class="duhoc-en external text" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/index.php?lang=en&q=Wikipedia:URLACCESS&redirect=no">WP:URLACCESS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"> <p>Online sources linked by <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|article-url=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter-url=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution-url=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|entry-url=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|map-url=</code>, and <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section-url=</code> are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as <code>free</code>. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> and <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code> values if possible. </p> <table class="duhoc-en wikitable table-responsive plainrowheaders"> <caption>URL-holding and access-indicator parameters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">URL </th> <th scope="col">Access </th> <th scope="col">Allowed keywords </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-access=</code></td> <td rowspan="7"><code>registration</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free registration required"><img alt="citation Style 1" class="duhoc-en lazyload" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" data-alt="Free registration required" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-class="duhoc-en mw-file-element"> </span></span></span><br><code>limited</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><img alt="citation Style 1" class="duhoc-en lazyload" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" data-alt="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-class="duhoc-en mw-file-element"> </span></span></span><br><code>subscription</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="citation Style 1" class="duhoc-en lazyload" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" data-alt="Paid subscription required" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-class="duhoc-en mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|article-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|article-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|entry-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|entry-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|map-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|map-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section-url-access=</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription: </p> <div class="duhoc-en mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="duhoc-en p">{{</span><span class="duhoc-en nt">cite web</span> <span class="duhoc-en p">|</span><span class="duhoc-en nl">url</span><span class="duhoc-en o">=</span>https://example.com/nifty_data.php <span class="duhoc-en p">|</span><span class="duhoc-en nl">url-access</span><span class="duhoc-en o">=</span>registration <span class="duhoc-en p">|</span><span class="duhoc-en nl">date</span><span class="duhoc-en o">=</span>2021-04-15 <span class="duhoc-en p">|</span><span class="duhoc-en nl">title</span><span class="duhoc-en o">=</span>Nifty example data<span class="duhoc-en p">}}</span> </pre></div> <p>which renders as: </p> <ul><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="duhoc-en citation web cs1"><span class="duhoc-en id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external text" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://example.com/nifty_data.php">"Nifty example data"</a></span>. 2021-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%252Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nifty+example+data&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%252F%252Fexample.com%252Fnifty_data.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%252Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="duhoc-en Z3988"></span></dd></ul> <h5 data-mw-thread-id="h-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers-Registration_or_subscription_required" id="Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers-Registration_or_subscription_required"></span>Access indicator for named identifiers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers-Registration_or_subscription_required"></span></span> </h5> <p>Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as <code>limited</code>, <code>registration</code>, or <code>subscription</code>. </p> <table class="duhoc-en wikitable table-responsive plainrowheaders"> <caption>Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Identifier </th> <th scope="col">Access </th> <th scope="col">Allowed keywords </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|bibcode=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|bibcode-access=</code></td> <td rowspan="8"><code>free</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Freely accessible"><img alt="citation Style 1" class="duhoc-en lazyload" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" data-alt="Freely accessible" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="duhoc-en mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|hdl=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|hdl-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|jstor=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|jstor-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ol=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ol-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|osti=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|osti-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ssrn=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ssrn-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|s2cid=</code> </th> <td><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|s2cid-access=</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are: </p> <ul><li><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|arxiv=</code></li> <li><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|biorxiv=</code></li> <li><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|citeseerx=</code></li> <li><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|medrxiv=</code></li> <li><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pmc=</code></li> <li><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|rfc=</code></li></ul> <p>For embargoed <b id="">pmc</b> that will become available in the future, see <b id="csdoc_Embargo">pmc-embargo-date</b>. </p> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-Quote-How_the_templates_work" id="Quote"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quote-How_the_templates_work"></span>Quote<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quote-How_the_templates_work"></span></span> </h3> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_quote">quote</b>: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If <b>script-quote</b> is defined, use <b>quote</b> to hold a <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:ROMAN" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:ROMAN">Romanization</a> (if available) of the text in <b>script-quote</b>. <ul><li><b>script-quote</b>: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in <b>quote</b> (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the <a class="duhoc-en mw-selflink-fragment" href="#%7Cscript-<param>=_language_codes">supported language codes</a> to help browsers properly display the script: <ul><dd><code>... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...</code></dd></ul></li> <li><b>trans-quote</b>: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.