Asụsụ Naịl Na Sahara
Asụsụ Naịl-Sahara bụ ezinụlọ a na-atụ aro maka asụsụ Afrịka nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri asaa na-asụ, ọkachasị n'akụkụ elu nke osimiri Naịl, gụnyere Nubia nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ebe ugwu nke ebe isi mmiri abụọ nke Naịl zutere.
| obere ụdị nke | human language  |
|---|
Asụsụ ndị a na-agafe mba iri na asaa dị n'ebe ugwu Afrịka: site na Algeria ruo Benin n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ; site na Libya ruo Democratic Republic of the Congo n'etiti; na site na Ijipt ruo Tanzania n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.
Dị ka aha ya na-egosi, Nilo-Sahara bụ ezinụlọ nke ime obodo Afrịka, gụnyere nnukwu Naịl Basin na Central Sahara Desert. A na-ahụ asatọ n'ime nkewa ya (ewepu Kunama, Kuliak, na Songhay) na mba Sudan na South Sudan nke oge a, ebe Osimiri Naịl na-aga.
N'akwụkwọ ya The Languages of Africa (1963), Joseph Greenberg kpọrọ otu ahụ aha ma kwuo na ọ bụ ezinụlọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. O nwere asụsụ ndị a na-etinyeghị na Niger-Congo, Afroasiatic ma ọ bụ Khoisan. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ akpọwo phylum ahụ "Greenberg's wastebasket", nke o tinyere asụsụ niile na-abụghị nke Afrịka, ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ n'ọhịa anabatala ya dị ka echiche na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe nhazi Greenberg. ọkà mmụta asụsụ -anabata na ọ bụ ihe ịma aka iji gosipụta mana na ọ na-ele anya dị ka ihe na-ekwe nkwa ka a na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. [1] [2] [3]
A na-eme atụmatụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ìgwè ndị mejupụtara Nilo-Sahara tupu oge Neolithic nke Africa. ọmụmaatụ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ịdị n'otu nke Eastern Sudan dịkarịa ala na puku afọ nke ise BC. N'ihi ya, ịdị n'otu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Nilo-Sahara ga-abụ nke ochie ma bụrụ nke oge Upper Paleolithic. Asụsụ mbụ e dere ede nke jikọtara ya na ezinụlọ Nilo-Sahara bụ Old Nubian, otu n'ime asụsụ ndị kasị ochie e dere ede n'Africa, nke e dere site na narị afọ nke 8 ruo nke 15 AD.
Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ niile anaghị anabata usoro nkewa a buru ibu. Glottolog (2013), dịka ọmụmaatụ, mbipụta nke Max Planck Institute na Germany, anaghị anabata ịdị n'otu nke ezinụlọ Nilo-Sahara ma ọ bụ ọbụna nke alaka Eastern Sudan; Georgiy Starostin (2016) n'otu aka ahụ anaghị anabata mmekọrịta dị n'etiti alaka Nilo-Dahara, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ahapụ ohere na ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike igosi na ha nwere njikọ ozugbo arụchara ọrụ nrụzigharị dị mkpa. ka Güldemann si kwuo (2018), "ọnọdụ nyocha ugbu a ezughị iji gosipụta echiche Nilo-Sahara. "
Ihe ndị e ji mara ya
Ezinụlọ ndị mejupụtara Nilo-Saharan dịgasị iche iche. Otu njirimara bụ usoro ọnụọgụ atọ, nke Blench (2010) kwenyere na ọ bụ nsonaazụ nke usoro nhazi aha aha protolanguage. Mgbasa nke ezinụlọ nwere ike igosipụta mmiri oge ochie Sahara na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'oge oge mmiri ozuzo nke Africa tupu Ihe omume 4.2-kilo afọ, mgbe ọzara ahụ dị mma karịa ka ọ dị taa.
