Ûi-thoân-chú (tek.
Seng-bu̍t ê hoat-io̍k kap kok iūⁿ ê piáu-hêng (phenotype) sī ûi-thoân-chú kap khôan-kéng kau-hō͘ chok-iōng ê kiat-kó.
Toā-hūn ê ûi-thoân-chú sī DNA hun-chú cho͘-sêng--ê. Kî-tiong ū-ê pō͘-hūn ē-sái choán-siá chò mRNA, mRNA koh-lâi ē-sái hoan-e̍k (translation) chò nn̄g-pe̍h-chit. Chit-ê kòe-têng sī ûi-thoân-chú piáu-ta̍t (gene expression), só͘ chè-chō ê nn̄g-pe̍h-chit kap RNA kiò-chò ûi-thoân-chú sán-bu̍t.
Khah goân-sú ê khài-liām sī Gregor Mendel kun-kù i tī 1860 nî-tāi tùi hôe-liân-tāu (Pisum sativum) ê gián-kiù só͘ thê-chhut. I hoat-kiàn ū-ê ûi-thoân sèng-chit ū hun-soàⁿ chhut-hiān ê te̍k-sek.
Tī 1889 nî, Hugo de Vries tī i ê tì-chok Intracellular Pangenesis lāi-bīn sú-iōng "pangen" lāi piáu-sī Mendel ha̍k-soat lāi-té ê ûi-thoân tan-goân khài-liām (hit-tong-sî De Vries khó-lêng iáu m̄-chai Mendel ê gián-kiù). Āu-lâi, Wilhelm Johannsen koh kā "pangen" kán-lio̍k chò "gen", Eng-gí hoan-e̍k chòe "gene".
Ûi-thoân-chú khah kū-sek ê koan-liām sī chi̍t tōaⁿ DNA sū-lia̍t, pún tōaⁿ DNA ē-sài hông choán-siá chò RNA, jî-chhiá chìn chi̍t pō͘ hoan-e̍k chò ē-tàng áu chò tàn-pe̍h-chit chham-ka sè-pau tāi-siā kap kò͘-chō ê polypeptide. M̄-koh chiàu kho-ha̍k siōng tùi ûi-thoân hiān-siōng ê siông-sè liáu-kái lâi kóng, kài-liām siōng hiān-taⁿ "ûi-thoân-chú" í-keng chin pháiⁿ chò chhut thóng-it ê tēng-gī, i kun-kù kò-pia̍t ê si̍t-giām su-kiû, tī kò-pia̍t ê gián-kiù lāi-bīn ū ka-tī ê bô sio-siâng ê sú-iōng hong-sek. Chóng-sī ûi-thoân-chú oa-ná thang chò kài-lio̍k-sèng ê ēng-gí, pang-chō͘ kho-ha̍k-ka tîn-su̍t DNA ê seng-bu̍t ki-lêng.
Tī kó͘-tián ûi-thoân-ha̍k lāi-bīn, ûi-thoân-chú sī jiám-sek-thé téng-bīn ê ûi-thoân bu̍t-chit, i pún-sin kap kî-tha ê ûi-thoân-chú, koat-tēng liáu seng-bu̍t kò-thé ê khoán-sit (characteristic). I tùi-èng chi̍t tōaⁿ ûi-thoân bu̍t-chit, it-poaⁿ sī DNA (pō͘-hūn sī RNA). Chi̍t-ê ûi-thoán-chú ê chē khoán hêng-sek, kiò chò i-ê tùi-ngó͘-chú (alleles), keng-kòe tu̍t-piàn (mutation) ē sán-seng sin-ê tùi-ngó͘-chú khoán-iūⁿ. Chiàu kó͘-tián ì-gī, ûi-thoân-chú ē-tàng tēng-gī chò ē-sài siū têng-cho͘ (recombination) an-pâi he̍k-chiá sī tu̍t-piàn ia̍h khòng-chè it-tēng ki-lêng, ê ûi-thoân chòe-sió tan-goân.
Nā tī hun-chú ê koan-tiám lâi kóng ûi-thoân-chú sī sè-pau beh chè-chō RNA he̍k-chiá sī polypeptide sán-bu̍t só͘ su-iàu ê kui lia̍t hu̍t-sng sū-lia̍t, chiàu chit khoán ì-gī, ûi-thoân-chú put-tàn pau-koat tòa bi̍t-bé khu-tōaⁿ ê cistron, mā hâm kî-tha koan-hē khòng-chè choán-siá ê khu-tōaⁿ, chia-ê pō͘ hūn ū khó-lêng kî cistron chin hn̄g. Ûi-thoân-chú ē-tàng hun chò saⁿ khoán: kò͘-chō ûi-thoân-chú (structural genes) sī hâm kàⁿ-sò͘ kap kî-thah tàn-pe̍h-chit ê polypeptide ê bi̍t-bé ê ûi-thoân-chú; koh ū RNA ûi-thoân-chú, sī hâm ribosome RNA kap choán-sàng RNA bi̍t-bé ê ûi-thoân-chú; koh ū tiâu-chiat ûi-thoân-chú (regulator genes), sī tiâu-chéng pa̍t khoán ûi-thoán-chú piáu-ta̍t ê ûi-thoân-chú.
Ûi-thoân-thé ê chhùn-chhioh, he̍k-chiá kóng ûi-thoân-chú ê sò͘-liōng, tī bô kâng seng-bu̍t ū chin tōa ê chha-pia̍t. Siāng sió ê ûi-thoân-thé, sī chhut-hiān tī pēⁿ-to̍k, siāng chió taⁿ 2-ê thang seng-sán tān-pe̍h-chit ê ûi-thoân-chú; he̍k-chiá chhiūⁿ lūi-pēⁿ-to̍k (viroid), pún-sin sī chi̍t-ê RNA ûi-thoân-thé. Nā siāng tōa liōng ê ûi-thoân-chú chhut-hiān tī si̍t-bu̍t, phì-jû tiū-á ū chhiau-kòe 46,000 ê tān-pe̍h-chit pian-bé ûi-thoân-chú.
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