Thook Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt
Thook Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt aa macthok jam paan Apirïka tëcït 50-60 tïmëtïm kɔc kiir kɔ̈u ku rëër të thiääk wäär Kairi ku Kiir, agut piny Nubia, parut tɔ̈ të cït Karkarou Kiir tuɔ̈ɔ̈m thïn.
Thook Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt (Nilo-Saharan languages) aa macthok jam paan Apirïka tëcït 50-60 tïmëtïm kɔc kiir kɔ̈u ku rëër të thiääk wäär Kairi ku Kiir, agut piny Nubia, parut tɔ̈ të cït Karkarou Kiir tuɔ̈ɔ̈m thïn.
Thook aacë röt cuɔt tënë Thäi 17 alɔŋ aban cam paan Apirïka:
Gɔl cök Alijeria leer Benin alɔŋ pacuɔl, gɔl Libia leer Pankɔc Rielde kɔc Koŋo tɔ̈ ciɛl ku gɔl Ijip leer Tandhania a lɔŋ pabak. Akut kabɛ̈t ci meek pankuany ci kuɛ̈ny bei (ka ciënic Kunama, Kulïak, Songhay) Thoŋgai--aye yök tënë Thääi Yam Karou tɔ̈ Thudän ku Paguot Thudän bë lɔ rëët të yee pïu kiir lɔ thïn cï men cïï yen nyooth tök cök rinyiic Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt yen ee macthok Pan Apirïka yic--cimen agördïït kiir tɔ̈ Piɛnyliɛɛt ciɛlic.
Joseph Greenberg acë akut cäk ku kueel yene cäät riɛmic macthok athördeen thɛɛr 1963 ke cɔl thoŋ Paan Apirïka yen alaŋic thook liu Nejer-Koŋo, Aproathia ku tëdeen macthok Koithan yeen acïe rɔt ye thɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ kacït Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt aathook akut cäätrimic ŋic keek ku ka ci dupiööc thook tïŋ ëbɛ̈n thoŋkuat "Akup Greenberg" yen thook lɛɛi këc gɔ̈t paan Apirïka nyiääŋ thïn. Ayee kɔc ye wɛtde piŋ gam nadɛ̈ ke kee luɔɔi ril ku ka lëu bë looi ɣɔndɛ̈.
Keek akut pankuany Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt ë yam luɔ̈ɔ̈p yam Apirïka, cimen amatnhom Pabak Thudän aye tïŋ ke cït rɔt looi tëcït tïmëtïm 5/BC ruɔ̈ɔ̈n këc bänyda dhiɛ̈ɛ̈th amatcialëriɛmic Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt adhil nyooth këc luɔ̈p thɛɛr nhialdööt.
Guïïr atɛ̈ktɛ̈k dïït kënë aŋyoot akëc gam kɔc thook, ketɛ̈ɛ̈n Glottolog 2013 anyooth. Tɛk piny athör raancɔl Max Planck panpiööc pan Jermani, aci ye nyiɛc yen mac amɛtmɛɛt Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt gut kar pabak Thudän waar aci këër.
Lexical comparison
Pronouns and numerals
| family | language | I | thou | we | what | who | not | one | two |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thuɔŋjäŋ | ɣɛn | yï | ɣook | ŋö | ŋa | akec | tök | rou | |
| Berta | p-Berta | *àlì | *ŋgo | *=/a/ŋ/a/ | *naN | *nda | — | *ɗuɠu- | *kolaŋ |
| Kunama | p-Kunama | *a-ba | *e-na | *á-; *kì- | *ay | *no | *-m-; *-n- | *él- | *baːr- |
| Maba | p-Maba | *a-(mɔ) | *y | *m-i | *ŋV | *na | *an | *to | *mbaːr |
| Fur | Fur | ka | ʓi | k-i | ka | ki | a... ba | tok | aw |
| Central Sudanic | p-Moru-Madi | *m=ā | *m=ī ~ *ɲ=ī | *à=mā | *aɗʊ | *aɗɪ | *kʊ̄ | *àlʊ̄ | *irì |
| Central Sudanic | p-Lendu-Ngiti | *mā | *ɲī | *mǎ | *=ɗū | *=ɗī; *íē | *ì=nz- | *aɗɪ ~ *aɗ̣ɪ | *ārʸɔ̄ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbetu | *m=á | *m=í | *à=mà | *as/i/ | *aɗi | *kà | *k=ànà | *s=o(C)ru |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbutu | *u=mu | *i=ni | *a=mu | *a-ʓi | *a-ɗe | *ŋgi-; *ra- | *eɗi | *=ɖ=uwe |
| Central Sudanic | p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi | *m=a | *i | *ʓɛ | *ɗi | *ye | *nTe; *ale | *k=aɗe | *riyo |
| Central Sudanic | p-Kresh | *a=m=a | *u=mu | *a-ga | *a=ŋa | *a=ni; *ɓi | [*ɖi] | — | *ɓir |
| Central Sudanic | Aja | m=a | mu-mu | a=m=a | ɔ=ro | ɔ=ŋɔ | gu | — | bira |
| Central Sudanic | Birri | m=á | mu | m=áː | wa | ŋa | ɕa | ìlá | ukw=aːri |
| Songhay | p-Songhay | *ay ~ *agay | *ni | *yé-ɾì | *máy | *ma(-) | *si; *na | *foː | *híŋká |
| Saharan | p-Kanuri | *wu | *ní | *y₁-andi | *à=bí | *ndú | *bâ; *ni | *tilo | *(ì)ndí |
| Saharan | p-Tubu | *ta- | *n(ǝ)- | *ta- | *in=ni | *ɲa | *bV; *ni | *tǝro | *kyu |
