citation
Dogfennaeth nodyn]The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.
If invoked with the right parameters, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as {{Cite book}} and {{Cite web}}. The default behavior sometimes differs from that of the Cite templates; for example, this template by default generates anchors for Harvard references whereas the Cite templates do not (although they can be made to do so), and this template by default uses commas to separate some fields that the Cite templates separate with periods (full stops).
The template should be inserted after punctuation, such as a period or comma.
All parameter names are lowercase.
Simple citation
This template gives the most commonly used attributes. You can copy the horizontal form or vertical form below and then add in extra attributes from the full list. Spacing and ordering is irrelevant.
{{Citation | last = | first = | year = | title = | publisher = | publication-place = | page = | url = | accessdate = }}
{{Citation | last = | first = | year = | title = | publisher = | publication-place = | page = | url = | accessdate = }} |
- last: The author's surname or last name. Don't use with author.
- first: The author's first or given name(s).
- year: Year of authorship or publication. Mandatory for use with links from Template:Harvard citation, unless
|date=specifies both month and year. - title: Title of the work. Mandatory for web references.
- publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press.
- publication-place (or place): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office.
- page: For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages.
- url: An url of an online location where the item can be found. If the url includes double quotes, these must be encoded as "%22".
- accessdate: Date when the url was accessed.
Example
{{Citation | last = Turner | first = Orsamus | title = History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve | publisher = William Alling | place = Rochester, New York | year = 1851 | id = {{OL|7120924W}} }} | Turner, Orsamus (1851), History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve, Rochester, New York: William Alling, OL7120924W |
Full citation parameters
These can be used for all types of publication except patents. All are optional and indentation is used simply to group related items — these may be mutually exclusive where indicated. Some hyphenated names can also be placed without hyphens.
{{Citation | author = | last = | first = | author2 = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link = | author2-link = | author-separator = | author-name-separator = | author-mask = | display-authors = | coauthors = | editor = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor2 = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | editor-link = | editor2-link = | others = | publication-date = | year = | month = | origyear = | title = | chapter = | chapter-url = | contribution = | contribution-url = | type = | journal = | periodical = | newspaper = | magazine = | work = | edition = | series = | volume = | issue = | publisher = | publication-place = | place = | language = | page = | pages = | nopp = | at = | id = | isbn = | issn = | oclc = | pmid = | pmc = | bibcode = | doi = | doi-inactive = | url = | accessdate = | format = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | separator = | postscript = | ref = }} |
- author (or author1): The author's name. It is preferable to use the last/first attributes below for single or multiple authors.
- last (or last1): The author's surname or last name.
- first (or first1): The author's first or given name(s).
- author2, last2, first2, up to author9 etc.: can be used for multiple authors– up to 8 will be shown before et al. is displayed
- author-link: Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first author (author2-link etc can also be used).
- author-separator: override the default semi-colon that separates authors.
- author-name-separator: override the default comma that separates authors' last and first names.
- author-mask: See #Additional parameters, below.
- display-authors: Truncate the list of authors at an arbitrary point with "et al". You should still include the first 9 authors to allow metadata to be generated. n.b. operates only when the authors are given using either several
|authorn=, or several|lastn=|firstn=pairs; does not affect the display of a list in either|authors=or|coauthors=. - lastauthoramp: If supplied, whether or not assigned a value, places an ampersand (&) before the last name of final author, if more than one author is supplied. Recommended usage is lastauthoramp = yes.
- coauthors: Names of additional author(s) can be given but author2 or last2, first2 is preferred.
- editor: Name of editor, placed after date with
,ed.Not required for periodicals.- editor-link: link to article about the editor
- others: Any other associated people, e.g., foreword, placed after editor.
- publication-date (or date): Date of publication.
- date: Date of authorship, if different from date of publication. If only date is used, it will be treated as the date of publication.
- year: Year of authorship or publication. (Mandatory for use with links from Template:Harvard citation. In some situations, the template may be able to derive a year from the full date.)
- month: Month of publication (ignored if the date field is used).