Asụsụ ndị bụ isi
N'ime asụsụ Nilo-Sahara bụ ọtụtụ asụsụ nwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu nde ndị na-asụ ya (ọtụtụ data sitere na SIL's Ethnologue 16 (2009)). N'usoro na-agbadata:
- Luo (Dholuo, nde 4.4). Asụsụ Dholuo nke Ndị Luo nke Kenya na Tanzania, agbụrụ nke atọ kachasị ukwuu na Kenya mgbe ndị na-asụ asụsụ Bantu bụ Agikuyuyu na Luhya gasịrị. (A na-ejikwa okwu "Luo" eme ihe maka otu asụsụ sara mbara nke gụnyere Dholuo.)
- Kanuri (4.0 nde, olumba niile; 4.7 nde ma ọ bụrụ na etinye Kanembu). Ndị isi agbụrụ gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Chad gburugburu.
- Songhay (3.2 nde olumba niile, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ Zarma). Ọ gbasara n'akụkụ Osimiri Niger na Mali, Burkina Faso, na Niger, n'ime Alaeze Ukwu Songhai nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere isi obodo ya bụ Gao na obodo ndị a ma ama nke Timbuktu na Djenné.
- Teso (1.9 nde). Mmekọrịta ya na Karamojong, Turkana, Toposa na Nyangatom
- Nubian (1.7 nde, olumba niile). Asụsụ Nubia, nke na-agbasa taa site n'ebe ndịda Ijipt ruo n'ebe ugwu Sudan. Ọtụtụ ndị Nubian akwagala n'ebe ugwu gaa Cairo kemgbe e wuru Aswan Dam.
- Lugbara (1.7 nde, 2.2 ma ọ bụrụ na Aringa (Low Lugbara) gụnyere). Asụsụ Central Sudan; Uganda na Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Asụsụ Nandi-Markweta (Kalenjin, nde 1.6). Ndagwurugwu Rift nke Kenya, Kapchorua Uganda.
- Lango (1.5 nde). Asụsụ Luo, otu n'ime asụsụ ndị isi nke Uganda.
- Dinka (1.4 nde). Ndị isi agbụrụ nke South Sudan.
- Acholi (1.2 nde). Asụsụ ọzọ Luo nke Uganda.
- Nuer (1.1 nde na 2011, karịa taa). Asụsụ nke Nuer, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ si South Sudan na Etiopia.
- Maasai (1.0 nde). Ndị Maasai nke Kenya na Tanzania na-asụ ya, otu n'ime ndị Afrịka a ma ama n'ụwa niile.
- Ngambay (1.0 nde na Laka). Central Sudanic, asụsụ bụ isi nke ndịda Chad.
Sahara na-ejikọta na ndị na-achị Alaeze Ukwu Gao sultanates dị ike nke na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ dịka Gao Empire, ịbụ alaeze Songhai kachasị ukwuu nke na-ejikarị Sahel, West Africa, Sahara / Maghreb na Central Africa, alaeze Kanem-Bornu na Central Africa
Okwu ntụnyere
Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi na alaka dị iche iche nke Nile-Sahara:
Rịba ama: Na mkpụrụ ndụ tebụl nwere slashes, a na-enye otu ụdị tupu slash, ebe ụdị otutu na-eso slash.