</li></ul></li></ul> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-Anchors-How_the_templates_work" id="Anchors"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Anchors-How_the_templates_work"></span>Anchors<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Anchors-How_the_templates_work"></span></span> </h3> <p>The module creates HTML IDs by default suitable for use with <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:CITESHORT" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:CITESHORT">shortened footnotes</a> using the <a href="/wiki/en/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Template:Harvard citation/doc">Harv- and sfn-family templates</a>. These styles use in-text cites with a link that will jump to the ID created by the CS1 template. The ID is created from up to four author last names and the year, of the format <code>CITEREF<i>lastname(s)year</i></code>. </p><p><b><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=<var>ID</var></code></b>: Creates a custom ID equivalent to the value <var>ID</var>. This is useful where the author and/or date is unknown. The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Harvid" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a>}}</code> template may be used here to create an ID for the Harv- and sfn-family templates. </p> <table class="duhoc-en wikitable table-responsive plainrowheaders"> <caption>Examples of anchors </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Kind </th> <th scope="col">Wikitext </th> <th scope="col">ID created </th> <th scope="col">Targetable by </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Default, one name </th> <td><code>{{cite book |first=Gary L. |last=Hardcastle |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |date=2006}}</code> </td> <td><code>CITEREFHardcastle2006</code> </td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Harv" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>|Hardcastle|2006|pp=12-34}}</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Default, two names </th> <td><code>{{cite book |first=Gary L. |last=Hardcastle |first2=George A. |last2=Reisch |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |date=2006}}</code> </td> <td><code>CITEREFHardcastleReisch2006</code> </td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Harv" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>|Hardcastle|Reisch|2006|pp=12-34}}</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> using {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Harvid" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a>}} </th> <td><code>|ref={{harvid|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006}}</code> </td> <td><code>CITEREFMonty_Python_and_Philosophy2006</code> </td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Harv" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006|pp=12-34}}</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-Display_options-How_the_templates_work" id="Display_options"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Display_options-How_the_templates_work"></span>Display options<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Display_options-How_the_templates_work"></span></span> </h3> <p>These features are not often used, but can customize the display for use with other styles. </p> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_mode">mode</b>: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|mode=cs1</code>, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (<code>.</code>); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|mode=cs2</code>, element separator is a comma (<code>,</code>); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use <b>postscript</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_author-mask">author-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_contributor-mask">contributor-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_editor-mask">editor-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_interviewer-mask">interviewer-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_subject-mask">subject-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_translator-mask">translator-mask</b>: <ul><dd>Replaces the name of the (first) author with <a href="/wiki/en/Dash#Em_dash" title="Dash">em dashes</a> or text. Set <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-mask</b> to a numeric value <i>n</i> to set the dash <i>n</i> em spaces wide; set <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-mask</b> to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-link</b>—in this case, the value of <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-link</b> will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened footnotes</a>. Do not use in a list generated by <code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code>, <code class="duhoc-en nowrap" style=""><references /></code> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>-mask=</code>) to apply the mask to a specific <var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>.</dd></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_display-authors">display-authors</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-contributors">display-contributors</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-editors">display-editors</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-interviewers">display-interviewers</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-subjects">display-subjects</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-translators">display-translators</b>: <ul><dd>Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-authors=2</code> will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-authors=0</code> is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-authors=etal</code> displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.</dd></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_postscript">postscript</b>: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (<code>.</code>); for no terminating punctuation, specify <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=none</code> – leaving <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=</code> empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=</code> is ignored if <b>quote</b> is defined.</li></ul> <h4 data-mw-thread-id="h-et_al.-Display_options" id="et_al."><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-et_al.-Display_options"></span>et al.<span data-mw-comment-end="h-et_al.-Display_options"></span></span> </h4> <p>et al. is the abbreviation of the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">et alii</i></span> ('and others'). It is used to complete a list of authors of a published work, where the complete list is considered overly long. The abbreviation is widely used in English, thus it is not italicized per <a href="/wiki/en/MOS:FOREIGN" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="MOS:FOREIGN">MOS:FOREIGN</a>. </p> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-Accept-this-as-written_markup-How_the_templates_work" id="Accept-this-as-written_markup"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Accept-this-as-written_markup-How_the_templates_work"></span>Accept-this-as-written markup<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Accept-this-as-written_markup-How_the_templates_work"></span></span> </h3> <p>There are occasions where <a href="/wiki/en/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> emits error or maintenance messages because of, or makes changes to, the values assigned to a select set of parameters. Special markup can be used to enforce that a value will nonetheless be accepted as written. The markup for this is <code>((<var style="padding-right: 1px;">value</var>))</code>, i.e., wrap the entire parameter value in two sets of parentheses. Parameters that support this markup are: </p> <table class="duhoc-en wikitable table-responsive plainrowheaders"> <caption>Parameters that support accept-this-as-written markup </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:10em">Parameter </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th> <td rowspan="6">The various <var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var> parameters (including their enumerated variants) are checked for extra comma and semicolon separator characters which may indicate that the parameter is holding more than one name. If so, the list of names should be split up over multiple <var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>-enumerated parameters. Corporate names, however, are sometimes comma-separated lists of names as well and so are erroneously flagged as a multiple-name error; markup can be used to indicate this.<br><br>Legitimate names may be caught by the <a href="/wiki/en/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">generic-name test</a>. This markup can prevent legitimate names from being flagged as generic. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contributor<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|interviewer<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|subject<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#csdoc_doi"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi=</code></a> </th> <td rowspan="5">Identifiers are checked for validity to the extent possible. In rare cases, identifiers actually used in published works deviate from the checked standard format but are nonetheless valid. If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier instead of overriding the error message. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#csdoc_issue"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|eissn=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#csdoc_issue"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|isbn=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#csdoc_issn"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issn=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#csdoc_sbn"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|sbn=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#csdoc_issue"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issue=</code></a> </th> <td rowspan="2">Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of issues, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in issue ranges, etc. A hyphenated issue number and an issue range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit number with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more issues. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#csdoc_issue"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|number=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#csdoc_volume"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=</code></a> </th> <td>Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of volumes, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in volume ranges, etc. A hyphenated volume and an volume range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit volume with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more volumes. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#csdoc_pages"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code></a> </th> <td rowspan="3">Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of pages, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in page ranges, etc. A hyphenated page number and a page range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit number with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more pages. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries; does not apply to <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|p=</code>, or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=</code>. (This special markup is also supported by the plural page parameters <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code> and <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code> (as well as other aliases) of the {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Rp" title="Template:Rp">rp</a>}} and {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Ran" title="Template:Ran">ran</a>}} citation templates. The family of {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}- and {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Harv" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>}}-style templates supports it as well in conjunction with <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> and <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code>.) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#csdoc_pages"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Quote"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code> </th> <td>Trailing dots (periods) are normally removed from the value assigned to <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code> as being redundant. There are cases where trailing dots are not redundant but are part of the title proper so should be retained. The parameter may also accept a number of special keywords (<code>none</code>, etc.) taking precedence over free text input to specify a title; if a value also matching a keyword is meant as actual title text, markup can be used to indicate this. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code> </th> <td>The parameter may also accept a number of special keywords (<code>none</code>, <code>doi</code>, <code>pmc</code>) taking precedence over free text input to specify a link target; if a value also matching a keyword is meant as actual link target, markup can be used to indicate this. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Authors"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|vauthors=</code></a> </th> <td rowspan="2">Markup to suppress error messages and automatic Vancouver reformatting of allowed corporate names. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Editors"><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|veditors=</code></a> </th></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="duhoc-en mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" ><h2 data-mw-thread-id="h-Printing" id="Printing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Printing"></span>Printing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Printing"></span></h2></div><div id="ads_inline_4" style=""> <ins class="duhoc-en adsbygoogle" style="float:left;margin:20px 20px 0px 0;display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4219964418995947" data-ad-slot="3348363274"></ins> <script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> </div><section class="duhoc-en mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>When viewing the page, CS1 templates render the URL to the title to create a link; when printing, the URL is printed. <a href="/wiki/en/Help:External_link_icons" title="Help:External link icons">External link icons</a> are not printed. </p> </section><div class="duhoc-en mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" ><h2 data-mw-thread-id="h-Elements_not_included" id="Elements_not_included"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Elements_not_included"></span>Elements not included<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Elements_not_included"></span></h2></div><div id="ads_inline_5" style=""> <ins class="duhoc-en adsbygoogle" style="float:left;margin:20px 20px 0px 0;display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4219964418995947" data-ad-slot="4818333633"></ins> <script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> </div><section class="duhoc-en mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Not all factually accurate pieces of information about a source are used in a Citation Style 1 citation. Examples of information not included: </p> <ul><li>The total number of pages in a cited source</li> <li>The name of the library that provided access to an electronic copy of a cited source</li> <li>The name of the library that owns a physical copy of a cited work</li> <li>The library record or shelf location of a physical copy of a cited work</li></ul> </section><div class="duhoc-en mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" ><h2 data-mw-thread-id="h-Tools" id="Tools"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Tools"></span>Tools<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Tools"></span></h2></div><div id="ads_inline_6" style=""> <ins class="duhoc-en adsbygoogle" style="float:left;margin:20px 20px 0px 0;display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4219964418995947" data-ad-slot="3348363274"></ins> <script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> </div><section class="duhoc-en mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"> <p><b>CS1 templates may be inserted manually or by use of tools:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:TWL/Citoid" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:TWL/Citoid">Citoid</a>, a tool built into <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Visual_Editor" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:Visual Editor">Visual Editor</a> that attempts to build a full citation based on a URL. See <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:VisualEditor/User_guide#Using_Citoid" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:VisualEditor/User guide">user guide</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:RefToolbar" title="Wiki:RefToolbar">RefToolbar</a> is part of the editing tool bar. Version 2.0 does not yet support all templates supported by version 1.0.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/User:ProveIt_GT" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="User:ProveIt GT">ProveIt</a> provides a graphical interface for editing, adding, and citing references. It may be enabled per the documentation.</li> <li><a class="duhoc-en external text" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://tools.wmflabs.org/dispenser/view/Reflinks">Reflinks</a> Adds references to templates while updating/filling-in title/dates/publisher/accessdates etc.