Guam

Guam (Inkiris: Guam; Camolo sowal: Guåhån), caay ko nikomodan no Amilika a mapatirengay kitakit, i sa^etipan no Taypinyang a paslapalaan, caay ko nikomodan no Amilika a mapatirengay kitakit a cecay, sofoc sa ko Guam a tamdaw o Amilika a finawlan[3][4]. O hitay no Amilika i tini 4/1. Akaniya ko tokay no Guam, i Titi a niyaro’ ko alomanay a tamdaw.

I 2015 miheca o tamdaw no Guam 161,785 aloman, o dadahal no Guam 544 kongli, kadadi’ec no tamdaw 297 pinfang kongli, o Malianna pala ko satata’angay ato sakatimolay no pala, o satataangay pala no taliyok i Mikelonisiya.

Monmon-Toto-Maite madadiecay ko tamdaw a kadademakan no sifo, ira ko 1,425 pinfang kongli ko tamdaw; Ilnalacan ato Omatak ko caayay kadadi’ec no tamdaw a kadademakan no sifo, 47 ko pinfang kongli ko tamdaw. Satakaraway a lotok no Guam o Kalapiyatay lotok, takaraw 406 ko laya’ (1,332 Ince).

O Camolo a tamdaw o no Guam a yincumin, nai ’ayaw no 4,000 miheca maro’ay to tina palapalaan, o Potokis misolapay ci Fitinan Maycelon ko sa’ayaway tayni i Guam a Ilopiya tamdaw, I 1521 miheca 3 folad 6 romi’ad macakat i Guam. Nai 1668 miheca micingcingan no micingcingay, tinako o Tingsokiw a tintosi Tiyako Lois Te son Wiktoris (Inkilis: Diego Luis de San Vitores), I 16 sici tangasa 18 sici itiya, o picomodan no Sepaniya Manila misasalamaay tamina. Amilika ato Sepaniya a kalaloodan itiya, i kalaloodan no Amilika ato Sepaniya itiya, Amilika i 1898 miheca 6 folad 21 romi’ad macalap ko Guam (Inkilis: Capture of Guam), sakiParis katatelek, Sepaniya i 1898 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad o Guam mapaisal ko Amilika. Aniniay a Guam o nano Linhoko saka 7 caayay ko niya ko mikowanan a kanatal[5].

I ’ayaw no saka 2 kalaloodan, o Guam ato 4 a kanatal – no Amilika a Samowa, Hawai, Wike pala ato Filipin – o no Amilika a kanatal i Taypinyang. 1941 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad, ikor romi’ad no Cencukang a lalood, o Guam macalap no Dipong, falican ko pangangan “Oomiyasima (おおみやじま)” hananay[6]. Micalap ko Dipong to 2 miheca iro 6 folad, oci mapatayay, mapamapacofcof maomah, ma’alip ato masamsam ko tamdaw[7][8][9]. Amilika a hitay i 1944 miheca 7 folad 21 romi’ad macefis ko Guam, toya romi’ad o pipakoniraan pihiratengan to miki’aotay kalalood[10]. Nai 1960 mihecaan, mirarakatay ato hitay no Amilika pikaliaca ko saka ira no kicay no Guam (Inkilis: Economy of Guam)tasaay sapicoker[11].

Guam ato ka’amisay Malianna palapalaan a yincumin sa’ayaway ato ’ayaw 2000 miheca o waliay katimol Asiya timolay a finacadan[12]:16. Malaikoray to a Camolo tamdaw. No to’as no Camolo a lekakawa malasepatay ko selal o Tapang (chamorri), i fafa’eday selal (matua), sasifo’ay selal (achaot) ato la’enoay (mana'chang) [12]:21.

Spain picingcingan romi’ad (西班牙殖民時期)

Ci Ferdinand Magellan midotocay to hongti no Spain mitaliyok to na hekal i, i 1521 miheca 3 folad 6 romi’ad manengneng ko Guam[12]:41–42. Nikawrira tangasa 1565 miheca 1 folad 26 romi’ad ci Miguel Lopez de Legazpi a kakeridan itiya to sakacitodong to Guam mikowan[12]:46. 1565 miheca tangasa 1815 mihecaan, o Guam ato ka’amis Mariana palapalaan o no Spain i Philippines sakawali ko pacarcaran, o Guam no Manila a mirarakatay tamina kahiceraan pacarcar, oni a tamina Acapulco tangasa Minila ko karakat a calay[12]:51. Nai 1670 miheca 7 folad 23 romi’ad tangasa 1695 miheca 7 folad o kalaloodan pahanhanay, ato 1671 miheca ato 1693 miheca malefek no faliyos, 1688 miheca ira ko katalawan a salifong, saka o Chamorro tamdaw na o 50,000 malowan to tangasa 5,000 ko tamdaw[12]:86.

