Ptolomaidh

Chailleadh a h-obraichean nuair a bha tìr mòr na h-Eòrpa na linn an dorchadas. Chaidh ath-lorg air a sgriobhaidhean mu thimcheall 1409 AC, agus rè an tri-fichead bliadhna as dèidh sin rinneadh caochladh lethbhreacan (làimh-sgriobhta) dhaibh.

Stèidhich chiad leabhar Ptolomaidh, am bun-phrionsabal de cruinn-eòlas chun latha an diugh: Daingneachadh de puingean air barr na talmhainn, agus dearbhadh de Ear-astar agus Domhan-leud le reul-sgrudadh, cho fad 'us an gabhadh sin a dèanamh.

Chan eil teagamh nach do bhròsnaich na sgriobhaidhaidhean de Ptolomaidh ath-leasachadh de cruinn-eòlais rè an 15mh Linn. Bha cairtean-dheilbh an luib na sgriobhaidhean seo agus rinneadh lethbhreacan dhaibh còmhla. Cho trath ri 1479 bha cuid de na leth-bhreacan a nochdadh Tabulae Novae (Claran nan Reul) ùr, a chuir taic ri na cairtean-dhealbh Ptolomachd.

• Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos at LacusCurtius (Eadar-theangachadh Bheurla le aiste-inntrigidh)
• Ptolemy's Geography at LacusCurtius (Eadar-theangaichte dhan Bheurla, neo-criochnaichte)
• Extracts of Ptolemy on the country of the Seres (Siona) (Eadar-theangachadh Beurla)

• Ptolemy at SkyScript - The Life and Work of Ptolemy
• Alexander Jones, "Ptolemy and his Geography"
• Ptolemy biography (Bill Arnett's site)
• Ptolemy's Geography - Selected problems of Ptolemy's Geography (currently in German)
• Ptolemy's Geography of Northwestern Europe
• History of Cartography including a discussion of the Geographica
• Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy): Representation, Understanding, and Mathematical Labeling of the Spherical Earth
• Literature about the Geography (Geographike Hyphegesis) of Claudius Ptolemy
• Eratosthenes of Cyrene - Some Remarks