</li> <li><a class="duhoc-en external text" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/">reFill</a> open source version of Reflinks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Zotero" title="Zotero">Zotero</a> can export citations in Wikipedia-ready format.</li> <li><a class="duhoc-en external text" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=http://tools.wmflabs.org/citer/">Citer</a> – generates shortened footnote or named reference for a given Google Books URL, ISBN, or DOI. Also supports some major news websites.</li></ul> <p><b>Error checking <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:User_scripts" title="Wiki:User scripts">scripts</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/User:Svick/HarvErrors" title="User:Svick/HarvErrors">User:Svick/HarvErrors</a> is a script that may be enabled to display errors when using <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:CITESHORT" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:CITESHORT">Shortened footnotes</a> or <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:PAREN" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:PAREN">parenthetical referencing</a>. It does not warn when a long citation has been added but not a short one (using {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}} or {{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Harvnb" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a>}}).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/User:Trappist_the_monk/HarvErrors" title="User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors">User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors</a> is very similar, but also contains additional warnings for potential issues.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/User:BrandonXLF/CitationStyleMarker" title="User:BrandonXLF/CitationStyleMarker">User:BrandonXLF/CitationStyleMarker</a> highlights inconsistent (CS1 vs CS2) citation styles used in the same article. Only works with templated citations.</li></ul> <p><b>Reliability scripts:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/User:Headbomb/unreliable" title="User:Headbomb/unreliable">User:Headbomb/unreliable</a> color codes URLs and DOIs in gray/red/pink/yellow depending on their broad reliability</li></ul> </section><div class="duhoc-en mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" ><h2 data-mw-thread-id="h-TemplateData" id="TemplateData"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-TemplateData"></span>TemplateData<span data-mw-comment-end="h-TemplateData"></span></h2></div><section class="duhoc-en mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>This section documents interactions between <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:TemplateData" title="Wiki:TemplateData">WP:TemplateData</a> and tools which use that data to edit Wikipedia such as <a href="/wiki/en/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> and bots. Before making changes to the TemplateData be aware of these interactions. </p> <h3 data-mw-thread-id="h-User:InternetArchiveBot-TemplateData" id="User:InternetArchiveBot"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-User:InternetArchiveBot-TemplateData"></span><a href="/wiki/en/User:InternetArchiveBot" title="User:InternetArchiveBot">User:InternetArchiveBot</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-User:InternetArchiveBot-TemplateData"></span></span> </h3> <ul><li>If an argument is set to "required" the argument will be added to all templates edited by IABot. This including adding empty arguments. For example, when <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|website=</code> is "required" IABot makes the following edit: <a class="duhoc-en external autonumber" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/index.php?lang=en&q=2017%E2%80%9318_British_and_Irish_Cup&diff=prev&oldid=914629379">[1]</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="duhoc-en mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" ><h2 data-mw-thread-id="h-Common_issues" id="Common_issues"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Common_issues"></span>Common issues<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Common_issues"></span></h2></div><section class="duhoc-en mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1213096230"><div class="duhoc-en module-shortcutanchordiv"></div><div class="duhoc-en module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="duhoc-en module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Shortcut" title="Wiki:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="duhoc-en plainlist"><ul><li><span class="duhoc-en plainlinks"><a class="duhoc-en external text" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/index.php?lang=en&q=Help:CS1PROBS&redirect=no">Help:CS1PROBS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><dt><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|access-date=</code> does not show.</dt> <dd>If <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> is not supplied, then <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|access-date=</code> does not show; by design.</dd> <dt>The bare URL shows before the title.</dt> <dd>If the <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code> field includes a newline or an invalid character then the link will be malformed; see <a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1#Web_links">Web links</a>.</dd> <dt>The title appears in red.</dt> <dd>If URL is supplied, then the title cannot be wikilinked.</dd> <dt>The URL is not linked and shows in brackets.</dt> <dd>The URL must include the <a href="/wiki/en/URI_scheme" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a> in order for MediaWiki to recognize it as a link. For example: <code>www.example.org/</code> vs. <code><a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="duhoc-en external free" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/url?site=http://www.example.org/">http://www.example.org/</a></code>.</dd> <dt>A field is truncated.</dt> <dd>A pipe (<code>|</code>) in the value will truncate it. Use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:!" title="Template:!">!</a>}}</code> instead.</dd> <dt>The template markup shows.</dt> <dd>Double open brackets [[ are used in a field without closing double brackets ]].</dd> <dt>The author shows in brackets with an external link icon.</dt> <dd>The use of an URL in <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-link=</code> will break the link; this field is for the name of the Wikipedia article about the author, not a website.</dd> <dt>Multiple author or editor names are defined and one or more does not show</dt> <dd>The parameters must be used in sequence, i.e. if <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last=</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last1=</code> is not defined, then <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last2=</code> will not show. By design.</dd> <dt><code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code>, <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> or <code class="duhoc-en tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code> do not show.</dt> <dd>These parameters are mutually exclusive, and only one will show; by design.