Ci Dorn Mariano Tobias i 1771 miheca 9 folad 15 romi’ad mapatireng citodongay mikowan i Guam itiya, misitapang misaomah, milongoc to pafeli no yincumin to sera, micoker pacomahad, nai Manila pacomod to Malonem ato kolong, nai Acapulco pacomod to tada lofa ato lofa, patireng to pisaparokan ato pisacilahan[12]:107–109. Paherek ko kalalood ni Napoleon, aloman ko nicalapan no Spain misiiked patireng to kitakit, o sakaira no kicay no Guam o nai Mexico palaliyoc pasayra Philippines[12]: 144. 1856 miheca malenak ko katalawan salifong, mapatay ko 3,644 tamdaw no Guam, naitiya mapacomod ko Caroline tamdaw ato Dipong tamdaw i Mariana palapalaan a maro’ [12]:157.

O Amilika ato Spain malalood tangasa saka 2 kalalood no hekal. (美西戰爭至第二次世界大戰)

I 1898 mihecaan a kalalood no Amilika ato S Spain a kasasicalap to Guam (Inkiris: Capture of Guam), o Spain saki Paris katatelakan, i 1898 miheca 12 folad 23 romi’ad, midotoc to aocoren kadadefongan 108-A patorod to hitay no Amilika to Guam, o Guam malakaromakatan mita’elif to sakatayra i Philippines, o ka’amis Marianna kanatal mapa’aca i Germany, ka’amis Marianna kanatal i 1919 miheca kalokitakit a lakatep miketon patorod to Dipong ko mikowanay[11]. Hitay no Amilika i 1899 miheca i Piti (Inkiris: Piti, Guam) patireng to minato, i 1901 miheca i Sumay mipatireng to minato no hitay[13]:13. Kalaloodan no Amilika ato Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apollinario Mabini i 1901 miheca mapalafel i Guam [14]:vi.

Mido’edo to Versailles katatelek, kalokitakit a lakatep i 1919 miheca miketon to ka’amis Marianna kanatal patored to Dipong a mikowan. Nai ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw mapatayra i Guam malamifalicay/hongyako ano eca malamatayalay no Dipong, kalo’adaen no Dipong ko pinengneng to Chamorro tamdaw no Guam. Ikor no kalalood, Guam ato i ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw masasicangal, no Guam a Chamorro tamdaw ko sini’adaay ko ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw o sasaan, o ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw o nano mikowanan no Dipong to 30 mihecaan, o mipasayraay i Dipong.

I saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal itiya, o Guam i lalood no Pearl minato itiya macalap no Dipong. Picalap no Dipong to Guam ira ko 31 a folad, mafalic ko ngangan “O Omiyasima” han[6]. Itiya, o yincumin no Guam mapalalingad, malaliyas ko laloma’an, marofo, mipatay, pasaopoen mirofo, patangic pala’a’alipan, ira ko 1,000 ko tamdaw ko nipatayan, oroma ira ko 10% kalaloodan mapatayay Guam a tamdaw, itiya o tamdaw no kanatal ira ko 20,000 tamdaw[15].

Amilika i 1944 miheca 8 folad 10 romi’ad maala ko Guam, o hitay no Dipong to mapatayay mata’elif k 18,000 tamdaw, makatapi’an dengan 485 ko tamdaw, ci Shoichi Yokoi kakeridan i 1972 miheca 1 folad to a makatapi’, o saikoray i Guam sofitay no Dipong[16]. Itiya macalap to no Amilika ko ka’amis Marianna kanatal a mikowan.

