यूरोप का इतिहास

• 700 ईसापूर्व: होमर ने इलियड की रचना की। यह प्रथम यूरोपीय महाकाव्य था।
• 440 ईसापूर्व: Herodotus defends Athenian political freedom in the Histories.
• 323 ईसापूर्व: सिकन्दर महान की मृत्यु
• 44 ईसापूर्व: जूलियस सीजर की हत्या
• 27 ईसापूर्व: रोमन साम्राज्य की स्थापना

ईसा के बाद

• 45–55 (ca): First Christian congregations in mainland Greece and in Rome.
• 293: Diocletian reorganizes the Empire by creating the Tetrarchy.
• 330: Constantine makes Constantinople into his capital, a new Rome.
• 395: Following the death of Theodosius I, the Empire is permanently split into the Eastern Roman Empire (later Byzantium) and the Western Roman Empire.
• 476: Odoacer captures Ravenna and deposes the last Roman emperor in the west: traditionally seen as the end date of the Western Roman Empire.
• 527: Justinian I is crowned emperor of Byzantium. Orders the editing of Corpus Juris Civilis, Digest (Roman law).
• 597: Beginning of Roman Catholic Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England (missions and churches had been in existence well before this date, but their contacts with Rome had been loose or nonexistent)
• 600: Saint Columbanus uses the term "Europe" in a letter.
• 655: Jus patronatus.
• 681: Khan Asparukh leads the Bulgars and invades the Byzantine empire in the Battle of Ongal, and creates Bulgaria.
• 718: Tervel of Bulgaria helps the Byzantine Empire stop the Arabic invasion of Europe, and breaks the siege of Constantinople.
• 722: Battle of Covadonga in the Iberian Peninsula. Pelayo, a noble Visigoth, defeats a Muslim army that tried to conquer the Cantabrian coast. This helps establish the Christian Kingdom of Asturias, and marks the beginning of the Reconquista.
• 732: At the Battle of Tours, the Franks stop the advance of the Arabs into Europe.
• 800: Coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor.
• 813: Third Council of Tours: Priests are ordered to preach in the native language of the population.
• 843: Treaty of Verdun.
• 863: Saints Cyril and Methodius arrive in Great Moravia, initiating Christian mission among the Slav peoples.
• 864: Boris I of Bulgaria baptises the whole nation, converting the population from tengri, to Eastern Orthodox Christianity
• 872: Unification of Norway.
• 886: Cyril and Methodius students – Sava, Kliment, Naum, Gorazd, Angelariy – arrive in Bulgaria. The Cyrillic alphabet becomes the official Bulgarian alphabet.
• 895: Hungarian people led by Árpád start to settle in the Carpathian Basin.
• 917: In the Battle of Achelous (917) Bulgaria defeats the Byzantine empire, and Simeon I of Bulgaria is proclaimed as emperor, thus Bulgaria becomes an empire.
• 962: Otto I of East Francia is crowned as "Emperor" by the Pope, beginning the Holy Roman Empire.
• 988 Kievan Rus adopts Christianity, often seen as the origin of the Russian Orthodox Church-
• 1054: Start of the East–West Schism, which divides the Christian church for centuries.
• 1066: Successful Norman Invasion of England by William the Conqueror.
• 1095: Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade.
• 12th century: The 12th century in literature saw an increase in the number of texts. The Renaissance of the 12th century occurs.
• 1128: Battle of São Mamede, formation of Portuguese sovereignty.
• 1250: Death of emperor Frederick II; end of effective ability of German emperors to exercise control in Italy.
• 1303: The period of the Crusades is over.
• 1309–1378: The Avignon Papacy
• 1315–1317: The Great Famine of 1315–1317 in Northern Europe
• 1341: Petrarch, the "Father of Humanism", becomes the first Poet Laureate since antiquity.
• 1337–1453: The Hundred Years' War between England and France.
• 1348–1351: Black Death kills off about a third of Europe's population.
• 1439: Johannes Gutenberg invents first movable type and the first printing press for books, starting the Printing Revolution.
• 1453: Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks.
• 1492: The Reconquista ends in the Iberian Peninsula. A Spanish expeditionary group, commanded by Christopher Columbus, lands in the New World.