</dd></ul> </section><div class="duhoc-en mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" ><h2 data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also" id="See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div><section class="duhoc-en mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Help:Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:CS1_errors" title="Help:CS1 errors">Help:CS1 errors</a></li></ul> </section><div class="duhoc-en mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" ><h2 data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes" id="Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div><section class="duhoc-en mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="duhoc-en references"><div id="M821770ScriptRootC1342769" style="clear:both;"></div><script src="https://jsc.mgid.com/d/u/duhoctrungquoc.vn.1342769.js" defer></script></div></div> </section><div class="duhoc-en mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" ><h2 data-mw-thread-id="h-References" id="References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2></div><section class="duhoc-en mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="duhoc-en references"><div id="M821770ScriptRootC1342769" style="clear:both;"></div><script src="https://jsc.mgid.com/d/u/duhoctrungquoc.vn.1342769.js" defer></script></div></div> <div class="duhoc-en navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="duhoc-en navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="duhoc-en nowraplinks hlistz mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="duhoc-en navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="duhoc-en navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="duhoc-en nv-view"><a href="/wiki/en/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="duhoc-en nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/en/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="duhoc-en nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/en/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Verifiability" title="Wiki:Verifiability">Wiki referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Verifiability" title="Wiki:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:No_original_research" title="Wiki:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wiki:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Reliable_sources" title="Wiki:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wiki:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Citing_sources" title="Wiki:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wiki:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Citation_needed" title="Wiki:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Combining_sources" title="Wiki:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Offline_sources" title="Wiki:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Citing_sources" title="Wiki:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="duhoc-en mw-selflink selflink">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Category:LSA_style_citation_templates" title="Category:LSA style citation templates">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Citation_templates" title="Wiki:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist template</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Inline_citation" title="Wiki:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wiki:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wiki:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Citing_Wiki citation Style 1" title="Wiki:Citing Wiki citation Style 1">Citing Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wiki:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%">Template documentation</th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Edit_refs" title="Template:Edit refs">Edit refs</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Refref" title="Template:Refref">Refref</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Refref2" title="Template:Refref2">Refref2</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Refstart" title="Template:Refstart">Refstart</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wiki:The Wikipedia Library">Wiki Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">Deprecated</a></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Parenthetical_referencing" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:Parenthetical referencing">Parenthetical referencing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="duhoc-en navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="duhoc-en navbox" aria-labelledby="Citation_Style_1" style="padding:3px"><table class="duhoc-en nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="duhoc-en navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="duhoc-en navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="duhoc-en nv-view"><a href="/wiki/en/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="duhoc-en nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/en/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Template talk:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="duhoc-en nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/en/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Citation_Style_1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="duhoc-en mw-selflink selflink">Citation Style 1</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br>templates</th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a>}}</dt> <dd>books</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">Cite conference</a>}}</dt> <dd>conference papers</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_document" title="Template:Cite document">Cite document</a>}}</dt> <dd>short, stand-alone, offline documents</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Cite encyclopedia</a>}}</dt> <dd>edited collections</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">Cite interview</a>}}</dt> <dd>interviews</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Cite journal</a>}}</dt> <dd>academic journals</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Cite magazine</a>}}</dt> <dd>magazines</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">Cite mailing list</a>}}</dt> <dd>public mailing lists</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">Cite map</a>}}</dt> <dd>maps</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Cite news</a>}}</dt> <dd>news articles</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">Cite newsgroup</a>}}</dt> <dd>online newsgroups</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Cite press release</a>}}</dt> <dd>press releases</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">Cite report</a>}}</dt> <dd>unpublished reports</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">Cite sign</a>}}</dt> <dd>signs, plaques</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">Cite speech</a>}}</dt> <dd>speeches</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_tech_report" title="Template:Cite tech report">Cite tech report</a>}}</dt> <dd>technical reports</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">Cite thesis</a>}}</dt> <dd>theses</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</dt> <dd>web sources</dd></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preprint templates</th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">Cite arXiv</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_bioRxiv" title="Template:Cite bioRxiv">Cite bioRxiv</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX" title="Template:Cite CiteSeerX">Cite CiteSeerX</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_medRxiv" title="Template:Cite medRxiv">Cite medRxiv</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_SSRN" title="Template:Cite SSRN">Cite SSRN</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audiovisual-related</th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Cite AV media</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">Cite AV media notes</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">Cite episode</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">Cite podcast</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">Cite serial</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 templates">Citation Style 1 templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Category:Citation_Style_1_specific-source_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates">Citation Style 1 specific-source templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/en/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="duhoc-en navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/en/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Help talk:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1 noticeboard</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="duhoc-en navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="duhoc-en navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="padding:3px"><table class="duhoc-en nowraplinks hlistz mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="duhoc-en navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="duhoc-en navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="duhoc-en nv-view"><a href="/wiki/en/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="duhoc-en nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/en/Template_talk:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template talk:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="duhoc-en nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/en/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">Wiki help pages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="duhoc-en navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b>Visit the <i><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Teahouse" title="Wiki:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Help_desk" title="Wiki:Help desk">Help desk</a></i> for an interactive <abbr title="questions and answers">Q & A</abbr> forum.