Romakatay i nanom a hikoki nai 1921 tangasa 1930 miheca micomod i Guam, o sa’ayaway kahiceraan no romakatay i nanom a hikoki i Taypinyang[13]:13. Ledef no Amilika a hikoki parakat nai San Francisco – Manila – Hongkong a calay, Taypinyang calay no tingki a kosi (Inkilis: Commercial Pacific Cable Company) i 1903 miheca mapatireng ko tingwa, tingpo a kamaro’an[13]:15. Ka’amis a hikociw (North Field) i 1944 miheca mapatireng, o pihiratengan ci James Roy Anderson (Inkiris: James Roy Andersen) a mafalic ko ngangan to Andersen hikociw no hitay.

Ikor no kalalood. (戰後)

Ikor no saka 2 kalalood, pakayni i 1950 miheca no Guam a kasakapot a rikec (Inkiris: Guam Organic Act of 1950) o Guam mala no Amilika a caayay kapolong a sera, mapatodong i laloma’ay no kanatal sifo a finawlan, mapafeli to no Amilika finawlan a salongc, Kuam a sifo i ’ayaw no 1968 miheca o katatelekan a sifo ko miocoray, Kuam kakeridan a pipili’ a rikec (Inkilis: Guam Elective Governor Act) ikoran o nipili’an no finawlan[17]:242. Nawhan o Kuam caay ko no Amilika a cecay kanatal, mipili’ to congtong caay ka nga’ay, o pikaykian no lomaocay awaay ko todong mitaypiw mipili’ [11]. Nikawrira manga’ay sakicefang to picoker to mamalacongtong a mipili’ [18].

Ikor no lalood i Vietnam tangasa anini. (越戰後至今)

Antesen a hikokiciw no sofitay ti saki lalood i Vietnam, ikor mafalic to o saka 36 a kosacefang (Inkiris: 36th Wing# Pacific Air Forces) (36 WG), masa’isal to i Amilika Taypinyang hikoki hitay (PACAF) ato Amilika saka 13 hikoki cefang (13AF). 2012 miheca 9 folad, 13 AF paherek to ko demak mapapolong to tayra i hikoki hitay no Amilika i Taypinyang. Cecay miheca cecay ko kasaso’ayaw to no’amisay hitay a milalingsiw (Inkiris: Cope North) a ta’angay demak[19].

I 1997 miheca 8 folad 6 romi’ad no Korea hikoki 801 haw matefad i Kuam, oya 747 hikoki mamatefo i masetol i Nimitz a lotok, saka i laloma’ay no hikoki 254 ko tamdaw i 228 ko mapatayay a tamdaw. I rayray a likisi no Kuam a tilid (Inkiris: National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam) nai 1974 miheca mapacomod i rayray a likisi no Amilika. I 1975 miheca mapacarcar ko 100,000 a malafelay tamdaw no Vietnam, 1996 miheca mapakamaro’ ko 6,600 a malafelay tamdaw no Kurd[13]:17.

Kaitiraan no Guam a pala i laed no sa’amisan 13.2˚ tangasa 13.7˚, sakawali 144.6˚ tangasa 145.0˚, o dadahal 212 pinfang ingli (549 pinfang kongli), o sata’angay saka 32 pala no Amilika, o satata’angay i Mariana a katimolay palapalaan, noroma o satata’angay no Micronesia a palapalaan, o nano Taypinyang a padiyac ato no Philippines a padiyac masasisetolay a mala’ongcoy, o Guam mingata to Mariana kasakengkeng no riyar a sera, onini a kasa’efong i saka’etip. Ka’etip katimol no Guam milifetay a mipalitaay a kakak to talolong no riyar, talolong 35,797 ingce (10,911 kongce). Satakaraway lotok o Lingtning a lotok, takaraw 1,334 ingce (407 kongce) [20].

O pala no Guam kakaya’ 30 ingli (50 kongce); kakahad 4 tangasa 12 ingli (6 tangasa 19 kongli), o 4 no 3 no Singapore ko dadahal. Nawhani i ka’etip lawacay no Taypinyang a padiyac ato mingata to padiyac no Philippinse, noroma ira ko lonen, kalonenan ngata no Guam ira ko 5.0 tangasa 8.7. caay to lecad to no Miriana palapala a Anatahan pala ko kacimacelal, away ko macelal no Guam, nikawrira ngataay a Anatahan, ira ko pacefas no kasadak ko namal lotok a macelal a ’alafoh tayra i Guam[21].