| Saharan | p-Zaghawa-Berti | *s₁- | *n(V) | *t- | *n-(tɪ) | *n-(aɪ) | *-ɔ ~ *-ba | *nakkɔ; *saN | *su |
| Koman | p-Koman | *a=ga | *a=i | *a=ma; *a=na | *tin-; *bi | *a=di | — | *ɗɛ | *sʊ- |
| Gule | Gule | wɔ | aː=na | á=núːk | éːdè | ɛːde | — | dì=dí-n | du=su-it |
| Gumuz | p-Gumuz | *=da | *=ma | *kwa; *ila | *in=c- | *wod- | *=ke | *m(=)eta | *m=band |
| Kadu | p-Kadu | *aʔa | *oʔo | *a=ŋa; *a=yo | *m=ina | *m=at̪a | *t̪a; *aŋ | *ŋɔʈɔ; *iŋwa | *ari-a |
| Shabo | Shabo | tiŋ | ku | yiŋ; an | na-mbi | na-fe | be | iŋki | bab |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nubian | *ǝ-y | *e(-y) | *a-y ₁ | *nWV- ₁ | *ŋǝ-y ₁ | *-a- ₁; *-mVn₂ | *bɛy(i)r | *awr-i ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SW Surmic | *an(-ɛta) | *in(-eta) | *a-g- ₁ | *nI- ₁ | *ŋɛnɛ ₁ | *ŋa ₃; *(k)VRoŋ | *oɗo-i ₁ | *ram(m)a ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SE Surmic | *an-ɛ | *in-e | *a-g- ₁ | *oŋ | *nɪnɛ ₁ | *ŋa ₃; *-oŋ | *ɗo(-)ne ₁ | *raman ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | Majang | ɛ̀ːt, č=aː-k | íːn | ìt-ìŋk | ǯík | wóɗ | ku- ~ kwa- ₄ | òmò-ŋ | pèːy |
| Eastern Sudanic | Nara | ag | iŋa | a-gg-a ₁ | nda (←ende=ha) | na(-n) ₁ | ka ₄; ma ₂ | doko | ari(-ga) ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Jebel | *a(y) ₁ | *i(y) ₁ | *ay(-ga) ₁ | *ɲi ₁ | *ŋa ₁ | *a= ₁; *wǝ(l) | *ligi; *ta(m) | *waC-; *ɖag |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nyimang | *ay ₁ | *í ₁ | *ay-g- ₁ | *(a)ŋi ₁ | *ŋa ₁ | *fa | *ɲala | *ar(m)-(ba)- ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Temein | *n=a-n ₁ | *n=ɪ-n ₁ | *k=a-t̪ ₁ | *ŋa-i ₁ | *ŋa-nɪ ₁ | *ʓa=... -ŋ ₃ | *k=ɪɖ(ɔ)- ₂ | *k=aro ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Tama | *wa | *i ₁ | *wa-(y)i | *num | *na ₁ | *-to | *ku- ~ *ka- ₃ | *wari ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Daju | *a-ga ₁ | *i-gi ₁ | *ko | *ɗi-; *way | *min-; *Ken | *-ba ₅; *-ŋ(V) ₃ | *no- | *pidaX |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-W Nilotic | *(ʔiy=)aː-(n/ɪ/) ₁ | *ʔiː-(n) ₁ | *ʔɔ-(n) | *ŋo ₁ | *ŋa ₁ | *bV ₅; *kV ₄ | *kyɛl | *=rɪaw ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-E Nilotic | *(n=)a(-n/ɪ/) ₁ | *ɪ-yyɔ ₁ | *yi- ~ *=yoː- | *ɲɔ ₁ | *ŋa ₁ | *m-₂; *ɲ- ₃; *ti | *bo-; *pe- | *arɛ ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-S Nilotic | *a-ni ₁ | *i-ɲ ₁ | *ɛ-ɕa ₁ | *ne ₁ | *ŋo ~ *ŋʌ ₁ | *ma ₂ | *a=kɪ ₃ | *ʌ=ʀi-ɛŋ ₁ |
| Kuliak | p-Kuliak | *kV-; *ay ₁ | *bi | *gin; *mis | *e; *isi | *ke; *do | *n- ₃; *m- ₂ | *ɛd ₂ | *lɛmˀɛc |
Län/Tim
| family | language | bird | dog | louse | tree | leaf | meat | egg | horn | tail |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thuɔŋjäŋ | dit | jöŋ | nyɔ̈k | tim | yär | rïŋ | tuɔŋ | tuŋ | yɔ̈l | |
| Berta | p-Berta | *mìɕˀé | *gàlì | *ɗiːɲi | *ŋgole; *ɕˀiɕˀi | *dùːdù | *uʔuŋ | *kúlkúlú | *búlùŋ | *àbàrò |
| Kunama | p-Kunama | *šurk-; *eːt- | *tay- | *ɕiːl- | *èl- | *durf- | *ɲuw- | *kokin- | *giːʀ- | *šiːm- |
| Maba | p-Maba | *kuši | *iɲ(i) | *mese | *sʌŋge | *səŋa | *ɲu(ɲu) | *kade-m- | *gami | *ɔlu |
| Fur | Fur | *=ya | asa | n=ina-ŋ | kuru | d=alma-ŋ | n=iːno | *=iro- | d=olba | d=awi |
| Central Sudanic | p-Moru-Madi | *àrī | *ɔ̀kɛ́ | *òrí | *kwɛ̄ | *bí | *èzā | *ɓú | *ōˀyú | *āví |
| Central Sudanic | p-Lendu-Ngiti | *àrɛ̀ | *ìсē | *sī (*sʊ̄ ?) | *icu | *bɪ | *ìzā | *īɓī | *ōʔyó ~ *ɔ̄ʔyʊ́ | *ávì |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbetu | *áríꜜ | *=esi | *=tì | *=kɪrɛ; *=wò | *=bɪ | *ɲíꜜɲíꜜ | *ɓu | *=ígá | *=ávìꜛ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbutu | *k=ari | *iɓu | *t=ɔta | *ukpa | *ibi | *ura | *iɓu | *k=aʓu | *t=aʓa |
| Central Sudanic | p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi | *ʔyalɪ | *bisi | *ŋgisa | *k=aga | *mbi | *i=ɖa | *ɓU; *kaɓV | *k=aʓU | *=ila |
| Central Sudanic | p-Kresh | *sisi | *k=ɔnɔ | — | *kpi-kpi | — | [*a=ta] | *yaka; *ɓo-ɓu | *aʓa | *kuyu |