</b></li></ul> <hr> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:FAQ" title="Wiki:FAQ">FAQs</a></b> <b><abbr title="This is a list of frequently asked questions about using and contributing to Wiki English.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Reference_desk" title="Wiki:Reference desk">Reference desks</a></b> <b><abbr title="Works like a library reference desk. Ask a question here and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Noticeboards" title="Wiki:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></b> <b><abbr title="Pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of the most commonly used Wiki markup and templates.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wiki:Directories and indexes">Directories</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of Wikipedia's directories and indexes.">(?)</abbr></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:About" title="Wiki:About">About Wiki</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's governess and customs">(?)</abbr></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Administration" title="Wiki:Administration">Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Purpose" title="Wiki:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Five_pillars" title="Wiki:Five pillars">Principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wiki:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wiki:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:General_disclaimer" title="Wiki:General disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> (<a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Advice_for_parents" title="Wiki:Advice for parents">parental advice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Request_directory" title="Wiki:Request directory">Making requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wiki:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Reader%27s_index_to_Wiki citation Style 1" title="Wiki:Reader's index to Wiki citation Style 1">Help for readers</a> <abbr title="Concerns and questions readers may have about Wiki citation Style 1">(?)</abbr></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:FAQ/Readers" title="Wiki:FAQ/Readers">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Wikipedia_book_creator_status" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:Wikipedia book creator status">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Glossary" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Contributing_to_Wiki citation Style 1" title="Wiki:Contributing to Wiki citation Style 1">Contributing<br>to Wiki</a> <abbr title="Overviews and resources needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit">(?)</abbr></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wiki:Guidance for younger editors">Advice for young editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wiki:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Etiquette" title="Wiki:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wiki:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wiki:Simplified ruleset">Simplified rule-set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wiki:Ignore all rules">"Ignore all rules"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wiki:The rules are principles">"The rules are principles"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Styletips" title="Wiki:Styletips">Style-tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Tip_of_the_day" title="Wiki:Tip of the day">Tip of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> (<a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Article_wizard" title="Wiki:Article wizard">article wizard</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">Getting started</a> <abbr title="Introductions and tutorials">(?)</abbr></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wiki:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Introductions by topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wiki:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wiki:IRC/Tutorial">IRC <span style="font-size:85%;">(live chat)</span> tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:VisualEditor/User guide">VisualEditor user guide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia policies, guidelines, and formatting standards in bullet points">(?)</abbr></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Biography dos and don'ts">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Biographies_of_living_persons_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Biographies of living persons dos and don'ts">Biographies (living)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Categorization_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Categorization dos and don'ts">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Consensus_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Consensus dos and don'ts">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Talk_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Talk dos and don'ts">Discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Disambiguation_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Disambiguation dos and don'ts">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Image_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Image dos and don'ts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Lead_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Lead dos and don'ts">Leads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Linking_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Linking dos and don'ts">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:List_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:List dos and don'ts">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:References dos and don'ts">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Table_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Table dos and don'ts">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Article_title_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wiki:Article title dos and don'ts">Titles (of articles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to pages</a> and<br><a href="/wiki/en/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">information pages</a> <abbr title="Topic specific informative and instructional pages">(?)</abbr></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wiki:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wiki:Guide to deletion">Article deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations/references</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing for beginners</a></li> <li><a class="duhoc-en mw-selflink selflink">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Convert" title="Help:Convert">Convert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">Minor edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">edit conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Guide_to_image_deletion" title="Wiki:Guide to image deletion">Image deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Linking</a> (<a href="/wiki/en/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">link color</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Merging" title="Wiki:Merging">Merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Page_name" title="Help:Page name">Page name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:How_to_move_a_page" title="Help:How to move a page">Renaming pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Reset_password" title="Help:Reset password">Passwords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Email_confirmation" title="Help:Email confirmation">Email confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Simple_guide_to_vandalism_cleanup" title="Help:Simple guide to vandalism cleanup">Simple vandalism cleanup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk pages</a> (<a href="/wiki/en/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">simple archiving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:WP_search_protocol" title="Help:WP search protocol">WP search protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="duhoc-en navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki_markup" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">Coding</a> <abbr title="Wikitext information consists of the syntax used to format a page">(?)