Saheto o raka ko taliyok no riyar no Guam, maropayay a ’alafoh i panahalay sera i malopisopedan to nanom, ka’amisay a lawac no riyar masatono’ay, katimolay masa’apoloay tangasa i lawac no riyar[1].

O romi’ad no Guam o nano riyar a fa’edetay, o nai waliay ko fali, falawfaw ko romi’ad, matatodong i 30˚C ko takaraw 24˚C ko laenoay, ’orad to mihecaan 2,180mm. polong no sasowalen, o kafalawfaw caay pakata’elif to 32˚C anoca 21˚C. o dadaya kasoemet ikaka to 84%, nakawrira safoladan a soemet 66%. Kakedalan 12 folad laed to mihaca 6 folad; kaoradan 7 folad tangasa 11 folad. Saka 1, 2 folad o saemelay romi’ad, dadaya a falawfaw 21-24˚C, caay ka soemet. Satakaraway a falawfaw no Kuam tangasa i 96˚F (36˚C), i 1971 miheca 4 folad 18 romi’ad, 1990 miheca 4 folad 1 romi’ad a maditekay; poeneray falawfaw 65˚F (18˚C), 1973 miheca 1 folad 8 romi’ad a maditek[23].

O kaitiraan a maro’ no Guam o “pangpangan no faliyos” [24]. I kasoemetan romi’ad mararid ira ko faliyos, 8 folad tangasa 10 folad o kacifaliyosan a foladan, nikawrira masamihecaan ira ko faliyos. Satakaraway picalap no faliyos to Guam itiya o takolil han ko ngangan, o rakat no fali ira ko 180 ingli to cecay toki (290 kongli); kasaliyad no fali ira ko 220 ingli to cecay toki (350 kongli), i 2018 miheca 10 fola 24 romi’ad macalap ko Saipan kanatal, katimolay a Guam malecad ko kakari’ang.

Nai 1976 miheca Pomila faliyos (Inkiris: Typhoon Pamela (1976)) ikor a micalap, no kilang a lomaloma’ falican to no amoto ko pipatireng[25][26]. Sapiliyas mitena’ to faliyos, i 1980 miheca o fasila no dinsing nao kilang falican to amoto. Pinapina a loma’ ato kosi mapakafit ko sapitena’ to faliyos (Inkilis: typhoon shutters).

Likisi a rayray no tamdaw (歷史人口)

Midotoc 2010 miheca pisaosi, yincumin Chamorro tamdaw saalomanay no finacadan i Guam, makialoma no tamdaw to 37.3%, roma finacadan o nano Philippines tamdaw (29.3%), Amilika fohecalay (7.1%) ato Chuck tamdaw (7%), roma o no Taypinyang a kanatal ato Asia tamdaw. Tingsokiw ko pakayraan, ira ko 85% tamdaw no mitooray to Tingsokiw[1]. Roma, ira ko caay kapapina o Yatayakiw (Inkiris: History of the Jews in Guam). O Inkiris ato Chamorro a sowal ko no kitakit a sowal.

’Ayaw o Sepaniya ko micalapay to Guam, i 1898 miheca Amilika Spain a laloodan, itiya macalap to no Amilika, marepet ko sakowan to polong no Guam.

I 1941 miheca, maocor no Dipong ko ta’angay a sofitay milood to Guam, ira ko 500 tamdaw no kanatal mipatap’ to hitay no Dipong, nanoya macalap no Dipong.

I 1944 miheca, ocoran no Amilika ko ki’emelay a tamina hitay ato karayan hitay sapilood to hitay no Dipong i Guam, itiya i kanatalay hitay no Dipong 18,000 tamdaw ko mapatayay, 1,200 tamdaw ko marofoay, mapatayay a hitay no Amilika 3,000 tamdaw, madoka’ay 7,100 tamdaw, citodong mikowan ko Amilika to Guam[29][13]:87.

Aniniay a Guam o mapatirengay ko kamaro’an hitay no Amilika, o sowal i “o caayay kaleneng a Aircraft Carrier". 2010 miheca, pasadak ko Amilika to 126 walwalan no Amilika payso sapisanga’ misadadahal to kamaro’an no sofitay, patodong saki kaetipay no Taypinyang satadamaanay pala no sofitay, pakini toni a demak: patireng to minato no Aircraft Carrier, sapitena’ to ma’eferay timera ato kasasilinsiwan; oroma i saki kanatal a hitay o sadama to liyok, o ariri no hikoki, ariri pasimalan, ariri no patimeraan, sapitena’ to pilood no timera. O dadahal no kamaro’an sofitay no Amilika i Guam kanatal 39,000 Inmo (16,000 kongcin), o dadahal 29%.