| Asụsụ | anya | ntị | imi | ezé | ire | ọnụ | ọbara | ọkpụkpụ | osisi | mmiri | Iri nri | aha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Nilotic | * (k) ɔŋ, pl. * (k" ɔɲ | *Itinye | * (q) ume | *kɛ-la (-c) | *ŋa-lyɛp | * (k) ʊt̪ʊk | *käw | *kɛ-ɛt, *kɪ-yat | *pi (-ʀ) | *ɲam | *ka-ʀin | |
| -Jebel[1] | **ed ~ *er | **si (di ~ gi) | **ɲi-di | **kala-d | **udu | **k-afa-d | ** (g-) am- | **kaca | **cii ~ *kii | **ɲam | (siigə, saag) | |
| Egwu | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ "Caz" | __ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka a na-eme | __ibo____ibo__ Akpịrị ọnụ | awɪ̀s / kɛ́́́̀ʔ | Mọntịlọntị | Ebe a na-akpọ k (w) | Ụwa na-adị | àmɪ̀s / kɔ́maʔ | Melekọnɪ́s / Melekọn | múŋ | láma | Kalịngụ, Kalịngị |
| Proto-Daju | *aŋune / *aŋwe ~ *aŋun | *wunute / *wunuge | *mu-ne | *ɲɣte / *ɲɣke | *ɲabire / *ɲabirta | *ikke / *ikku | *tamuke | *ŋai / *ŋayu | *ewete / *ewe | *ma- | *si- | *mmụọ ozi / *angu |
| Kadugli (Asụsụ Tala) [1] | ayyɛ / iyyɛ | Nasɔ / Isinɛ́ | Amber-Nigáŋg-árɔk | t̪- / iŋŋini | áŋdáɗuk / ni- | Ninyɔ / Nginíínɔ | ariid̪ʊ | t̪i Treeba / Kuba | Faub / nááfa | Isii | Oori | ɛɛrɛ / nigirɛɛnɛ |
| -Northern Eastern Sudan [1] | *maɲ | *ɲog-ul | *em-u | * ọ bụ ya | *ŋal | *ag-il ~ *ag-ul | *ug-er | *kɛs-ɛr | *koɲ-er- | *mban | *kal- / *kamb- | * (ŋ) ɛr-i |
| Nara | no, nòò / no-ta, nóó-ta | Gị / Gị | Demo, dəmmo, Damo, Domo | nɪ̀hɪ̀ / nɪ̀t-tá; nèʃɪ̀ / nèʃá | hàggà, àggà, aàdà, hàdà | aùlò / aùl-lá; agi-ta | kitto, kɪ̀tó | Katụ, Kátɪ́ / Ketta, K冲突 | tüm, tûm; kè́l | emba, mbà | kal, kál, kár | ade, na-aga n'ihu |
| -Nubian [1] | *maaɲ, sg. *miɲ-di | *ugul (-e), sg. *ugul-di | ? | *ŋil, sg. *ŋíl-di | *ŋal, sg. ŋal-di | *agil | *ùg-er | *ịkụ ọnụ, sg. *kisir-ti | *koor, sg. *koor-ti | *es-ti | *kal- | *er-i |
| -Taman [1] | *me-ti, pl. *mVŋ | * (ŋ) usu-ti (sg) | *eme, sg. emi-ti (sg.) | *ŋesi-t (i), pl. *ŋes-oŋ | *nri | *auli | *agi | *kei-ti, pl. *kei-ŋ | *gaan; *kiɲe (-ti) (?) | *kal /*kaal | *ŋan- | * (ŋ) aat, pl. * (ŋ), ari-g |
| -Nyima [1] | *a-V | *ɲịlị | * (o) mud̪- (?) | *ŋil- | ? | *ŋàl- | *ịkpọ | *amV | *t̪uma | *bɔŋ | *t̪a̍l- / *ta̍m- | |
| -SW Surmic [1] | *kɛɓɛrɛ (pl.) | *it̪t̪at | *ʊŋɛtʃ (?) | *ɲiggɪtta | *ʌgʌt | * (k) -ʊt̪t̪ʊk | *ɓɪj- | *Nke a na-akpọ | *Kọgụgụ | *maam | *ɗak- | *ịdaara |
| -SE Surmic [1] | *kabari | *ɲabi (?) | *giroŋ | *ɲigidda (?) | *kat | *tuk- | * Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ | *giga (?) | *Nke?) | *ma | *sara | |
| -Kuliak[1] | *ekw, pl. *ekw=ẹk | *beos, pl. *beosẹk | *nyab, pl. *nya nhụ | *ɛd-eɓ | *ak, pl. *akẹk | *seh | *ịkụ | *ad, pl. *ad=is | *kywɛh | *yed, pl. *yedẹk | ||
| Shabo | Ọ bụ | k'iti | sonɑ | k"ɑu | hɑndɑ | Akụkọ ifo | dɑmo | emɑhɑ; egege | K"n'ihi na | Iyiː | Mmetụta | |