- origyear: Year of first publication, if different.
- title: Title of the book or article in a periodical. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded as "
[" for "[" and "]" for "]" - chapter or contribution: title of the chapter or part of a publication will be put in quotes.
- chapter-url or contribution-url: use to add a link to the chapter or contribution title.
- type: An optional field which can be used to provide additional information about a publication type. The content appears in parentheses following the title. If the publication is a thesis or dissertation, the type might be specified as
type = PhD thesis, If the publication is an audiobook on compact disk, the type might be specified astype = CD.- journal or periodical or newspaper or magazine or work: Name of the journal or periodical.
- edition: Number or name of the edition, if not the first; for example: edition = 2nd.
- series: The book series of which this book is a part.
- volume: The volume number of a multi-volume book.
- issue: Issue number of a periodical.
- publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press. Not needed if ISSN or DOI used.
- publication-place (or place): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. If the city is not well-known, you may add a county, region, or state. States in the U.S. are denoted by a two-letter code; for example:
place = Paris, TX(no period at the end). Where the publisher is a university and the place or location is included in the name of the university, do not use this parameter.- place or location: City in which the work was made, if different from the city of publication. If only place is used, it will be treated as the city of publication.
- publication-place (or place): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. If the city is not well-known, you may add a county, region, or state. States in the U.S. are denoted by a two-letter code; for example:
- language: If not English. e.g., Finnish.
- page: For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages.
- pages: For use when multiple pages are cited. Adds "pp." before the page numbers. Do not use with page.
- nopp: if set to any value,
page = /pages =do not generate 'p.' or 'pp.'. E.g.nopp = true. Usingat =has the same effect. - at: Position within the resource when
|page=/|pages=is inappropriate or insufficient. This parameter is ignored if|page=/|pages=is specified. Examples of usage of|at=:|at=para. 14(when citing a source without page numbers),|at=02:56(a film or audio timestamp),|at=no. 456(something in a numbered list),|at=p. 6, col. 2(for a page and a column because "column" is not a Citation template parameter), or|at=sec. F pp. 4–6(for a section and a page within the section, "section" not being a parameter).
- id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use a template as applicable.
- arxiv: ArXiv.
- asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number.
- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
co.jp,co.uk,ca,cn,fr,de,it,es
- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
- bibcode: Bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; example: 1924MNRAS..84..308E.
- doi: Digital object identifier; example: 10.1038/news070508-7; checked to ensure it begins with
10.; if not an error shows and the page is placed in Category:Pages with DOI errors.- doi_brokendate: Date the DOI is broken; use the same format as other dates in the article.
- isbn: International Standard Book Number such as 978-0812695939; see Wikipedia:ISBN and ISBN. Dashes in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the 13-digit ISBN where possible; this can normally be found beneath the barcode as a number beginning 978 or 979. For sources with the older 9 digit SBN system, prefix the number with a zero; thus SBN 812695-93-3 should be entered as
|isbn=0812695-93-3. - issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an N-dash or a space.
- jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik.
- jstor: JSTOR abstract.
- lccn: Library of Congress Control Number.
- mr: Mathematical Reviews.
- oclc: Online Computer Library Center.
- ol: Open Library.
- osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
- pmc: PubMed Central article number for full-text free repository of an article.
- pmid: PubMed Unique Identifier.
- rfc: Request for Comments.
- ssrn: Social Science Research Network.
- zbl: Zentralblatt MATH.
- url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Do not link to any commercial booksellers such as Amazon.com; see WP:PAGELINKS.
- accessdate: Full date when URL was accessed; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations; do not wikilink. Can be hidden by registered editors.
- archiveurl: The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the url becomes unavailable. Typically used to refer to services like WebCite and the Internet Archive; requires archivedate.
- archivedate: Date when the item was archived; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations; do not wikilink. Displays preceded by "archived from the original on".
- deadurl: When the URL is still live, but preemptively archived, then set
|deadurl=no. This changes the display order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end.
