Typhon Marinus

Antiquitate homines verbo cataegis (-idis) utebantur ad tempestates potentes in Mari Mediterraneo appellandas, sed tempestates quas typhones hodie appellamus ibi numquam fiebant. Persae et Arabes postmodo nomine Typhonis, dei Graeci, utebantur ad typhones marinos Sinus Indi potentes appellandos. Deinde nautae mediaevales in Europa eodem nomine usi solebant. Typhon fuit deus Graecus monstrumque, qui, secundum Hesiodum, procellas emissit e lacuna Tartaro. Hodie, Americi malunt typhones quoque appellare furacana. Verbum furacanum (etiam huracan et furacan) provenit e nomine dei venti destructionisque indorum Americanorum Taini et Maiae, qui sextodecimo saeculo in Mari Caribaeo vivebant, ubi multos typhones marinos quotannis pati solebant.

Incipiunt fere omnes tempestates marinae in regionibus pressionis aeris demissae, quae ventos violentos et inundationes per se circumagentes efficiunt. Eae tempestates naturaliter annumerantur secundum sui venti celeritatem. Depressiones tropicae ventos habent minores quam 17 m/s (62 km/h), tempestates tropicae (sive procellae) ventos inter 17 m/s et 33 m/s (62 et 118 km/h), et typhones marini ventos qui 33 m/s (118 km/h) excedunt. De typhonum marinorum magnitudine deinde systema Saffir-Simpson NOAA quinque gradus additionales distinguit: gradum primum ventibus inter 33 m/s et 41 m/s (118 et 153 km/h), secundum ventibus inter 41 m/s et 49 m/s (154 et 177 km/h), tertium ventibus inter 49 m/s et 58 m/s (178 et 209 km/h), quartum ventibus inter 58 m/s et 69 m/s (210 et 249 km/h), quintum ventibus qui excedunt 69 m/s (249 km/h). Typhones gradus quinti ventos tam rapidos habent ut magnas alluviones 6 m super maris aequor et magnum exitium tectis aedificationibusque efficiant.

Meteorologi solent dare nomina propria tempestatibus quando status "tempestatum tropicarum" attingunt. Exempli gratia anno 2006 nomina typhonum marinorum fuerunt:

• Typhon Nargis
• Typhon Haiyan
• Typhon Katrina

• Calamitas naturalis
• Calefactio globalis
• Huracana

• Battan, Louis Joseph. 1961. The Nature of Violent Storms. Garden City Novi Eboraci: Anchor Books Doubleday & Co..
• Christopherson, R. 1992. Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-322443-6.
• Elsner, James B., et Thomas H. Jagger, eds. 2009. Hurricanes and climate change. Proceedings of the Summit on Hurricanes and Climate Change (Cretae, 2007). Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 9780387094090, ISBN 0387094091.
• Sanchez-Gonzalez, D. 2011. Peligrosidad y exposición a los ciclones tropicales en ciudades del Golfo de México: El caso de Tampico. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande 50:151–170. ISSN 0718-3402.
• Whipple, A. (1982), 1984. Storm. Time Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-4312-0.

Vide Typhon marinus in Victionario.

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad typhones marinos tropicos spectant.

Propria media meteorologica regionalia

• Central Pacific Hurricane Center, www.prh.noaa.gov (Pacificus Medius)
• Fiji Meteorological Service, www.met.gov.fj (Pacificus Australis ad occidentem 160°E, septentriones 25° S)
• U.S. National Hurricane Center, www.nhc.noaa.gov (Atlanticus Septentrionalis, Pacificus Orientalis)
• India Meteorological Department, www.imd.gov.in (Sinus Bengaliae et Mare Arabicum)
• Japan Meteorological Agency, www.jma.go.jp (Pacificus Boreoccidentalis)
• Météo-France: La Reunion, www.meteo.fe (Oceanus Indicus a 30°E ad 90°E)

Tropica admonitionum typhonum media

• Australian Bureau of Meteorology, www.bom.gov.au (TCWC's Perth, Darwin & Brisbane) (Oceanus Indicus et Oceanus Pacificus Australis a 90°E ad 160°E, ad australem 10°S
• Indonesian Meteorological Department, maritim.bmg.go.id (Oceanus Indicus a 90°E ad 125°E, in septentrionibus 10°S
• Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited, metservice.com (Pacificus Australis ad occidentem 160°E, ad australem 25°S

Quod attinet ad rationem

• Glossarium verborum de typhonibus, www.a-z-dictionaries.com

Varia

• Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Frequently Asked Questions: What are the average, most, and least tropical cyclones occurring in each basin? NOAA.
• National Hurricane Center. Tropical Prediction Center.
• Tropical Cyclones - CIMSS - UW-Madison. NASA / NOAA.
• Tropical Products - SSD. NOAA.
• Tropical Storm Risk. University College London.
• What is the difference between a hurricane, a cyclone, and a typhoon? Ocean Facts, National Ocean Service, NOAA.