| Ongota | ˈʔaːfa | ˈwoːwa | ˈsiːna (onye a gbazitere?) | ʔitiˈma | ʔɑdabo (onye a gbazitere?) | ˈʔiːfa | 'mitʃa (onye a gbazitere?) | 'hɑntʃa | ˈtʃaːhawa | ʔeˈdʒak | 'miʃa | |
| -Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi[1] | *kamɔ; *kamu; *kama | *imbi; *EmbE; *mbili; *mbElE; *imbil-; *EmbaEl- | *Samɔ; *Samu; *Somu; *kanu; *__kon____kon____kon__; *kVnV | *kanga; *nganga | *Otu ihe jikọrọ ya na ya | *tara | *manga; *masu; *mVsV; *nɖuma | *Kinga; *Kunga; *Kingo | *Kaga | *mEnE; *mAnɛ; *mani | *OɲO; *ɔɲɔ; *VɲV | *Ike; *Ike |
| -Mangbetu [1] | *mwɔ̀ | *bɪ́ | *amɔ̀ | *kɪ́ | *kàɖrà | *tí (Rorỳ) | *ebe ahụ | *Roh | *kɪ́rɪ́́́́̀ | *gwò | *Lị nke ukwuu | *kɛ̀lʊ̀ |
| Mangbutu | owékékí | Ubi | tongi | ojiji | kedru | Utili | koto | ikpi | okpa | Uwɛ | Afọ | a na-eme ka ọ dị |
| Bale | Uzo nke Uzo | bi | ndǔ̱tú̱ | kú | da | tso | Njikọ | kpalakwukwu | tsú | cû | Wyɔ | ngbá / nzú |
| Ndru | nikpu | Isiokwu | Ọdịda Anyanwụ | ku | da | tsu | azû | kpá | ítsú | ǐɗá | ɲú | óvôná |
| Ma'di (Uganda) [1] | mī | bi | Ọdịdị | ee | Ọ bụ otu onye | gị | Arɪ́ | Ọrịa | kwɛ | Ugboro abụọ | ɲā | rú |
| Birri | Mọ; Mọ | nvö; nvu | ọkụ; ọkụ ọkụ | Isi | ìnɖrɔ́; ìnɖrá | tyi (di) | Ọkpụkpụ | Ọ bụ n'oge a | kpi; kpɪ | wu | Obi | iri |
| Ọ dị ọhụrụ | Ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ | mbímbi | uŋú | ʃɛ́ʃɛ́́ | ndjindja | - | srama | Ibi | kpikpi | Ebee ka ọ dị | Oʃɔ́ | diri |
| Dongo | mómu | mbimbi | ʔɔŋu | Cẹ̀cẹ̀ | ndjándja | - | Ọọs | kpọkpŏ | kpikpi | Ebee ka ọ dị | l-ọc (ic) | diri |
| Aja | iɲi | mimbi | múmú | uku | ndindyi | - | eji | gbäbí | cící | figua | aɲ | kiri |
| Kunama | wà | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | bóbòˈnà | aka | ŋee | Ọ bụ n'ihi ya | Agba na-aga | sàŋˈgà | èˈlà | Mbaa | ˈìŋ (na) | 'kiidà |
| Berta | aře | Iile | amúŋ | ndu-fuudí | hala | n'ihi | k'aβa | K'aara | Ị bụ"ọ | fɪ'ri | Ọdịda Anyanwụ | huu (= ụkwụ) |
| Gumuz, Northern | kʼwácá | ts'ea | Ndị Íta | kʼósa | k'ót'á | ya | Maχá | ʒákwá | ɟá | aja | sa | ts'ea |
| Proto-Koman | *D̪E | *cʼɛ | *ʃʊnʃ | *ʃE | *lEtʼ̪a | *tʼ̪wa | *ọ bụ; *ọ bụ | *ʃUImakʼ | *Ọ bụ ihe a na-eme | *jiɗE | *ʃa; *kʼama | *D̪uga |
| Gule | Yan | ĭgŭn | fufŭn | ŏdāīān | wāīdjo | wŏt | āī | |||||
| Gule | Yan | igă̄n | fufan | adad n'oge gara aga | ĭten | ai | ||||||
| Amdang (Kouchane) [1] | ma ọ bụ | Dili, kiliŋge | gʊrnɑ | Akụkọ ifo | Ọnyà: | sɪˈmi | tʃoː | dʊrtu | Oge ị ga-esi na ya | Anyị | zɑm | tʃuluk |
| Proto-Maba | *kàSì-k | *Majọ | *sati-k; *sàdí-k / *sadi-ɲi | *delemi-k | *Fari-ŋ | *ta-k / *ta-si | *-na- | *milli-ik | ||||
| Maba | kàʃì-k/-ñi | koi-k | boiñ | sati-k | Delmi-k | kan-a/-tu | arii | kàñjí-k | soŋgo-k | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ | afọ | mịlị-i/-ee |
| Mimi nke Decorse | onyinyo | feɾ | fir | ɲain | ɲyo | ya | engi | ɲyam | ||||
