Ikhambi lokugoma ikhambi elinyusa amandla wamasosha omzimba ukuze ezolwa nasifo thizeni.
Ikhambi lokugoma luvamise ukwakhiwa ngenxenye yegciwane elidala izifo. Kujwayele ukuthi lengxenye yegciwane kube amagciwane abulewe noma amacezu akhomba uhlobo legciwane. Lawa macezu aqeqesha amasosha omzimba ukuthi akwazi ukubona igciwane ukuze amasosha omzimba alwe nalo alibulale uma sekufika igciwane langempela.
Ukunika umuntu umuthi oqeqesha amasosha omzimba kuthiwa ukugoma. Akukho okuhlula ukugoma ekuvimbeni ukutheleleka ngezifo ezidalwa amagciwane. Umlando utshengisa ukuthi ukugoma kwaqeda izifo okubalwa kuzo ingxibongo, kwaphinde kwanciphisa amazinga ezifo okubalwa kuzo i-polio, isimungumungwane, kanye ne-tetanus. Imithi kugoma kwaziwa igwema izifo okubalwa kuzo umkhuhlane, i-HPV, kanye nenqubulunjwana.
Igama lomuthi womgongo kuthiwa i-vaccine ngesiNgisi okuyigama elaqanjwa ngu-Edward Jenner owalisungula olimini lwesiLathini olusho inqubulunjwana yezinkomo ngesitkhathi eqamba umuthi wokuligoma.
Imithi yoku goma iphephile futhi iyasebenza kahle ukulwa nezifo ezithelelanayo. Kodwa ke, kukhona izindawo lapho ugugoma kuba buthaka khona.
Amandla emithi yomgomo anqunyelwe izinto eziningi njenge:
Uma umuntu ogonyiwe uyasithola isifo agonyelwe sona (lokhu kuthiwa isifo esingena ngenkani) kuvamile ukuthi kwehle ukuthelelanana kwalesi sifo kwabanye abantu abangagonyiwe.
Okulandelayo izinto okumele ziqaphelwe ukuze luzosebenza kahle uhlelo lokugoma abantu:
Ukugoma sekwaqeda izifo ezifana nengxibongo, eyaziwa njengenye yezifo ezazithelelana zibhubhisa abantu emhlabeni. Ezinye izifo kubalwa kuzo i-rubella, i-polio, isimungumungwane, i-mumps, i-chickenpox, kanye nei-typhoid eseza cishe zaphela ngenxa yokugoma okwakusabalele.
Uma iningi labantu bangomile. Kuba nzima kakhulu ukuthi isifo sibhebhetheke. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuphepha komhlambi.
Ukugoma kuvimba ukuqala kokumelana nokusebenza komuthi obulala amagciwane. Umzekelo; izinhlelo zomgomo sezehlise amazinga ukumelana nokusebenza kwemithi efana ne-penicillin ebulala amagciwane anjenge-Streptococcus pneumoniae edala inyumoniya.
Umgomo wesimungumungwana uvimbela ukufa kwabantu abangama 1-million minyaka yonke.
Ukugoma kwabantwana kuphephile. Imithelela emibi ijwayele ukuba mncane. Imithelela ijwayele ukuba imfiva, ubuhlungu endaweni yokujova, kanye nezinhlungu zomsipha.
Imithelela emibi kakhulu ayijwayelekile.
Imithi yomgomo yakhiwe ngezincezu zamagciwane.
Ziningi izihlobo ezisetshenziswayo.
Kukhona imithi yomgomo eyakhiwe ngamagciwane acishiwe kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali, ukushisa, noma imisebe endmandla. Imizekelo kungabalwa kuyo imithi yokugoma elwa nezifo ezifana ne-polio, hepatitis A, amarabi, kanye nomkhuhlane.
Kukhona imithi yomgomo enamagciwane aphilayo, ancishisiwe. Le nhlobo yomgomo yenza umzimba ube namandla anyukile ukulwa nezifo kodwa awuphephile ukusetshenziswa kubantu abamasosha omzimba abuthaka.
Kukhona indlela yokuthatha into ewubuthi, bucishwe ubuthi bayo ukuze kwakhiwe ngayo umuthi yomgomo obizwa nge-toxoid.
Kukhona umuthi wokugoma owakhiwa ngengxenye yegciwane thizeni ukuze kuzoqeqesheka amasosha omzimba.
Kukhona amagciwane ambozwe ngento okuthiwa i-polysaccharide edala ukuthi ifihleke kumasosha omzimba. Abacwaningi bakwazi ukuthatha i-polysaccharide emboze igciwane ayihlanganise neprotheni thizeni ezokwenza ukuthi amasosha omzimba akwazi ukulibona igciwane.
Miningi imithi yomgomo emisha eqanjwayo kumanje. Yize imithi yokugoma eminingi yakhiwa kusetshenziswa amagciwane abulewe kanye nezingxenye zamanye amagciwane, kukhona imithi yokugoma eyokwenziwa eyakhiwe ngezinto ezingatholakazi emvelweni.