| Central Sudanic | Aja | weri | ɕ=ino | — | ɕi-ɕi | — | umbú | a=ʔi | deɽe | so-so |
| Central Sudanic | Birri | uɖa | ana | — | kpi | — | kàká | ɓʌ | uðö | tá |
| Songhay | p-Songhay | *kiɾo | *há(y)nsì | *gáːní | *tuguɾi | *kobto | *ham(u) | *guŋguɾi | *hilli | *ha(m)fe |
| Saharan | p-Kanuri | *ŋgúdò | *kə́rì | *k(=)àŋgə́sù | *k(=)èsgá | *kálú | *dâ | *ŋgə́wúl | *k(=)àŋgádì | *ŋgàv(-)ə̀rè |
| Saharan | p-Tubu | *kefuri | *kidi | *masko | *ekke | *kolu | *yani | *sǝli; *kuli | *yayi | *fudi |
| Saharan | p-Zaghawa-Berti | *tarfo | *biɽi | *(ʔɛ)wɛN | *gu; *bɛgɪdʊ | [*ʔɔ(ŋ)ɣʊr] | *ʔeni | *gʊnʊ | *tɛdɪ | [*kɛrɛn]; [*teski] |
| Koman | p-Koman | *ɗi ~ *ɗiu | *kˀaw | *šu(kˀ)- | *čwa | *čˀe- | *Sum | *simpˀ; *om- | *kwap; *ke- | *cin |
| Gule | Gule | a=dadamit | aːw | ki | wɔt | — | fum | is | íːgà | sisi-n |
| Gumuz | p-Gumuz | *mit- | *kˀawa | *sukun- | *gi- | *cˀe-n-gi | *bičˀ- | *iš- | *gi- | *ci- |
| Kadu | p-Kadu | *awi- ~ *wayi- | *eːra | *=it̪i | *afa; *=aːɗi | *ʈaːru | *=oːɗa | *sule | *=iːt̪o | *iːt̪i |
| Shabo | Shabo | holut | kaːn | nɛnna | kˀona | ɕˀaːm | há | tutukan | kˀare | sun-dum |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nubian | *kawir-ti ₁ | *bǝl | *iti-di | *pǝr | *ulgi (?) | *kosi | *kumbu | *ŋǝ-ǯi ₁ | *ɛːb ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SW Surmic | *kiɓʌlli- ₁ | *ʊr-ð | *iɲa-(ti) ₁ | *kɛː-t(a) ₁ | *ɓʌl(l)og- ₁ | *iɗi(-)ŋ | *ɓʊːr- ₁ | *ot̪t̪on | *kuːl- ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SE Surmic | *kVbar₁; *šɔwa | *ro-s- | *iɲ-tyo ₁ | *kɛ-to ₁ | *ɓalog- ₁ | *aču(k) | *bur(r)- ₁ | *kˀer(ǯ-); *šɛ- | *kur- ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | Majang | tìːtòn | wár ₁ | ŋɛ̀tí-ŋ | kɛ̀ː-t ₁ | píːŋòn ₂ | táàr | tùtù-kán | kòytɛ́ | kùːl ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | Nara | karba ₁ | wos ₂ | šiti | kel, (*tum) | tifin-i ₃ | no | war-i ₂ | kel-i | dawa |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Jebel | *miCˀe | *a(ː)ɖ; *kal- (?) | *ɠiɲ- ₂ | *ka(y)ča; *gul- | *teːpa ₃ | *oʔoɲ ₁ | *ǝm-; *kol(o)- | *kuzul; *il | *pori; *rusu |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nyimang | *ór | *wil ₁; *gil | *(ŋ)un- ₃ | *t̪úmà | *kɔ; *lawa (?) | *kun | *dámì | *gur-t̪i | *wey- (?) |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Temein | *=awɛ ₂ | *=we- | – | *marɛŋ | *kabo (?) | *ini ~ *ili ₁ | *war- ₂ | *kini ₂ | *rɪŋ-kak |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Tama | *wegi-t | *wes-i ₂ | *sin; *ɲiŋ- ₃ | *ga(ː)n | *afol | *is- | *kuy-; *kob- | *ŋaw-₁; *maŋi- | *gawu- (?) |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Daju | *awa-de ₂ | *iːs- ₂ | *tiŋgaɣ- | *ewe | *une- | *iye ₂ | *ola- | *yax- | *iːb- ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-W Nilotic | *wɪɲ ₃; *dit | *gwok | *ɲwʌk- ₄ | *yaːt̪ / *yɛn ₁ | *yit̪ | *riŋ ₃ | *tɔŋ | *tuːŋ | *yip ₁; *yol |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-E Nilotic | *k̚weɲ- ₃ | *=ŋɔk ₃; *ɗi- | *=ɬaɕ-; *=sɪrʊ | *k̚aye(-t-/-n-) ₁ | *=k̚uy-; *=ben-₂ | *ki=riŋ ₃ | *k̚atɪl- | *ŋuwar- | — |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-S Nilotic | *tarɪːt | *ŋoːk ₃ | *ɲɔk- ₄ | *k̚eːt ₁ | *sɛːŋ- | *paɲ | *buruŋ- ₁; *kɔy- | *kuyin ₂ | *sarʊr |
| Kuliak | p-Kuliak | *gʷa | *kudo; *sak | *ɠay ~ *ɠɛn ₂ | *ad; *dakʷ | *kak; *rɔm | *em; *yey ₂ | *ɓiɓ | *ɛb | *tisit |
Body parts (upper)
| family | language | head | hair | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thuɔŋjäŋ | nhom | nhiɛ̈m | nyɔ̈k | nyin | wum | lëc | liɛp | thok | |
| Berta | p-Berta | *àlú | *bùs | *àrè | *ìlè | *àmúŋ | — | *kàlàː ~ *kàlèː | *ndu |
| Kunama | p-Kunama | *aŋan- | *kiːm- | *uw- | *ukun- | *bobon- | *may- | *ŋeːl- | *wid- |
| Maba | p-Maba | *kiʓi | *tofi | *kas(i) | *kɔy- | *mundu | *saTi | *=dilm- | *kana |