| Kanuri | shîm | Akụkọ banyere ya | Khamnza | O nwere ihere; o nwere ike ịbụ | Mkpụrụ osisi | Ebe a na-akpọ | Ogwe osisi | shíllà | Kpatka | njî | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ | cû |
| Zaghawa | ya | Kέbέ | ee | màrgiː | tàmsiː | Áá | Ugwu | Uru | Ọchịchị: | bi | sε:gì | na-etinye aka |
| Dendi | Mọ | Haŋŋá | nwa ọhụrụ | hynydyè | Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka a na-akpọ | Meè | kpíʀì | biʀí | gị | Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a na-eme ya | ŋwáà | Maà |
| Tadaksahak | mó | Haŋga | t-í-nʒar | Ọ bụ-ʃan | ndị dị n'Ireland | m ka | kud-én | biido | tugúdu | Aryan | ŋá | Man |
Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme
Na Sahel na East Africa, ndị na-asụ Nilo-Sahara na-ejikọta na ndị na-achị Alaeze Ukwu Gao sultanates dị ike nke na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ dịka Gao Empire, ịbụ alaeze Songhai kachasị ukwuu nke na-ejikarị Sahel, West Africa, Sahara / Maghreb na Central Africa, alaeze Kanem-Bornu na Central Africa. [citation needed]
Ndị Tutsi na-azụ anụ na Ndị Rutara nke nnukwu ọdọ mmiri bụkwa ndị nna Nilotic ma duzie alaeze dị ike nke Rwanda, alaeze Burundi, alaeze Bunyoro, alaeze Kitara, alaeze Toro, alaeze Buganda, alaeze Karagwe, na alaeze Rwenzururu. bụ ezie na ndị a guzobere na ndị Bantu nke ha si na ya nabata asụsụ ahụ, ha echebewo ọzụzụ ehi nke ndị Nilotic.
Hụkwa
- Asụsụ ndị dị na Sudan
- Ndepụta okwu Naịl-Sahara (Wiktionary)
Edensibia
Na Sahel na East Africa, ndị na-asụ Nilo-Sahara na-ejikọta na ndị na-achị Alaeze Ukwu Gao sultanates dị ike nke na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ dịka Gao Empire, ịbụ alaeze Songhai kachasị ukwuu nke na-ejikarị Sahel, West Africa, Sahara / Maghreb na Central Africa, alaeze Kanem-Bornu na Central Africa.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
- Blench (2006). Archaeology, language, and the African past. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7591-0465-4. OCLC 62281704.
- Dimmendaal (2008-09-01). "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent". Language and Linguistics Compass 2 (5): 840–858. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00085.x. ISSN 1749-818X.
- Ehret (2001). A historical-comparative reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan, Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika. SUGIA Supplements. Köln: R. Köppe Verlag. ISBN 3-89645-098-0. OCLC 48027016.
- Greenberg (1970). "The languages of Africa". International Journal of American Linguistics 29 (1).
- Mikkola (1999). "Nilo-Saharan revisited: some observations concerning the best etymologies". Nordic Journal of African Studies 8 (2): 108–138.
Mmekọrịta mpụga
- Gregersen (1972). "Kongo-Saharan". Journal of African Languages 11 (1): 69–89.
Njikọ mpụga
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