- template doc demo: The archive parameters have error checking to ensure that all the required parameters are included, else {{citation error}} is invoked. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax. Set
|template doc demo=trueto disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated.
- format: Format of the work referred to by url; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; HTML is implied and should not be specified; displayed in parentheses after title. Does not change external link icon.
- URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme:
http://andhttps://will be supported by all browsers;irc://,ircs://,ftp://,news:,mailto:andgopher://will require a plugin or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported. - If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters they will display and link incorrectly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by
%20. To encode the URL, replace these characters:
| sp | " | ' | < | > | [ | ] | | | } |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %20 | %22 | %27 | %3c | %3e | %5b | %5d | %7c | %7d |
- Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; but unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; but an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
- separator: specifies the punctuation mark used to separate certain fields. This defaults to a comma; the Citation Style 1 family of templates uses a period.
- laysummary: url of a lay summary of a technical article, which could be in a popular science magazine or newspaper.
- laysource: Name of the source, e.g., The Guardian (UK newspaper) or New Scientist.
- laydate: The date of publication or, where this is not available, date of retrieval of the lay summary.
- postscript: Set terminal punctuation. Omit or leave blank to remove the trailing full stop. Punctuation specified by this parameter will appear within the cite span, and consequently before any icons added by metadata-using software, e.g., library browser plugins. Hence this parameter should be used instead of manually appending data to the citation. This parameter is ignored if
|quote=is specified, when|postscript=.is forced. - ref: An explicit ID for Harvard references; see Anchors for Harvard references
Examples
Books
| Three authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name. | {{Citation | last1 = Lincoln | first1 = A. | last2 = Washington | first2 = G. | last3 = Adams | first3 = J. | lastauthoramp = yes | title = All the Presidents' Names | publisher = The Pentagon | place = Home Base, New York | volume = XII | edition = 2nd | year = 2007 }} | Lincoln, A.; Washington, G. & Adams, J. (2007), All the Presidents' Names, XII (2nd ed.), Home Base, New York: The Pentagon |
Web
| Web page | {{Citation | url = http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov | title = NPS Focus | work = National Register of Historic Places | publisher = [[National Park Service]] | accessdate = November 30, 2010 }} | "NPS Focus", National Register of Historic Places (National Park Service), http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov, adalwyd November 30, 2010 |
| Archived page | {{Citation | url = http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/ academy/space/atmosphere.html | title = Earth's Atmosphere | accessdate = October 25, 2007 | publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] | year = 1995 | author = NASA | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/ http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html | archivedate = October 13, 2007 }} | NASA (1995), Earth's Atmosphere, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, archifwyd o y gwreiddiol ar October 13, 2007, http://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html, adalwyd October 25, 2007 |
Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals
| Journal article | {{Citation | last = Hill | first = Marvin S. | title = Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties | journal = BYU Studies | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | year = 1976 | pages = 1–8 | url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/ shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf }} | Hill, Marvin S. (1976), "Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties", BYU Studies 12 (2): 1–8, https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf |
| Journal article with multiple authors and identifier | {{Citation | last1 = Mandelkern | first1 = M, | last2 = Elias | first2 = J, | last3 = Eden | first3 = D, | last4 = Crothers | first4 = D | display-authors = 2 | title = The dimensions of DNA in solution | journal = J Mol Biol | volume = 152 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–61 | year = 1981 | pmid = 7338906 | doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1 }} | Mandelkern, M,; Elias, J, et al. (1981), "The dimensions of DNA in solution", J Mol Biol 152 (1): 153–61, doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1, PMID 7338906 |
| Newspaper article | {{Citation | last = Smith | first = Joseph III | author-link = Joseph Smith III | title = Last Testimony of Sister Emma | newspaper = The Saints' Herald | publication-place = Plano, IL | volume = 26 | issue = 19 | date = October 1, 1879 | year = 1879 | month = October | page = 289 | url = http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/ dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179 }} | Smith, Joseph III (October 1, 1879), "Last Testimony of Sister Emma", The Saints' Herald (Plano, IL) 26 (19): 289, http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179 |
| Conference paper | {{Citation | last = Sullivan | first = D.B. | contribution = Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years | year = 2001 | title = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp. | publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology | url = http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/ general/pdf/1485.pdf | format = PDF }} | Sullivan, D.B. (2001), "Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years" (PDF), 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp., National Institute of Standards and Technology, http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf |
Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles
| Manuscript published in an edited compilation | {{Citation | last = Bidamon | first = Emma Smith | author-link = Emma Hale Smith | chapter = Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim | date = March 27, 1876 | year = 1876 | editor-last = Vogel | editor-first = Dan | title = Early Mormon Documents | volume = 1 | publisher = Signature Books | publication-date = 1996 | isbn = 1–56085–072–8 }} | Bidamon, Emma Smith (March 27, 1876), "Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim", in Vogel, Dan, Early Mormon Documents, 1, Signature Books, 1996, ISBN 1–56085–072–8 |
| Work with an editor but no author | {{Citation | editor-last = Vogel | editor-first = Dan | title = Early Mormon Documents | volume = 1 | publisher = Signature Books | publication-date = 1996 | isbn = 1–56085–072–8 }} | Vogel, Dan, ed. (1996), Early Mormon Documents, 1, Signature Books, ISBN 1–56085–072–8 |
| Encyclopedia article by a named author | {{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | publication-date = 1999 | contribution-url = http:// www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/ BernardLewis.htm }} | Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley, Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720, http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm |
| Encyclopedia article with no named author | {{Citation | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | year = 1999 | contribution-url = http:// www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/ BernardLewis.htm }} | Boyd, Kelley, ed. (1999), "Bernard Lewis", Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720, http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm |
Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article
| Manuscript edited and published in a journal | {{Citation | last = Knight | first = Joseph, Sr. | year = 1833 | editor-last = Jessee | editor-first = Dean | title = Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History | journal = BYU Studies | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | publication-date = 1976 | pages = 35 | url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/ shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf }} | Knight, Joseph, Sr. (1833), Jessee, Dean, ed., "Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History", BYU Studies 17 (1): 35, 1976, https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf |
| Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor. | {{Citation | last = Klingensmith | first = Philip | contribution = Affidavit | year = 1872 | date = September 5, 1872 | place = Lincoln County, Nevada | title = Mountain Meadows Massacre | editor-last = Toohy | editor-first = Dennis J. | journal = Corinne Daily Reporter | publication-date = September 24, 1872 | publication-place = Corinne, Utah | volume = 5 | issue = 252 | pages = 1 | contribution-url = http:// udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359 }} | Klingensmith, Philip (September 5, 1872), Affidavit, written at Lincoln County, Nevada, in Toohy, Dennis J., "Mountain Meadows Massacre", Corinne Daily Reporter (Corinne, Utah) 5 (252): 1, September 24, 1872, http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359 |
Press release
| Press release with quotation | {{Cite press release | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/ library/2010/04/05ipad.html | title = Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day | publisher = Apple Inc | accessdate = April 10, 2010 | quote = in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3}} | "Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day" (Press release). Apple Inc. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html. Adalwyd April 10, 2010. "in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3" |
Citing patents
Parameters (all are optional)
{{Citation | inventor-last = | inventor-first = | inventorlink = | inventor2-last = | inventor2-first = | inventorlink2 = | publication-date = | issue-date = | title = | country-code = | description = | patent-number = }} |
|
Examples
| United States patent with multiple inventors | {{Citation | inventor1-last = Degermark | inventor1-first = Mikael | inventor2-last = Brodnik | inventor2-first = Andrej | inventor3-last = Carlsson | inventor3-first = Svante | inventor4-last = Pink | inventor4-first = Stephen | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams | issue-date = 2001 | patent-number = 6266706 | country-code = US}} | US 6266706, Nodyn:Citation/authors, "Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams", issued 2001 |
Anchored citations
This template can generate a citation that can be combined with shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing. It does this by creating an HTML anchor containing an ID. The special parameter |ref=harv generates an ID suitable for Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} as specified in the next section; this is the default for the {{citation}} template. If an empty |ref= is given, no anchor is generated; this is the default for the Cite templates such as {{cite book}} and {{cite news}}. You can also specify the ID directly, using the |ref=ID parameter. For example, suppose an article's References section contains the markup:
{{Citation | author = Sigmund Freud | title=Civilization and Its Discontents | year = 1930 | ref = CivDis}}
which generates the citation:
- Sigmund Freud (1930), Civilization and Its Discontents
Then, the markup "([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])" generates a parenthetical reference "(Freud 1930)" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).