| Fur | Fur | tabu | ɲiːlu | *=uŋi | *=il- | d=ormi | d=agi | d=aːli | uto |
| Central Sudanic | p-Moru-Madi | *ɖì | *ɓɪ | *mī | *bí | *ɔmvɔ | *sí | *l=ɛ(n)ɖa | *tī |
| Central Sudanic | p-Lendu-Ngiti | *ʓɔ | *ká | *ɲɪ | *bɪ | *ɔ̄ndì | *=ku | *īdà | *=cʊ̀ ~ *=cɔ̀ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbetu | *ɖùꜛ | *áwɛ́ | *=ŋgɔ̀ | *=bí | *=ámɔ̀ꜛ | *=kí | *=àꜛɖàꜛ | *=tíꜜ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbutu | *uɖu | *k=aɗi | *uwe | *ubi | *t=ɔŋgi | *usɛ | *k=aɖu | *uti |
| Central Sudanic | p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi | *ɖɔ | *bi | *kamU | *mbi | *U=mU | *sU; *ŋaŋa | *n=ɖɛ | *ta[-ra] |
| Central Sudanic | p-Kresh | *ʓu-ʓu | *bi-bi | *mu | *mbi-mbi | *u=ŋu | *ɕe-ɕe | *n=ʓa | àkpà |
| Central Sudanic | Aja | ʓu-ʓu | bi-bi | i=ɲi | mi-mbi | mú-mú | u=ku | ndi-ndyi | — |
| Central Sudanic | Birri | ɖru | mú | mʊ | nvö | í=mɔ̀ | sì | ì=nɖrɔ́ | tyi |
| Songhay | p-Songhay | *baŋgɔ | *hambiɾi | *moy | *haŋga | *nìːnè | *hìŋè | *dèːnè | *miye |
| Saharan | p-Kanuri | *kə̀lâ | *ku(=)nduli | *sîm | *sə́mò | *kə́(=)nǯà | *tímì | *t(ə́)lam | *kǝyi |
| Saharan | p-Tubu | *da(h)u | *tọnosu | *samo | *simo | *kya | *tome | *tlǝm | *kɔi |
| Saharan | p-Zaghawa-Berti | *tafa; *yaNV | *(w)ui; *wer | *s₁ɪN | *kɛmɛ | *sɪna ~ *sano | *margɪ; *ʔikoN | *tam(ɪ)sɪ | *ʔaː |
| Koman | p-Koman | *kˀup | *mbar- | *ya/y/- | *čˀe | *šʊnš | *šɛ(y) | *lɛtˀ; *tˀakal | *tˀwa |
| Gule | Gule | gàdé | ʔif | yaː-n | iːg-ǝn | fufa-n | seː-n | adatˀ-wai | ʔitə-n |
| Gumuz | p-Gumuz | *ilu=kˀ/ʷ/a | *beː- | *ke- | *cˀe- | *it- | *kˀos- | *kˀo=tˀatˀ- | *=s- |
| Kadu | p-Kadu | *=at̪u | *awu | *=yV | *=ɛːsɔ | *=mbarɔ; *=moː | *=ki(-)ni | *=ŋaɗɔ | *=iːno |
| Shabo | Shabo | kˀoyi | ɕˀeːka | se | kˀiti | šona | k(ˀ)aw | handa | kaw |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nubian | *or ₁ | *dɛl- | *miɲ ₁ | *ulgi | *esi-ŋi; *sori-ŋ | *ɲǝl- ₁ | *ɲalT- ₁ | *agul ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SW Surmic | *ɔː | *immʌ ₁ | *kɛbɛr-ɛ ₂ | *i-t̪a(t) ₁ | *ʊŋɛ- ₁ | *ɲɪgɪt ₂ | *ʌgʌːt ₂ | *ʊt̪ʊ(-)k ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SE Surmic | *sab(b)- | *čˀɔrɛ | *kabar-i ₂ | *ɲab- | *giroŋ | *ɲigi ₂ | *kaːt ₂ | *tuk ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | Majang | ɔ̀ːɗɔ̀h | àm-ùn ₁ | tàːmá | wìːná ₂ | ɛ́ŋɛ́-n ₁ | ŋídá-n | kàɗà ₂ | átó ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | Nara | kel-e | sab-i | no | tus | demo | nihi | haga | awlo |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Jebel | *ola ₁ | *ǯeke ₂; *sugu- | *eti | *sigi-; *win- ₂ | *potor; *muː ₂ | *ɲigi ₂ | *kala(-di) | *Ud- ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nyimang | *ɔr- ₁ | *yi- | *āŋ(w)- ₃ | *ɲɔgɔr- | *(a)ŋud̪- | *ŋil- ₁ | *ŋal(d)- ₁; *ɔl- | *ŋal- |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Temein | *=ʊlo ₁ | *ʓɛ-t̪ ₂ | *=aŋ- ~ *=aɲ- ₃ | *wen(-a) ₂ | *=mɪn- ~ *=t̪ɪm- | *=ay- | *=kanɖɪma- | *=t̪ʊ- ~ *=ʊt̪- ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Tama | *(ŋ=)ur- ₁ | *isigi-t | *emeɲ- ₁ | *(ŋ=)us- | *(a=)miʓi | *ŋeʓ- | *laɲa- | *(o=)kul ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Daju | *is- ₂ | *apaɣ | *aŋo- ₃ | *une- ₂ | *mu-ne ₂ | *ɲiɣi ₂ | *ɲabir-e | *uk-e ₃ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-W Nilotic | *wiɕ ₂ | *yer | *waŋ ₃ | *yi-t̪ ₁ | *ʔum ₂ | *lak / *lɛk | *lɛ(ː)p | *t̪ɔk ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-E Nilotic | *k̚we ₂ | *k̚opir- | *k̚ɔŋ- / *k̚ɔɲ- ₃ | *k̚i- ₁ | *k̚ume ₂ | *k̚ela- ₃ | *ŋaʓɛp | *kʊ=tʊk ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-S Nilotic | *met; *uːʀ ₁ | *puːt | *k̚ɔːŋ ₃ | *iː-t ₁ | *ser- | *k̚ɛːɬ- ₃ | *ŋaɬɛp | *k̚ʊːt ₂ |
| Kuliak | p-Kuliak | *ik | *sicˀ | *ɛkʷ | *bos ~ *bes | *ɲab-; *aɠat | *kʷay- | *nakˀaf; *ɛdɛɓ | *ak ₃ |
Body parts (other)