1.Pala no riyar a hitay no Amilika i Guam (Inkiris: Naval Base Guam) – Sumay

2.Amilika mililisay i riyar a cefang 14 ’etal, - Sumay

3.Anderson pala no hikoki – Yiko maci

4.Apra minato – Orote litosa no pala

5.Ariri no afet riyar a hitay – sasifo’ pakatimol ’akawangay sera

6.Kamaro’an kalalicay a tingnaw no riyar a hitay – Barringada maci ato Finengayan

Ikor no saka 2 kalaloodan, Amilika pikaykian no finawlan i 1950 miheca mahayda to kasacefang a rikec no Guam (Inkilis: Guam Organic Act of 1950), mapatireng no Amilikaay a sakadademak, pirikecan, mawacayay toloay salongoc a sifo, sapaini to yincumin no Guam ato ikoray masofoc a finawlan no Amilka. O tapang no Guam i ’ayaw no 20 miheca o congtong no Amilika ko miocoray, tangasa i 1970 miheca o finawlan ko mipili’ay, 4 miheca ko cecay lekad, manga’ay padoedo to kanacecay. O pikayki no mirikecay no Guam cecayay lekad, 2 miheca, ’ayaw 21 ko iing, i 1999 miheca mafalic 15 ko iing, polong no kanatal ko mipili’ay. O kasacefang no Guam ira ko Micotang ato Konghetang, milekoay to i Amilika a Micotang ato Konghetang.

Nai 1973 miheca, mihayda ko fanawlan pikaykian no Amilika patireng to caay singkiwen to malo kalomaocan i fanawlan pikaykian no Amilika. Malataypiaw no Guam a finawlan mikaykiay ato caay kalecad ko i 50 no kasa’etal a iing, i wiyyinhuy ko pikihatiya a pakamay, caay ka citodong to pihayda no finawlan a pikaykian, malecad no kasa’etal a wiyyin ko salongoc, halo pipalowad to pitelek, oni a taypiaw i niyaro’ no Guam mamipili’ [11].

O sakaira no micomoday no Guam miti’er to mirarakatay ato patodong kamaro’ no sofitay no Amilika i palaan[30]. Mihecahecaan no mirarakatay o Dipong a tamdaw ko ’alomanay, tayniay ira ko 75%, icowacowa ira ko no Dipong a tilid to kacipinangan ato pihapiw, roma to, ira ko nai Korea, Amilika, Philippines, Taywan a mirarakatay[31]. O sakimirakatay a micomoday ira ko 1590 ’ofad payso no Amilika. I 2003 miheca, awaayay ko katayalan 14% ko tamdaw no Guam, mataloc to 3.14 yok payso no Amilika[32].

I 2008 miheca, Mikelonisiya a hikoki satata’angay a kaysya i Guam, 1,400 ko tamdaw to matayalay, mala no Amilika a saka tosa kaysya[33]; anini o cecay to kapolongan hikoki, no Cikako kapolongan mikafoay kaysya (Inkilis: United Continental Holdings) [34]. Nia kaysya patodong to kinaira no matayalay to mihecaan i 9,000 ’ofad Amilika payso.

Imatini, o wikidtingwa maledofay to i palaoalaan no Guam, malaheci ko saki wiki ato tilifi nai calay pipatirang. ’alomanay finawlan sahetoay o wikidtingwa, i ’ayaw no 1990 miheca rarid sa a maketon, anini hakanga’ayan. O Guam nai 1997 miheca micomod i ’amisay Amilika ko fangko (no kitakit 671 mafalic to no ’amisay Amilika patongal 1 fangko 671), palasawad ato pikapot tono Amilioka ’atekak ko ’aca i kasakitakit[36].