Anchors for Harvard referencing templates
IDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as {{harv}} are computed from the last names of the authors and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup "{{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p = ix}}" generates the Harvard reference "(Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix)", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:
{{Citation | last1 = Wright | first1 = Thomas | last2 = Evans | first2 = R.H. | title = Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray | location = London | publisher = Henry G. Bohn | year = 1851 | oclc = 59510372 }}- Wright, Thomas; Evans, R.H. (1851), Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray, London: Henry G. Bohn, OCLC 59510372
In this example the {{citation}} template defines, and the {{harv}} template uses, the HTML ID "CITEREFWrightEvans1851", composed by concatenating the string "CITEREF" with the last names of the authors and the year. The {{harvid}} template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, {{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}} generates "CITEREFWrightEvans1851".
Related methods which leave only a number in the text are to use the {{harvnb}} template enclosed in the html code, or to use the {{sfn}} template alone. The example above would be {{harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p = ix}} or {{sfn|Wright|Evans|1851|p = ix}} both of which generate a footnote, such as
- 17. Wright & Evans 1851, t. ix
The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead. For patents, inventor names are used instead of authors or editors. If these names are not given, this template does not generate an anchor.
Last names are used, as specified by the parameters |last1= (or |last=), |last2=, |last3=, and |last4=, and similarly for |editor1-last= etc. and for |inventor1-last= etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in "{{Citation | author = Sigmund Freud | title = The Ego and the Id | year = 1923}}" no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference "{{harv|Freud|1923}}". To make these {{citation}} and {{harv}} invocations compatible, either replace "|author=Sigmund Freud" with "|first=Sigmund |last=Freud", or add "|ref={{harvid|Freud|1923}}" to the {{citation}} invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, "|ref=EgoId") to both the {{citation}} and the {{harv}} invocations.
Similarly, the year is used, as specified by |year=. If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from |date= (or, if no date is given, from |publication-date=) by applying the MediaWiki#time function. This heuristic works with many common date formats (American, International and ISO standard format YYYY-MM-DD as listed in WP:MOS), but may not work as expected with other formats, so when in doubt it may be safer to use |year=. Note that if only a year, say 2005, is known you must use |year=2005 rather than |date=2005.
IDs must be unique
Names, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with {{harv}}-compatible IDs:
- Montes, G; Halterman, JS (2008a), "Association of childhood autism spectrum disorders and loss of family income", Pediatrics 121 (4): e821–6, doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1594, PMID 18381511, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/121/4/e821
- Montes, G; Halterman, JS (2008b), "Child care problems and employment among families with preschool-aged children with autism in the United States", Pediatrics 122 (1): e202–8, doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3037, PMID 18595965, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/122/1/e202
If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID "CITEREFMontesHalterman2008". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, e.g., "|year=2008a" and "|year=2008b", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.
It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the W3C Markup Validation Service; see External links.
Dates
Tools
See Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citation templates and tools for a list of tools that can help create a reference in the "citation" format.