| family | language | hand | claw (nail) | foot | heart | blood | bone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thuɔŋjäŋ | nhiɛ̈m | riöp | cök | puɔ̈u | riɛm | yuɔɔm | |
| Berta | p-Berta | *tàbá | *máːɕù | *kùː | *bìɕí | *ɠápà | *kˀàːrà |
| Kunama | p-Kunama | *kon- | *ikiN-; *uɕum- | *mind- | *ulf- | *kokob- | *saŋ- |
| Maba | p-Maba | *kara | *ŋgirm- | *ǯaw; *daw- | *kuli | *fal-; *ari | *kanʓi |
| Fur | Fur | *=oŋa | ka(ː)ru | taːr | k=ilma | *=ewa | *=aːru |
| Central Sudanic | p-Moru-Madi | *ɖí | *ɔ́ɲí | *pá | *ásí | *àrī | *kwà |
| Central Sudanic | p-Lendu-Ngiti | *ɔ̄cʊ́; *(V)θɔ́ | — | *=/V/kɔ́; *=pɔ̀ | *=āθí | *āžū | *=kpa |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbetu | *=tɛ́ | *=ɛ́ꜜwɛ́ꜜ | *=ɔ́ꜜnzɔ́ꜜ | *=ísúꜜ | *áli | *=kpɔ̀ꜛ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbutu | *eɗi ~ *aɗi | — | *k=aru | *ɓoru | *k=otu | *ikpi |
| Central Sudanic | p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi | *ʓi | *ɲal (?) | *=nɖi ~ *nʓa | *ŋguL | *ma=ma | *ɕʊŋɔ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Kresh | [*rɛke] | *kakpi (?) | [*laga] | [*suru] | *Usa | *kpɔ-kpɔ |
| Central Sudanic | Aja | ruɓu | kiŋgbi | kaɕa | mágú | usa | ɕuŋgu |
| Central Sudanic | Birri | iɲi | =isi | uŋgba | — | ɔtɔ | kpɔ |
| Songhay | p-Songhay | *kambe | *boyo | *ke (← *kaw-i?) | *binɛ | *kúɾí | *biɾi |
| Saharan | p-Kanuri | *(N=)doko | *ŋgur- | *sî | *k(=)aɣur(ǝ)ɣǝ | *bû | *sílà |
| Saharan | p-Tubu | *kɔbɛ | *turkɔn(o) | *say; *digi | *aɣɔr | *gɔrɛ | *suru |
| Saharan | p-Zaghawa-Berti | *mai | *targʊ; *ergiN | *dei; *wata | *todu | *ʔagu | *s₁iruN |
| Koman | p-Koman | *mbitˀ | *čˀikir | *čoŋkˀ | — | *сˀama | *swi |
| Gule | Gule | bitˀɛ-n | =gamaːl | suma-n | — | gɔ=ʓɔb | fiː-fi |
| Gumuz | p-Gumuz | *el- | *kˀwa=cic- | *čog- | *kˀu=bic- | *m(=)ax- | *žok- |
| Kadu | p-Kadu | *=iːso | *laːka; *ŋgoro | *aw- | *=nug- | *a=rit̪o | *kuɓa |
| Shabo | Shabo | efu ~ ifu | seŋgi | biɕɕa | dundet | yɛrom | emenan |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nubian | *ǝsi ₁ | *suŋ-di | *oy- (*os-?) | *ail- | *ǝger | *kǝsi-di |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SW Surmic | *ʌði ₁ | *vallag- ₁ | *ðoː- | *ðini ₁ | *ɓɪyɛ | *ammɛ- ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SE Surmic | *si(y)- ₁ | *falag- ₁ | *ǯagar- | *šan(-i) ₁ | *ɲa(ː)ɓ- | *giɠ- |
| Eastern Sudanic | Majang | *ʔàrì | čò=pòlk-òy ₁ | ɗèrà-n | ɓàːyè ₂ | yɛ́rʊ́m | ɛ́mɛ̀-nán ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | Nara | aːt | ši | bala | asim-a ₃ | kito | ket-i |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Jebel | *čarʸo; *as ₁ | *mVsi | *luː- | *iyo; *Pon | *ɠefa(-di) | *ɠam |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nyimang | *ayi ₂; *at̪a | *fál- | *kir- ₁ | *t̪ilum | *úlè | *ám- ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Temein | *=ɛn(-a) ₃ | *=ol- | *=alwa- (?) | *om (?) ₄ | *moni- | *am- ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Tama | *awg- | *ŋosa- | *war | *samil- ₃ | *ya-i | *kiŋa-ti |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Daju | *a-n- / *a-s- ₂ | *ɲuɣ- | *eɣe- | *=omigaɣ- ₄ | *tami- | *ŋay |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-W Nilotic | *ɕɪn- | *rop-; *kʊr- | *kɪːr ₁ | *pyɛw- (?) ₂ | *rɪm ₁ | *ɕog- |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-E Nilotic | *k̚ay- ₂ | — | *k̚ɛʓ- / *moko- | *taw- | *=akɔt; *rɪm- ₁ | *k̚ɔyʊ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-S Nilotic | *k̚aː-tit ₂ | *pu(ː)l-; *sɪːʀ | *k̚ɛːɬ | *(mu)kuleːl | *k̚ʌrʌtiː-; *woːy- | *k̚ʌːw- ₂ |
| Kuliak | p-Kuliak | *kʷɛt; *an ₃ | *kɔrɔk; *sak | *tɛgʷ | *gur | *sɛ(ʔ) | *ɔk ₂ |
Verbs
| family | language | drink | eat | hear | die | kill |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thuɔŋjäŋ | dek | cam | piŋ | thou | nɔ̈k | |
| Berta | p-Berta | *méːr- | *tìŋ | *kàːl- | *múɕ- | *pi/y/- |