Imatini, o wikidtingwa maledofay to i palaoalaan no Guam, malaheci ko saki wiki ato tilifi nai calay pipatirang. ’alomanay finawlan sahetoay o wikidtingwa, i ’ayaw no 1990 miheca rarid sa a maketon, anini hakanga’ayan. O Guam nai 1997 miheca micomod i ’amisay Amilika ko fangko (no kitakit 671 mafalic to no ’amisay Amilika patongal 1 fangko 671), palasawad ato pikapot tono Amilioka ’atekak ko ’aca i kasakitakit[36].

O Antonio Wangpot kasakitakit a katefoan no hikoki i Guam. Awaay ko pafesotay nai Guam ato Amilika a hikoki, pafesotay tayra i Hawaii Tangsiansan (rakat 7 ko toki). Oroma, Guam ira to romi’ami’ad masaso’aliway i ’amis Maliyana palapalan, Philippines Manila (rakat 3 ko toki) ato mirarakatay nai Dipongay (rakat 3-4 ko toki) ato Korea, roma a rakat no hikoki caay ka rarid to romi’ami’ad. O papacalay ko Taywan. Kapolongan hikoki o paparakat to nai Sanghai Potong kasakitakit hikoki a to Hongkong sakakitakit hikoki to paromi’aday a rakat, ato nai Beijing to kafalifalican romi’ad.

Kasaso’aliw nai Guam ato Amilika, manga’ay mikalic to no Amilika hikoki i Dipong, Korea, Congko a pakotay to pikalic, nika mipatodong to paspoto a calay tilid.

Caay kaadihay ko faso no Guam, awaay ko mikalicay tamdaw, saheto ono niya ko sakaromakat.

I Tamuning a pihiratengan ising i Guam (Inkiris: Guam Memorial Hospital) o sifo no Guam ko citodongay[37]. O wiyyinhuy no Amilika ko patodongay to ising ato wadis ising ko milosiyangay, i Akanakaw niyaro’ (Inkiris: Agana Heights, Guam) no Amilika a riyar hitay ising ko cacitodong ato laloma’an ko matayalay midama[38]. I palaay o CareJet i fafaeday pa’oripay mamidama, patayra i Guam ato liyok no palapalaan ko adadaay tamdaw[39]. Itiya i 2016 miheca misatapang i kasapala ko no niya patirengan ising[40].

1.Dipong Toyma maci: Nai 1977 miheca masasi malikakaay fafahiyan pala.

2.Taywan Taypi maci: I 1973 miheca 1 folad 12 romi’ad malakayat.

3.Taywan Tawyin maci: I 2021 miheca 12 folad 15 romi’ad malakayat.

4.Taywan Taycong maci: I 2022 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad malakayat.

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3. U.S. Territories. [2007-02-09]. (nina’angan tilid, 2007-02-09).." DOI Office of Insular Affairs. February 9, 2007.

4. DEFINITIONS OF INSULAR AREA POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS.. [2007-11-14]. (nina’angan tilid, 2011-07-21). Office of Insular Affairs (Inkilis: Office of Insular Affairs). Retrieved October 31, 2008.

5. The United Nations and Decolonization. www.un.org. [2017-07-04]. (nina’angan tilid, 2014-02-27).

6.Pirarakatan citodongay, グアムの歴史. グアム sifo pihalamaan citodongay. [2020-10-06]. (nina’angan tilid, 2021-05-22).

7. War Restitution Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Co... |National Library of Australia (felih mana’ang kapi tilid, mana’ang kalocalay). Catalogue.nla.gov.au (September 20, 1994). Retrieved June 13, 2012.

8. "Statement of David B. Cohen Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Affairs Before the House Committee on Resources Regarding the Report of the Guam War Claims Review Commission |July 21, 2004 mana’ang kalocalay pina’angan romi’ad 2013-01-20.." Office of Insular Affairs (Inkilis: Office of Insular Affairs). Retrieved September 19, 2012.

9. Higuchi, Wakako. The Japanisation Policy for the Chamorros of Guam, 1941–1944 (PDF). The Journal of Pacific History. 2001, 36 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1080/00223340120049424. (Nano nina’angan (PDF) mana’ang i 2013-01-20).

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11. Carano, Paul; Sanchez, Pedro C. A Complete History of Guam. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company. 1964. OCLC 414965.

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13.Rottman, G. (2004) Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-811-3

14.Mabini, A., 1969, The Philippine Revolution, Republic of the Philippines, Dept. of Education, National Historical Commission.

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