</abbr></th><td class="duhoc-en navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Calculation" title="Help:Calculation">Calculations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Elevation" title="Help:Elevation">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wiki:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Music symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Wiki:Transclusion" class="duhoc-en mw-redirect" title="Wiki:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/en/Help:URL" 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Missing Manual">Missing Manual</a></b> <hr> <span class="duhoc-en noprint plainlinks" title="Edit Special:MyTalk"><a class="duhoc-en external text" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/index.php?lang=en&q=Special:MyTalk&action=edit§ion=new&preload=Help:Contents/helpmepreload&preloadtitle=Help+me%21"><b>Ask for help on your talk page</b></a></span> <b><abbr title="If you need help, you can use this link to ask a question on your talk page; a volunteer will visit you there shortly!">(?)</abbr></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div id="share"></div><div class="duhoc-en share_alike"><p style="font-size: 79%; padding: 0px;">This article uses material from the Wikipedia English article <a target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" class="duhoc-en external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help%3ACitation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1 (Wiki English)">Help:Citation Style 1</a>, which is released under the 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Content is available under <a class="duhoc-en external" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses. <br>®Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wiki Foundation, Inc. <a href="/wiki/en/" title="Wiki English">Wiki English</a> (DUHOCTRUNGQUOC.VN) is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wiki Foundation. </p></div></div> <!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> </div> </div> <div class="duhoc-en post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> <div class="duhoc-en content toptrend" style=""><div class="duhoc-en clearfix spacer" style="height:20px;"></div><h3>Tags:</h3><a href="/wiki/tags_en/citation_Style_1_Style.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="citation Style 1 Style">citation Style 1 Style</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/citation_Style_1_Templates.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="citation Style 1 Templates">citation Style 1 Templates</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/citation_Style_1_How_the_templates_work.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="citation Style 1 How the templates work">citation Style 1 How the templates work</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/citation_Style_1_Printing.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="citation Style 1 Printing">citation Style 1 Printing</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/citation_Style_1_Elements_not_included.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="citation Style 1 Elements not included">citation Style 1 Elements not included</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/citation_Style_1_Tools.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="citation Style 1 Tools">citation Style 1 Tools</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/citation_Style_1_TemplateData.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="citation Style 1 TemplateData">citation Style 1 TemplateData</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/citation_Style_1_Common_issues.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="citation Style 1 Common issues">citation Style 1 Common issues</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/citation_Style_1.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="citation Style 1">citation Style 1</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/Help:Template.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="Help:Template">Help:Template</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/Module:Citation/CS1.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a><a href="/wiki/tags_en/Wikipedia:Citing_sources.html" class="duhoc-en related_tag" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a></div><div class="duhoc-en clearfix spacer" style="height:20px;"></div><div class="duhoc-en post-content footer-content"><div class="duhoc-en read-more-container"><aside class="duhoc-en ra-read-more noprint"><h2>Related topics</h2><ul class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-list"><li title="Cs1 Errors" class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card"><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-thumb ext-related-articles-card-thumb-placeholder lazyload" style="background-image: url(https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/RelatedArticles/resources/ext.relatedArticles.readMore/article.svg); height: 100%; width: 80px;"></div><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-detail"><h3><a href="/wiki/en/Help:CS1_errors" title="Cs1 Errors Wiki English">Cs1 Errors</a></h3><p class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-extract" title="Wikipedia help page">Wikipedia help page</p></div></li><li title="Citation Style 1/Deployment" class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card"><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-thumb ext-related-articles-card-thumb-placeholder lazyload" style="background-image: url(https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/RelatedArticles/resources/ext.relatedArticles.readMore/article.svg); height: 100%; width: 80px;"></div><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-detail"><h3><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1/Deployment" title="Citation Style 1/Deployment Wiki English">Citation Style 1/Deployment</a></h3><p class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-extract" title=""></p></div></li><li title="Citation Style 1/Accessdate" class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card"><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-thumb ext-related-articles-card-thumb-placeholder lazyload" style="background-image: url(https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/RelatedArticles/resources/ext.relatedArticles.readMore/article.svg); height: 100%; width: 80px;"></div><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-detail"><h3><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1/accessdate" title="Citation Style 1/Accessdate Wiki English">Citation Style 1/Accessdate</a></h3><p class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-extract" title="Reference How-to about Citation Styles and Access dates">Reference How-to about Citation Styles and Access dates</p></div></li><li title="Citation Style 1/Mass Test/Citation Core" class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card"><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-thumb ext-related-articles-card-thumb-placeholder lazyload" style="background-image: url(https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/RelatedArticles/resources/ext.relatedArticles.readMore/article.svg); height: 100%; width: 80px;"></div><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-detail"><h3><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1/mass_test/citation_core" title="Citation Style 1/Mass Test/Citation Core Wiki English">Citation Style 1/Mass Test/Citation Core</a></h3><p class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-extract" title=""></p></div></li><li title="Citation Style 1/Testcases/Lay-Url" class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card"><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-thumb ext-related-articles-card-thumb-placeholder lazyload" style="background-image: url(https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/RelatedArticles/resources/ext.relatedArticles.readMore/article.svg); height: 100%; width: 80px;"></div><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-detail"><h3><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_1/testcases/lay-url" title="Citation Style 1/Testcases/Lay-Url Wiki English">Citation Style 1/Testcases/Lay-Url</a></h3><p