| Kunama | p-Kunama | *=no | *=ŋa | *=tik- | *=tu | *=yay- |
| Maba | p-Maba | *aŋ | *ɲɔ | *in- | *ɔy | *uy- |
| Fur | Fur | *ba | *=am | kel-am | *way | fu- |
| Central Sudanic | p-Moru-Madi | *mbū | *ɲā | *=rí | *ɖà | *fū |
| Central Sudanic | p-Lendu-Ngiti | *=mbʊ̀ | *ɔ̄=ɲʊ̀ ~ *ɔ̄=ɲɔ̀ | *ī=rī | *=ðɛ̀ | *ō=fó ~ *(ɔ)=fɪ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbetu | *=ɔmvu-ɔ | *=aɲɔ | *=ɔ̀gà | *=onzi | *=ɔfʊ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbutu | *a=mvu | *a=nu | *=ŋgɪ | *=nde | *=fu |
| Central Sudanic | p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi | *à=wɛ̄ (=yɛ̄ ?) | *V=ɲʊ; *u=sa | *=wo | *=yo | *=pʊ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Kresh | *ɔ=mɔ | *ɔ=ɕɔ | *o=go | *ili | *=fu |
| Central Sudanic | Aja | a=mu | a=ɲ | a=yi | iri | a=pʌʔi |
| Central Sudanic | Birri | a=ya | ɔ=ɲɔ | ša | ayi | à=wì |
| Songhay | p-Songhay | *nin; *haŋ | *ŋwa | *maw | *bún | *wi |
| Saharan | p-Kanuri | *yá | *bú | *fàn- | *nú | *yid- |
| Saharan | p-Tubu | *ya | *bu | *bas- | *nɔ-s | *yid- |
| Saharan | p-Zaghawa-Berti | *ya- | *sɛ- | *tan- | *nʊ- | *ni- |
| Koman | p-Koman | *pi-; *tˀob- | *šwa | *čikʰ-; *kˀeb- | *wVy | *kˀoš- |
| Gule | Gule | si | mə-s | gìdɛ́s | =wɔi | =tɔs |
| Gumuz | p-Gumuz | *f/a/ | *s/a/ | *gas- | *š/a/ | *ša-kˀ/ʷ/- |
| Kadu | p-Kadu | *a=wɛ | *a=ku | *=fiɲo | *a=yV | *=t̪aː- |
| Shabo | Shabo | wo | tˀa | ɛɕɛt | kˀo | ka |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nubian | *niː- | *kɔl- ₁ | *gi(ǯ)- | *diː- ₁ | *pay-ir |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SW Surmic | *kʊɗ- | *ɗak- | *ðig- ₁ | *ir- ₂ | *rʊk |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SE Surmic | *mat- ₁ / *ir- | *am- ₂ / *us- | *šig- ₁ | *ɛr- ₂ | *in- |
| Eastern Sudanic | Majang | út- | ɗám- ₃ | tíy- | reː-r- ₃ | ɓòkòt- ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | Nara | liː- ₂ | kal ₁ | wo-s-; esel- | diː- ₁ | si- (←*say-?)₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Jebel | *maʈ- ₁ | *ɲam- | *eːr-; *piŋ- | *tugir | *poz(i) |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nyimang | *li ₂; *d̪a(y)i | *tam ₃ / *t̪=(k)al | *ki(l)d- | *lu- ₃ | *ni |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Temein | *awɪs- | *lam- | *t̪ɔŋʷ- | *bu(l)- | *ɔt̪u |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Tama | *li- ₂ | *ŋan-; *gey- | *sig- ₁ | *iye- | *siy/ɲ- ₂; *yi- |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Daju | *wuɣ- | *si- | *suw- (?) | *ǝɣ(s)- | *pax- ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-W Nilotic | *maːd̪- ₁ | *ɕam- | *wiɲʓ-; *t̪iŋ- | *t̪ɔw- ₁ | *nʌk- |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-E Nilotic | *=mat- ₁ | *=ɲi-; *=am- ₂ | *=niŋ-; *=yɪŋ- ₂ | *twa- ₁; *yɛ- | *=ar |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-S Nilotic | *ʀɛ ₂ | *am ₂ | *iːɲ ₂; *kas | *mɛːʀ | *par-; *nuːs- |
| Kuliak | p-Kuliak | *wɛt | *n(V)kʼ-; *gab- | *Nis- | *ɲal-; *geɕ- | *kɛy- |
Ŋiɛ̈ckanhial/Piööckätöupiny
| family | language | sun | moon | star | water | rain | stone | smoke | fire | ashes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thuɔŋjäŋ | akɔ̈l | pɛɛi | kuel | piu | deŋ | kuɔ̈r | - | mac | col | |
| Berta | p-Berta | *mù(n)ʓú | *ʓìgì | *íʒ́ù | *pèrì | *rôː | *bèlè | *ɗùːtà | *mû | *bùbùdà |
| Kunama | p-Kunama | *uw- | *teːʀ- | *šund- | *bi- | *ŋoːr- | *ug- | *duːd- | *tom- | *(h)ay-na |
| Maba | p-Maba | *aɲi-ŋ- | *aɲi-ɛ- | *kɛyɛ | *s₁aː | *s₁aː | *komʌ | *uruŋi | *nusʊ | *ʔawun |
| Fur | Fur | d(=)ule | d=uwal | wiri | k=oro | kwi | d=ito | suːl | *utu | diː |
| Central Sudanic | p-Moru-Madi | *ìtú | *ìmbā | *ɓɪɓɪ | *igi | *ɔ̄zɛ̄; *ɓu | *írà; *óní | *kà | *ācí | *ɔ̄=fò |