• 1497: Vasco da Gama departs to India starting direct trade with Asia.
• 1498: Leonardo da Vinci paints The Last Supper in Milan, as the Renaissance flourishes.
• 1508: Maximilian I the last ruling "King of the Romans" and the first "elected Emperor of the Romans".
• 1517: Martin Luther nails his 95 theses on Indulgences to the door of the church in Wittenberg, triggering discussions which would soon lead to the Reformation
• 1519: Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano begin first global circumnavigation. Their expedition returns in 1522.
• 1519: Hernán Cortés begins conquest of Mexico for Spain.
• 1532: Francisco Pizarro begins the conquest of Peru (the Inca Empire) for Spain.
• 1543: Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres).
• 1547: The Grand Duchy of Moscow becomes the Tsardom of Russia.
• 1582: The introduction of the Gregorian calendar; Russia refuses to adopt it until 1918
• 1610: Galileo Galilei uses his telescope to discover the moons of Jupiter.
• 1618: The Thirty Years' War, brings massive devastation to central Europe
• 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War, And introduces the principle of the integrity of the nation state.
• 1687: Isaac Newton published Principia Mathematica, with a profound impact on The Enlightenment.
• 1699: Treaty of Karlowitz concludes the Austro-Ottoman War. This marks the end of Ottoman control of Central Europe and the beginning of Ottoman stagnation, establishing the Habsburg Monarchy as the dominant power in Central and Southeastern Europe.
• 1700: Outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession and the Great Northern War. The first would check the aspirations of Louis XIV, king of France to dominate European affairs; the second would lead to Russia's emergence as a great power and a recognizably European state.
• 18th century: Age of Enlightenment, intellectual renaissance across Europe
• 1707: The Kingdom of Great Britain is formed by the union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland.
• 1712: Thomas Newcomen invents first practical steam engine which begins Industrial Revolution in Britain.
• 1721: Foundation of the Russian Empire
• 1775: James Watt invents a new efficient steam engine accelerating the Industrial Revolution in Britain.
• 1784: Immanuel Kant publishes Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?.
• 1789: Beginning of the French Revolution and end of the absolute monarchy in France.
• 1792–1802: French Revolutionary Wars
• 1799: Napoleon comes to power as dictator of France
• 1803–1815: Napoleonic Wars, ends in defeat of Napoleon
• 1806: Napoleon abolishes the Holy Roman Empire
• 1814–15: Congress of Vienna; Treaty of Vienna; France is reduced to 1789 boundaries; Reactionary forces dominate across Europe
• 1825: George Stephenson opens the Stockton and Darlington Railway the first steam train railway for passenger traffic in the world.
• 1836: Louis Daguerre invents first practical photographic method – in effect the first camera.
• 1838: SS Great Western, the first steamship purpose-built for regularly scheduled trans-Atlantic crossings, enters service.
• 1848: Revolutions of 1848 and publication of The Communist Manifesto.
• 1852: Start of the Crimean War, which ends in 1855 in a defeat for Russia
• 1859: Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.
• 1861: Unification of Italy after victories by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
• 1866: First commercially successful transatlantic telegraph cable is completed.
• 1860s: Russia emancipates its serfs and Karl Marx completes the first volume of Das Kapital.
• 1870: Franco-Prussian War and the fall of the Second French Empire.
• 1871: Unification of Germany under the direction of Otto von Bismarck.
• 1873: Panic of 1873 occurs. The Long Depression begins.
• 1885: Karl Benz invents Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the world's first automobile.
• 1885: First permanent citywide electrical tram system in Europe (in Sarajevo).
• 1895: Auguste and Louis Lumière begin exhibitions of projected films before the paying public with their cinematograph, a portable camera, printer, and projector.
• 1902: Guglielmo Marconi sends first transatlantic radio transmission.
• 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated; प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध शुरू
• 1917: Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in the Russian Revolution. The ensuing Russian Civil War lasts until 1922.