TemplateData
The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.
| Paramedr | Disgrifiad | Math | Statws | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last name | last author author1 authors last1 | The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors | Llinell | suggested |
| First name | first first1 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors | Llinell | suggested |
| title of source | title | Title of source; displays in italics. | Llinyn | angenrheidiol |
| date of source | date | Full date of source being referenced in the same format as other publication dates in the citations.[1] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after publisher. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| url of source | url | URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Work | work journal website newspaper magazine encyclopedia encyclopaedia dictionary mailinglist | Name of the work in which the cited title is found | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Volume | volume | For one publication published in several volumes | Llinell | suggested |
| Issue | issue number | Issue number | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Page | page | Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' | Llinell | dewisol |
| Pages | pages | Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.' | Llinell | suggested |
| Patent Number | patent-number | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Description | description | Type of patent; shown between country code and number. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Publication Date | publication-date pubdate | Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if year or date are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Issue Date | issue-date | Date patent was issued by patent agency. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Date format | df | Sets rendered dates to the specified format | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Year of publication | year | Year of the source being referenced; recommended only when date parameter format is YYYY-MM-DD and a CITEREF disambiguator is needed | Rhif | dewisol |
| Postscript | postscript | Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Ignored if quote is defined. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Editor last name | editor-last editor editor-surname editor-last1 editor-surname1 editor1 editor1-last editor1-surname editors | The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors | Anhysbys | dewisol |
| Editor first name | editor-first editor-first1 editor-given1 editor1-first editor1-given | The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors | Anhysbys | dewisol |
| Author Mask | author-mask authormask | Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text. Set author-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set author-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". You must still include the values for all authors for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Original year | orig-year origyear | Original year of publication; provide specifics | Rhif | dewisol |
| Translated title | trans-title trans_title | An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended | Cynnwys | dewisol |
| Translated chapter title | trans-chapter trans_chapter | An English language chapter title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended | Cynnwys | dewisol |
| Type | type | Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case | Cynnwys | dewisol |
| Archive URL | archive-url archiveurl | The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate' | Llinell | dewisol |
| Dead URL | dead-url deadurl | If set to 'no', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live | Llinell | dewisol |
| Series | series version | Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal; alias of 'version' | Cynnwys | dewisol |
| periodical | periodical | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| At | at | May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient | Llinell | dewisol |
| No pp | nopp | Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover') | Llinell | dewisol |
| Chapter | chapter | The chapter heading of the source | Llinyn | dewisol |
| contribution | contribution | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| chapter-url | chapter-url chapterurl | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| contribution-url | contribution-url | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| chapter-format | chapter-format | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| others | others | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Edition | edition | When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.' | Llinell | dewisol |
| Location of publication | place location | Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Place of publication | publication-place | Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' | Cynnwys | dewisol |
| Publisher | publisher | Name of the publisher; displays after title | Cynnwys | dewisol |
| in | in | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Language | language | The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates | Cynnwys | dewisol |
| Format | format | Format of the work referred to by 'url' ('url' is required when using 'format'); examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML | Cynnwys | dewisol |
| arXiv identifier | arxiv | An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers | Llinell | dewisol |
| ASIN | asin ASIN | Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters | Llinell | dewisol |
| ASIN TLD | asin-tld | ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US | Llinell | dewisol |
| Bibcode | bibcode | Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters | Llinell | dewisol |
| biorXiv | biorxiv | biorXiv identifier; 6 digits | Llinell | dewisol |
| CiteSeerX | citeseerx | CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter | Llinell | dewisol |
| DOI | doi DOI | Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' | Llinyn | dewisol |
| doi_inactivedate | doi_inactivedate | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| DOI broken date | doi-broken-date | The date that the DOI was determined to be broken | Dyddiad | dewisol |
| ISBN | isbn | International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible | Llinell | dewisol |
| ISSN | issn | International Standard Serial Number (print); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen | Llinell | dewisol |
| eISSN | eissn | International Standard Serial Number (online); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen | Llinell | dewisol |