| Central Sudanic | p-Lendu-Ngiti | *āʒ́ī | *àbī | *ʒ́ʊ̄; *lī | *ɪɗa | *īʓē | *ōʓū | *ɪkɔ | *k=àzʊ̄ | *ōhū |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbetu | *=iko | *=aŋgwɛ | *=tulu | *=gwò | *=k=ʊma | *=óꜜpíꜜ | *=kɔ | *=ago | *ápùꜛ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbutu | *Oyi | *t=imba | *r=iɓi ~ *ɓi-ɓi | *uwe | *t=iɓo | *k=ina | *t=enu | *akɔ | *t=ɛdu |
| Central Sudanic | p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi | *k=aɖa | *napay ~ *lapay | *KɛL- | *m=anɛ | *n=ɖi | *ku | *sa | *paɗʊ | *buru |
| Central Sudanic | p-Kresh | *=aʓa | *ɕe-ɕe | *ɛpɛ | *u=yu | *n=ʓi | *aŋba | *ka-ka | *oɕo | *reka |
| Central Sudanic | Aja | k=údyò | kápá | ŋgʌ́dʌ́ | ɓa-ɓa | ɓa-ɓa | gìsí | kó-kó | uɕa | kuku |
| Central Sudanic | Birri | uɖrà | áfí | daŋgi | wu | n=ɖri | aŋbà | ka-ka | usi | kuvu-tu |
| Songhay | p-Songhay | *wayn-i/o | *handi/u | *hand-aɾi | *(h)áɾí | *kiliŋgi | *tóndì | *dullu | *nunE; *huɾu | *bóːsí |
| Saharan | p-Kanuri | *kǝ(=)ŋgâl | *kə́=mbàl | *sim-logu | *ŋgî | *dùr-o | *k(=)âu | *k(=)àngê | *k(=)ánnú | *buː |
| Saharan | p-Tubu | *ize | *awri | *teski | *(i)yi | *ŋeli | *emi | *ǝzzi | *wuni | *tifi; *wuni- |
| Saharan | p-Zaghawa-Berti | *ʔɪdɔN(V) | *wɛrɪ | *maːr | *bi | *mVzVN; *bodu | *fa; *wi | *gɛnǯʊ; *do | *y(i)e; *aza | *sobu |
| Koman | p-Koman | *tay | *ɕˀiawan | *kɛl | *ayi ~ *yiʔi | — | *ɔš | *kuɗ | *antˀ; *watˀi | *pˀiki-n |
| Gule | Gule | taʔ | àyún | kèːlú | aːye | rus | ɔf | ʓurɛd | kəs | ufu-n |
| Gumuz | p-Gumuz | *ok- | *ɓigi- | *biːž- | *ay- | *dam- | *giš- | *ɗakˀ/ʷ/- | *m(=)angi | *=of- |
| Kadu | p-Kadu | *aya | *t̪arɛ | *=at̪iki | *ɓiːt̪i | *=fVɗɔ; *ni | *=isi ~ *=usi | *ʈiːko | *isi | *=ʈoːlo |
| Shabo | Shabo | oka | kasip | roːga | wo | ɗimu | maːna | ɕˀimbu | ɕ(ˀ)uwa | punkˀa |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nubian | *maša(l); *eːs- | *(ɲ)un- | *waɲe (*oɲe?) ₁ | *ǝs-ti | *are ₁ | *kuli | *gume-di | *usi-gi ₁ | *ubur-ti ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SW Surmic | *iː; *kɔr | *ɲɛlɔ-k | *muɲuɲ- ₂ | *maːm ₁ | *ta(m)mu | *ɓɛy- | *ɓure-t ₁ | *gu-o ₂ | *bur ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SE Surmic | *sus | *tagi-s(i) | *muɲuɲ- ₂ | *ma ₁ | *guy-ot ₂ | *bay-i | *ɓure- ₁ | *gu- ₂ | *bur ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | Majang | wàwì, ? iɗi | ɛ̀ːyɛ̀n ₁ | màrìò-n | máːw ₁ | tùl | gìɗè | tɔ̀ːr ₂ | má(-)ɗ ₃ | tàɗàpù ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | Nara | kos | feta | wini ₁ | mba ₁ | hala | tan-e | asuru | ši(-)ta ₁ | hib(-)id |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Jebel | *biːdi; *tel | *turi; *aguwa | *mbaǯU(rʸ) | *pe- ₂; *či | *koyi ₂ | *mi(d); *pela | *purʸu ₁; *ɲugu | *moʔa ₃ | *tudo ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nyimang | *ɲiŋ | *k(e)wur | *midi | *bɔ́ŋ | *ar-iŋ- ₁ | *mid-; *mVr- | *ŋɛši; *los- | *mér | *fin(-)an |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Temein | *n(ɪ)=onu(-k) | *kaw | *ɖuli- ₃ | *=mʊŋ | *n̚o(-)k | *kʊrɛ-t̪ | *kɪ=t̪ʊmʊ(-k) | *paɖɪŋ | *ul(u)- ₃ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Tama | *ari | *ayi(-wi)- ₁ | *miɲ- ₂ | *kaːl | *ar ₁; *ŋoːri | *kad- | *turu- ₂ | *usg- ₁ | *or-ŋo ₃ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Daju | *uɣoŋ-e | *asime-ɣe | *ɲeŋ- | *ama ~ *uma ₁ | *koɣ- | *ŋaɲ | *lug-e | *maːse ₃ | *usuku- |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-W Nilotic | *ɕʌŋ | *pay | *kwɛl ₄; *ɕɛːr | *piː ~ *piw ₂ | *kɔt̪ | *pʌːm; *kid- | *yir- ₃; *tol | *maːɕ ₃ | *buːr ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-E Nilotic | *k̚ɔlɔŋ | *ɬapaɬ | *k̚akɛr- | *pi ₂ | *k̚uʓ- | *mɔr- | *puri- ₁ | *kɪ=ma ₃ | *k̚uri-o- ₃ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-S Nilotic | *asɪːs ~ *asɛːt | *ɬeː-ta | *mɛːŋ ₂; *k̚ɔkɛl ₄ | *peʀ- | *rɔːp | *kɔʀ | *iːʀ ₃ | *ma ₃ | *ɔr- ₃ |
| Kuliak | p-Kuliak | *gi; *pet | *aragʷan; *asan | *ɗɔɬ- ₃ | *kʷɪɛh | *war; *didi | *gʷas; *sɔg | *cˀud; *ar | *dakʷ; *cˀaɗ | *ukʷ; *kaw- |