• 1918: World War I ends with the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers. Ten million soldiers killed; collapse of Russian, German, Austrian, and Ottoman empires
• 1918: Collapse of the German Empire and monarchic system; founding of Weimar Republic
• 1918: worldwide Spanish flu epidemic kills millions in Europe
• 1918: Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolves
• 1919: Versailles Treaty strips Germany of its colonies, several provinces and its navy and air force; limits army; Allies occupy western areas; reparations ordered
• 1920: League of Nations begins operations; largely ineffective; defunct by 1939
• 1921–22: Ireland divided; Irish Free State becomes independent and civil war erupts
• 1922: Benito Mussolini and the Fascists take power in Italy.
• 1929: Worldwide Great Depression begins with stock market crash in New York City.
• 1933: Adolf Hitler and the Nazis take power in Germany
• 1935: Italy conquers Ethiopia; League sanctions are ineffective
• 1936: Start of the Spanish Civil War; ends in 1939 with victory of Nationalists who are aided by Germany and Italy
• 1938: Germany escalates the persecution of Jews with Kristallnacht
• 1938: Appeasement of Germany by Britain and France; Munich agreement splits Czechoslovakia; Germany seized the remainder in 1939
• 1939: Britain and France hurriedly rearm; failed to arrange treaty with USSR
• 1939: Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin agree partition of Eastern Europe in Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
• 1939: Germany invades Poland, द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध शुरू
• 1940: Great Britain under Winston Churchill becomes the last nation to hold out against the Nazis after winning the Battle of Britain
• 1941: U.S. begins large-scale Lend-lease aid to Britain, Free France, the USSR and other Allies; Canada also provides financial aid
• 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa; fails to capture Moscow or Leningrad
• 1942: Nazi Germany commences the Holocaust — a Final Solution, with the murder of 6 million Jews.
• 1943: After Stalingrad and Kursk, Soviet forces begin recapturing Nazi-occupied territory in the East.
• 1944: US, British and Canadian armed forces invade Nazi-occupied France at Normandy.
• 1945: Hitler commits suicide, Mussolini is murdered. World War II ends with Europe in ruins and Germany defeated.
• 1945: स्ंयुक्त राष्ट्र का गठन
• 1947: The British Empire begins a process of voluntarily dismantling with the granting of independence to India and Pakistan.
• 1947: Cold War begins as Europe is polarized East versus West
• 1948–51: U.S. provides large sums to rebuild Western Europe through the Marshall Plan; stimulates large-scale modernization of European industries and reduction of trade restrictions
• 1949: नैटो (NATO) की स्थापना
• 1955: USSR creates a rival military coalition, the Warsaw Pact
• 1950: The Schuman Declaration begins the process of European integration.
• 1954: The French Empire begins to be dismantled; Withdraws from Vietnam
• 1956: Suez Crisis signals the end of the effective power of the British Empire.
• 1956: Hungarian Uprising defeated by Soviet military forces.
• 1957: Treaties of Rome establish the European Economic Community from 1958.
• 1968: The May 1968 events in France lead France to the brink of revolution.
• 1968: The Prague Spring is defeated by Warsaw Pact military forces. The Club of Rome is founded.
• 1980: The Solidarność movement under Lech Wałęsa begins open, overground opposition to the Communist rule in Poland.
• 1985: Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of the Soviet Union and begins reforms which inadvertently lead to the fall of Communism and the Soviet Union.
• 1986: Chernobyl disaster, the worst nuclear disaster in history.
• 1989: Communism overthrown in all the Warsaw Pact countries except the Soviet Union. Fall of the Berlin Wall (opening of unrestrained border crossings between east and west, which effectively deprived the wall of any relevance).
• 1990: जर्मनी का पुनः एकीकरण
• 1991: Breakup of Yugoslavia and the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars.
• 1991: Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
• 1993: Treaty of Maastricht establishes the European Union.
• 2002: End of European colonial empires with the independence of East Timor, formerly Portuguese Timor.
• 2004: Slovenia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus and Malta join the European Union.
• 2007: Romania and Bulgaria join the European Union.
• 2008: The Great Recession begins. Unemployment rises in some parts of Europe.
• 2013: Croatia joins the European Union.
• 2014: Revolution in Ukraine and serious tensions between Russia, Ukraine and the European Union.
• 2015: European migrant crisis starts.
• 2016: युनाइटेड किंगडम की जनता ने यूरोपीय संघ से अलग होने के पक्ष में मतदान किया।