class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-extract" title=""></p></div></li><li title="Citation Style 2" class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card"><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-thumb ext-related-articles-card-thumb-placeholder lazyload" style="background-image: url(https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/RelatedArticles/resources/ext.relatedArticles.readMore/article.svg); height: 100%; width: 80px;"></div><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-detail"><h3><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Citation Style 2 Wiki English">Citation Style 2</a></h3><p class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-extract" title="Help page for citation templates">Help page for citation templates</p></div></li><li title="Citation Tools" class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card"><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-thumb ext-related-articles-card-thumb-placeholder lazyload" style="background-image: url(https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/RelatedArticles/resources/ext.relatedArticles.readMore/article.svg); height: 100%; width: 80px;"></div><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-detail"><h3><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Citation_tools" title="Citation Tools Wiki English">Citation Tools</a></h3><p class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-extract" title="Wiki project page for citation">Wiki project page for citation</p></div></li><li title="Footnotes" class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card"><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-thumb ext-related-articles-card-thumb-placeholder lazyload" style="background-image: url(https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/RelatedArticles/resources/ext.relatedArticles.readMore/article.svg); height: 100%; width: 80px;"></div><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-detail"><h3><a href="/wiki/en/Help:Footnotes" title="Footnotes Wiki English">Footnotes</a></h3><p class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-extract" title="Wikipedia help article">Wikipedia help article</p></div></li><li title="References And Page Numbers" class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card"><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-thumb ext-related-articles-card-thumb-placeholder lazyload" style="background-image: url(https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/RelatedArticles/resources/ext.relatedArticles.readMore/article.svg); height: 100%; width: 80px;"></div><div class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-detail"><h3><a href="/wiki/en/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="References And Page Numbers Wiki English">References And Page Numbers</a></h3><p class="duhoc-en ext-related-articles-card-extract" title=""></p></div></li></ul></aside></div></div><div id="bodyContent" class="duhoc-en content toptrend" style=""><div class="duhoc-en clearfix spacer" style="height:20px;"></div><h3 style="display: inline;">🔥 Trending searches on Wiki English:</h3><a href="/wiki/en/Amanda_Seales" title="Amanda Seales Wiki">Amanda Seales</a><a href="/wiki/en/Armenia" title="Armenia Wiki">Armenia</a><a href="/wiki/en/Boy_Kills_World" title="Boy Kills World Wiki">Boy Kills World</a><a href="/wiki/en/Valerie_Bertinelli" title="Valerie Bertinelli Wiki">Valerie Bertinelli</a><a href="/wiki/en/Theo_James" title="Theo James Wiki">Theo James</a><a href="/wiki/en/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan Wiki">Afghanistan</a><a href="/wiki/en/George_W._Bush" title="George W. 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Hiroshima and Nagasaki Wiki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a><a href="/wiki/en/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger Wiki">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a><a href="/wiki/en/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands Wiki">Turks and Caicos Islands</a><a href="/wiki/statistics-en.html" target="_blank" title="Top trends keywords Wiki English">🡆 More</a></div></main> <footer class="duhoc-en mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="duhoc-en post-content footer-content"> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul class="duhoc-en minerva-languages"><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/as/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC:Citation_Style_1" title="Citation Style 1 – Assamese">Citation Style 1 – Assamese</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/bh/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A6:Citation_Style_1" title="Citation Style 1 – Bhojpuri">Citation Style 1 – Bhojpuri</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/da/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1" title="CS1 – Danish">CS1 – Danish</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/el/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%AE%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:Citation_Style_1" title="Citation Style 1 – Greek">Citation Style 1 – Greek</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/fa/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7:%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DB%B1" title="شیوه یادکرد ۱ – Persian">شیوه یادکرد ۱ – Persian</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/gu/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A6:Citation_Style_1" title="Citation Style 1 – Gujarati">Citation Style 1 – Gujarati</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ml/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:Citation_Style_1" title="Citation Style 1 – Malayalam">Citation Style 1 – Malayalam</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ms/Bantuan:Citation_Style_1" title="Citation Style 1 – Malay">Citation Style 1 – Malay</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ja/Help:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F1" title="出典表記形式1 – Japanese">出典表記形式1 – Japanese</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/no/Hjelp:CS1" title="CS1 – Norwegian Bokmål">CS1 – Norwegian Bokmål</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ru/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_CS1/2" title="Шаблоны цитирования CS1/2 – Russian">Шаблоны цитирования CS1/2 – Russian</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/si/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94:Citation_Style_1" title="Citation Style 1 – Sinhala">Citation Style 1 – Sinhala</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/simple/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Citation Style 1 – Simple English">Citation Style 1 – Simple English</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/sd/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_1" title="حوالو صورت 1 – Sindhi">حوالو صورت 1 – Sindhi</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/sl/Pomo%C4%8D:Slog_navajanja_1" title="Slog navajanja 1 – Slovenian">Slog navajanja 1 – Slovenian</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/sr/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B:CS1" title="CS1 – Serbian">CS1 – Serbian</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/te/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82:Citation_Style_1" title="Citation Style 1 – Telugu">Citation Style 1 – Telugu</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/tr/Yard%C4%B1m:Kaynak_Bi%C3%A7emi_1" title="Kaynak Biçemi 1 – Turkish">Kaynak Biçemi 1 – Turkish</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/uk/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:Citation_Style_1" title="Citation Style 1 – Ukrainian">Citation Style 1 – Ukrainian</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/zh-yue/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1" title="引文格式1 – Cantonese">引文格式1 – Cantonese</a></li><li class="duhoc-en mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/zh/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1" title="引文格式1 – Chinese">引文格式1 – Chinese</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div id="profile user-info" class="duhoc-en footer-content"><h2 id="heading_2">citation Style 1: Style, Templates, How the templates work - Wiki English</h2><p id="short_description user-bio">Citation Style 1 is a collection of reference citation templates that can be modified to create different styles for different referenced materials. 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