Adjectives and others
| family | language | black | night | new | dry | name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thuɔŋjäŋ | col | wɛr | nyal | buoŋ | rin | |
| Berta | p-Berta | *mìlí | *kabi | — | *kòɕàl- | *kùː |
| Kunama | p-Kunama | *um- | — | *taːm- | *=lab- | *kiːd- |
| Maba | p-Maba | *du(ː) | *ise | *ŋɔndi | *bǝy | *meli |
| Fur | Fur | diko | luːl | =iwwo | futto | k=ona |
| Central Sudanic | p-Moru-Madi | *i=ni | *ŋgákī | *ɗí | *ʔʷī | *rú |
| Central Sudanic | p-Lendu-Ngiti | *tì | *īkū | *ɔ̄=wʊ́ | *=ʔyù | *ɔðɔ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbetu | *=ɛkʊ | *=k=ìꜛnìꜛ | *=adi | *=onɖu; *=ɛŋgɔ | *=rʊ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Mangbutu | *=sa | *ɓoku | *=ɓu | *o=nɖi | *aɓɛ |
| Central Sudanic | p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi | *=lu | *nɖɔ | *i=ʒ́i | *tutu; *àfā | *ri ~ *ro |
| Central Sudanic | p-Kresh | *=iri | *nʓo-nʓo | [*raŋi] | *=aŋa; *=iši | *=iri |
| Central Sudanic | Aja | iri | — | reɓe | ɔŋgko | k=iri |
| Central Sudanic | Birri | =nɖi | ʌtyí | žya | — | iri |
| Songhay | p-Songhay | *bi | *kigi(ni) | *tagi | *koːg- | *man |
| Saharan | p-Kanuri | *čə́lə́m | *búné | *bə̀lîm | *ŋgâm- | *čû |
| Saharan | p-Tubu | *yasku | *dọgọso | *eski | *ŋkyor- | *kyu; *čero |
| Saharan | p-Zaghawa-Berti | *mɪ̃ɛ̃ | *gɪnɪ | *ʔɪm(m)ʊ | *kʊya- | *ʔɛtʊr |
| Koman | p-Koman | *cˀi-; *šwala- | *cˀin- | *ʒɪs | *kut̪ˀ | — |
| Gule | Gule | arwu- | kə=səmsi | — | =gɔʓ- | — |
| Gumuz | p-Gumuz | *=xiː- | *=gak/ʷ/- | *kike- | *=keʔe- | *cˀe- |
| Kadu | p-Kadu | *=ɗu; *=luːɲ- | *=oːso | *=t̪iki | *a=rumɛ | *yarɛ ~ *ɛrɛ |
| Shabo | Shabo | ɕˀiN | depu | kˀina | iːɕˀi; sˀoto | wɔŋga- |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nubian | *ud(m)- | *awar ₁; *kol | *ɛːr ₁ | *sow/y-₁; *siː- | *ǝri |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SW Surmic | *kolli ₁ | *ɓʌl- ₂ | *čʊla(-)k (?) | *=ɗɔɗɔg- ₂ | *ðaːra ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-SE Surmic | *kɔrɔy ₁ | *bar- (*ɓ-) ₂ | *čagi | *ɗɔrɔgɔ- ₂ | *sarya ₁ |
| Eastern Sudanic | Majang | kɔ̀yʊ́ŋ | káːy ₃ | (ìn)tɔ̀ːn | pàːlkíŋ ₃ | tíríyá |
| Eastern Sudanic | Nara | sur-ku ₂ | kiše | wor-ku | dise-gu | a(ː)d-e ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Jebel | *oro; *du | *kay ₃; *oro | *yaː- | *kekebe; *am- | *sa(C)a- |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Nyimang | *=bī- | *t̪únì | *ɲɛr- | *far- ₃ | *aŋɛ- ₃ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Temein | *=ʈuʈi- | *=ʓoni | *=ŋan ₂ | *raːri | *kalɪŋ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Tama | *kidi- | *war ₁ | *(a)suw- | *lab- | *(ŋ=)at ₂ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-Daju | *ʒ́ul ₂ | *woŋ- | *taʓ- | *ka=maːs | *aŋg-e ₃ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-W Nilotic | *ɕɔːl ₂ | *wʌːr ₁ | *ɲʌːn ₂ | *t̪wɔ ₄ | *rɪn ₄ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-E Nilotic | *=rwɔ- | *k̚ɛwar(-ɪ) ₁ | *=ŋeʓu-;*lʊdʊ- | *=toy- ₄ | *k̚arɪn ₄ |
| Eastern Sudanic | p-S Nilotic | *tʊʀ | *aw- (*aʀ-) | — | *yaːm | *k̚aʀɪn ₄ |
| Kuliak | p-Kuliak | *im-; *buɗam | *mir-; *muk- | *eruc (?) ₁ | *cai- | *(y)ed ₂ |
References
- ↑ Starostin, Georgiy C. 2014. Языки Африки. Опыт построения лексикостатистической классификации. Т. 2: Восточносуданские языки / Languages of Africa: an attempt at a lexicostatistical classification. Volume 2: Eastern Sudanic languages. Moscow: Языки славянской культуры / LRC Press. 736 p.
- ↑ Starostin, Georgiy C. 2017. Языки Африки. Опыт построения лексикостатистической классификации. Т. 3. Нило-сахарские языки / Languages of Africa: an attempt at a lexicostatistical classification. Volume 3: Nilo-Saharan languages. Moscow: Издательский Дом ЯСК / LRC Press. 840 p. ISBN 978-5-9909114-9-9.
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