| jfm code | jfm | Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code | Llinell | dewisol |
| JSTOR | jstor | JSTOR identifier | Llinell | dewisol |
| LCCN | lccn | Library of Congress Control Number | Llinell | dewisol |
| MR | mr | Mathematical Reviews identifier | Llinell | dewisol |
| OCLC | oclc | Online Computer Library Center number | Rhif | dewisol |
| OL | ol | Open Library identifier | Llinell | dewisol |
| OSTI | osti | Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier | Llinell | dewisol |
| PMC | pmc | PubMed Center article number | Rhif | dewisol |
| PMID | pmid | PubMed Unique Identifier | Llinell | dewisol |
| RFC | rfc | Request for Comments number | Rhif | dewisol |
| SSRN | ssrn | Social Science Research Network | Llinell | dewisol |
| Zbl | zbl | Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier | Llinell | dewisol |
| id | id | A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable | Llinell | dewisol |
| Quote | quote | Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation | Cynnwys | dewisol |
| Ref | ref | An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates | Llinell | dewisol |
| URL access date | access-date accessdate | The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink | Dyddiad | dewisol |
| Lay URL | laysummary layurl lay-url | URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source | Llinell | dewisol |
| Lay source | lay-source laysource | Name of the source of the laysummary; displays in italics, preceded by an en dash | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Lay date | lay-date laydate | Date of the summary; displays in parentheses | Dyddiad | dewisol |
| Author name separator | author-name-separator | Changes the separator between last and first names; defaults to a comma and space; a space must be encoded as
| Llinell | dewisol |
| Last author ampersand | last-author-amp lastauthoramp | When set to any value, changes the separator between the last two names of the author list to 'space ampersand space' | Boole | dewisol |
| Display authors | displayauthors display-authors | number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used; | Rhif | dewisol |
| Archive date | archive-date archivedate | Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink | Dyddiad | dewisol |
| inventor-last | inventor-last inventor-surname inventor-last1 inventor invent-1 invent1 inventor1-surname | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventor2-last | inventor2-last inventor2 invent2 inventor2-surname | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventor3-last | inventor3-last inventor3 invent3 inventor3-surname | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventor4-last | inventor4-last inventor4 invent4 inventor4-surname | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventor-first | inventor-first inventor1-first inventor-given inventor1-given | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventor2-first | inventor2-first inventor2-given | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventor3-first | inventor3-first inventor3-given | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventor4-first | inventor4-first inventor4-given | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventorlink | inventorlink inventorlink1 | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventorlink2 | inventorlink2 | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventorlink3 | inventorlink3 | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| inventorlink4 | inventorlink4 | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Last name 2 | last2 author2 surname2 | The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| First name 2 | first2 given2 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Last name 3 | last3 author3 surname3 | The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink3'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| First name 3 | first3 given3 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Last name 4 | last4 author4 surname4 | The surname of the forth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink4'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| First name 4 | first4 given4 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the forth author; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Last name 5 | last5 author5 surname5 | The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink5'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| First name 5 | first5 given5 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Last name 6 | last6 author6 surname6 | The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink6'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| First name 6 | first6 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Last name 7 | last7 author7 surname7 | The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink7'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| First name 7 | first7 given7 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Last name 8 | last8 author8 surname8 | The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink8'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| First name 8 | first8 given8 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Last name 9 | last9 author9 surname9 | The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink9'. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author. | Llinell | dewisol |
| First name 9 | first9 given9 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Author link | author-link authorlink author1-link authorlink1 | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors | Page name | dewisol |
| Author link 2 | author-link2 author2-link authorlink2 | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. | Page name | dewisol |
| Author link 3 | author-link3 author3-link authorlink3 | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. | Page name | dewisol |
| Author link 4 | author-link4 author4-link authorlink4 | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the forth author. | Page name | dewisol |
| Author link 5 | author-link5 author5-link authorlink5 | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. | Page name | dewisol |
| Author link 6 | author-link6 author6-link authorlink6 | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. | Page name | dewisol |
| Author link 7 | author-link7 author7-link authorlink7 | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. | Page name | dewisol |
| Author link 8 | author-link8 author8-link authorlink8 | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. | Page name | dewisol |
