ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

Indo-Aryan
Indic
ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ	South Asia
ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan
ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ	Proto-Indo-Aryan
ᱟᱭᱮᱥᱳ ᱖᱓᱙ᱼ᱒ / ᱕	inc
ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟᱥᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ	59= (phylozone)
ᱜᱞᱚᱴᱴᱚᱞᱚᱜᱽ	indo1321
Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.   Pashai (Dardic)   Chitrali (Dardic)   Shina (Dardic)   Kohistani (Dardic)   Kashmiri (Dardic)   Punjabi (Northwestern)   Sindhi (Northwestern)   Rajasthani (Western)   Gujarati (Western)   Bhili and Khandeshi (Western)   Himachali (= W. Pahari, Northern)   Garhwali-Kumaoni (= C. Pahari, Northern)   Nepali (= E. Pahari, Northern)   Western Hindi (Central)   Eastern Hindi (Central)   Bihari (Eastern)   Bengali-Assamese (Eastern)   Oriya (Eastern)   Halbi (Eastern)   Marathi-Konkani (Southern)   Sinhala-Maldivian (Southern) (not shown: Kunar (Dardic), Chinali-Lahuli)

(ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ: ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱨ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ), ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱞᱤ-ᱞᱟᱦᱩᱞᱤ)

ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱥᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ-ᱩᱨᱫᱩ (᱓᱒᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ (᱒᱔᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ (᱑᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ (᱑᱑᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ (᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ (᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ (᱕᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ (᱓᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱢᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ (᱓᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ (᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ (᱑᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ (᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ (᱑᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ (native speakers) ᱙᱐ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾

ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ

ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ :

• ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ
• ᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ
• ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱞᱤ
• ᱠᱳᱦᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ
• ᱯᱟᱥᱟᱭ
• ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱨ

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ (ᱵᱩᱨᱩ) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ :

• ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ, ᱡᱩᱢᱞᱤ, ᱰᱮᱴᱚᱞᱤ;

• ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱜᱟᱲᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ;

• ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ(ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞᱤ): ᱰᱳᱜᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱝᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱨᱣᱟᱦᱤ, ᱪᱩᱨᱟᱦᱤ, ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱮᱭᱟᱞᱤ, ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱥᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱤ, ᱜᱟᱰᱰᱤ, ᱯᱟᱝᱣᱟᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱥᱩ, ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱭᱩᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱩᱞᱞᱩ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱨᱢᱟᱣᱨᱤ ᱾

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

• ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ

• ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾

• ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ

• ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ

• ᱵᱷᱤᱞ

• ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥᱤ

• ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱫᱤ

• ᱰᱳᱢᱟᱠᱤ

• ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤ

ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ)

• ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ: ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ (ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱩᱨᱫᱩ), ᱵᱨᱚᱡ, ᱵᱩᱱᱫᱮᱞᱤ;

• ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ: ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱮᱞᱤ, ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ,

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

• ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱩ, ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱞᱤ, ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ (ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ), ᱢᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ, ᱚᱝᱜᱤᱠᱟ;

• ᱦᱞᱵᱤᱠ

• ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ: ᱵᱟᱞᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤ, ᱜᱚᱧᱡᱟᱢᱤ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱵᱳᱰᱳ;

• ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ-ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ: ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩᱯᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤ, ᱪᱟᱠᱢᱟ;

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

• ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ-ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ
  • ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱠ: ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ

• • ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤᱠ: ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ
• ᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ
  • ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ
  • ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ: ᱫᱤᱦᱮᱵᱷᱤ, ᱢᱟᱦᱚᱞ ᱾

ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ

ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ-ᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢᱠᱚ (᱑᱕᱐᱐-᱓᱐᱐ BCE), ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱱᱤ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ

ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ

ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ (ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ)

ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ

ᱰᱳᱢᱟᱨᱤ

ᱞᱳᱢᱟᱵᱷᱨᱮᱱ

ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤ

• The Indo-Aryan languages, 25 Oct 2009
• The Indo-Aryan languages Colin P.Masica
• Survey of the syntax of the modern Indo-Aryan languages (Rajesh Bhatt), 7 February 2003.