| Author link 9 | author-link9 author9-link authorlink9 | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. | Page name | dewisol |
| Coauthor | coauthor | Coauthor | Llinyn | anghymeradwyedig |
| Coauthors | coauthors | Coauthors | Llinyn | anghymeradwyedig |
| Editor last name 2 | editor2-last editor2 | The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor first name 2 | editor2-first editor2-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor last name 3 | editor3-last editor3 | The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor first name 3 | editor3-first editor3-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor last name 4 | editor4-last editor4 | The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor first name 4 | editor4-first editor4-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor last name 5 | editor5-last editor5 | The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor first name 5 | editor5-first editor5-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor last name 6 | editor6-last editor6 | The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor first name 6 | editor6-first editor6-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor last name 7 | editor7-last editor7 | The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor first name 7 | editor7-first editor7-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor last name 8 | editor8-last editor8 | The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor first name 8 | editor8-first editor8-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor last name 9 | editor9-last editor9 | The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. | Llinell | dewisol |
| Editor first name 9 | editor9-first editor9-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. | Llinell | dewisol |
| editor-link | editor-link | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| editor1-link | editor1-link | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| editor2-link | editor2-link | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| editor3-link | editor3-link | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| editor4-link | editor4-link | dim disgrifiad | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator last name | translator-last translator translator-last1 translator1 translator1-last | The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator first name | translator-first translator1-first translator-first1 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator link | translator-link translator-link1 translator1-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators. | Page name | dewisol |
| Translator last name 2 | translator-last2 translator2 translator2-last | The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator first name 2 | translator-first2 translator2-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator last name 3 | translator-last3 translator3 translator3-last | The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator first name 3 | translator-first3 translator3-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator last name 4 | translator-last4 translator4 translator4-last | The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator first name 4 | translator-first4 translator4-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator last name 5 | translator-last5 translator5 translator5-last | The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator first name 5 | translator-first5 translator5-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator last name 6 | translator-last6 translator6 translator6-last | The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator first name 6 | translator-first6 translator6-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator last name 7 | translator-last7 translator7 translator7-last | The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator first name 7 | translator-first7 translator7-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator last name 8 | translator-last8 translator8 translator8-last | The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator first name 8 | translator-first8 translator8-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator last name 9 | translator-last9 translator9 translator9-last | The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator first name 9 | translator-first9 translator9-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | Llinyn | dewisol |
| Translator link 2 | translator-link2 translator2-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator. | Page name | dewisol |
| Translator link 3 | translator-link3 translator3-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator. | Page name | dewisol |
| Translator link 4 | translator-link4 translator4-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator. | Page name | dewisol |
| Translator link 5 | translator-link5 translator5-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator. | Page name | dewisol |
| Translator link 6 | translator-link6 translator6-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator. | Page name | dewisol |
| Translator link 7 | translator-link7 translator7-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator. | Page name | dewisol |
| Translator link 8 | translator-link8 translator8-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator. | Page name | dewisol |
| Translator link 9 | translator-link9 translator9-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator. | Page name | dewisol |
| Country Code | country-code | Two-letter abbreviation of the country issuing the patent. | Anhysbys | dewisol |
COinS
This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.
author-mask — This parameter is primarily intended for use in bibliographies where multiple works by a single author are listed; it is not for use in in-text citations, as it presents the same problems as the use of ibid (see WP:IBID). It replaces the name of the first author (which must still be provided to garner metadata) with a strike-through dash (—) author-mask em in length. So, if |author-mask=1 then the dash will be one em in length, if |author-mask=2 it will be two em long, and so on. Set author-mask to a text value to display a word instead – for example, "with". You must still include |last= and |first= for metadata purposes.
| Mae'r ddogfennaeth uchod wedi ei thrawsgynnwys o Nodyn:Citation/doc. (golygu | hanes) Gall golygyddion arbrofi yn y tudalennau pwll tywod (creu | drych) a testcases (creu). Os gwelwch yn dda, ychwanegwch gategorïau a rhyngwicis at yr is-dudalen /doc. Is-dudalennau'r nodyn hwn. |