Imithi yokugoma ingaba isimo sokuba-monovalant noma ibe multivalant. Umuthi wokugoma one simo sokuba-monovalant wakhelwe ukuthi ulwe nomazisi wegciwane elilodwa noma igciwane elilodwa. Umuthi wokugoma one simo sokuba-multivalant ukwazi ukubona ilwe namagciwane amaningi.
Kukhona imithi yokugoma eyakhiwa ngokusebenzisa amagciwane aqhamuka ezilwaneni ukuze asetshenziswe kumuntu noma olunye uhlobo lwesilwane.
Uma amasosha omzimba athola umuthi wokugoma egazini awubona njengento eqhamuka ngaphandle komzimba, ayibulale bese “ayayikhumbula”. Uma sekufika igciwane langempela emzimbeni, amasosha omzimba ayakwazi ukukhumbulu bese:
Imithi yokugoma ijwayele ukuhlanganisa nezinto ezisiza ukugoma eziqinisa amasosha omzimba. Kuyenzeka ukuthi imithi yokugoma ixutshwe nezinto ezenza ukuthi umuthi ugcineke ungaboli uma uhlaselwa amanye amagciwane kanye nesikhunta.
Kufuneka ukuthi abantwana bathole umgomo ngesikhathi lapho khona imizimba yabo isikwazi isikwazi ukuba namasosha omzimba “anamandla aphelele”. Lokhu kuhambisana nohlelo lokugoma oluyinkimbinkimbi. Miningi imithi yokugoma ehambisana nezigaba zokukhula komuntu mpilo yonke. Umzekelo, isimungumungwana, i-tetanus, umkhuhlane, kanye nenyumoniya. Kuvamise ukuthi imithi yokugoma enikwa abantu asebekhulile kakhulu ibhekane nenyumoniya kanye nomkhuhlane.
Ngaphambi kokuthi kube khona imithi yokugoma enamacezu aqhamuka kwingxibongo yezinkomo, abantu babekwazi ukuthelelelana ngamabomu ngegciwane lengxibongo. Kunobufakazi emlandweni obutshengisa ukuthi izwe laseShayina laseliqalile ukugomela ingxibongo eminyakeni engu-1000 edlule.
Eminyakeni yangama-1760s, u- Edward Jenner wathola ukuthi abantu abasengayo kwakungenzeki ukuthi bathole ingxibongo ngoba basebetheleleke ngengxibongo yezinkomo. Ngonyaka ka 1796, u-Jenner wabuka ukhunta oluqhamuka esandleni somuntu osengayo otheleleke ngengxibongo yezinkomo, waluhlikihla esandleni somfana oneminyaka eyisi-8 okwatholakala ukuthi usegomekile ekutholeni ingxibongo emva kwamaviki ayisi-6. Kwatholala ukuthi akayitholanga ingxobongo.
U-Jenner waqhubeka nalolucwaningo kwathi ngonyaka ka-1798 wabika ukuthi umuthi wakhe wokugoma usebenza ngokuphelile ezinganeni nakwabadala. Isizukulwane salomuthi wokugoma saqhamuka ngeminyaka yama-1800 ngu-Louis Pasteur.
Iminyaka yama-1900 yabona ukuqala kwemithi yokugoma eminingi, okubalwa kuyo imithi elwa ne-diphtheria, isimungumungwana, i-mumps, kanye ne-rubella. Kwa igxathu elikhulu ukutholakala komgomo we-polio ngeminyaka yo-1950 lapho okwaphinde kwanqotshwa khona ingxibongo eminyakeni yo-1960 no-1970. u-Maurice Hilleman waba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni yalemigomo.
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhambi okugoma amaningi kuze kube manje ime ngokuxhaswa uhulumeni, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme kanye nabasizi bomphakathi abazimele. Amakhambi okugoma amaningi awabizanga kakhulu aphinde asiza abezempilo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhambi okugoma kunyuke kakhulu eminyakeni eyedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugonywa kwezilwane kusiza ukuthi zingatholi izifo nokuthi zingatheleli abantu ngezifo.
Ukufaka idokodo lokuqamba ikhambi lokugoma kungaba ingqinamba ekuqanjweni kwamakambi okugoma amasha ngenxa yokuthi lawa madokodo awavikelekile kahle. Ukwenziwa kwamadokodo kwenzelwa ukuthi ligcineke liyimfihlo.
Isigungu sezempilo umhlaba wonke i-WHO ithi into evimba ukuthi kwenziwe amakhambi okugoma emazweni azathuthuka imali, izinsiza kusebenza nabasebenzi abawaziyo umsebenzi.
Ukuthuuthukiswa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuthumela izinto, kunyusa ithemba lokwakhuwa kwamakhambi okugoma azothunyelwa ngokuphepha bese eyasetshenziswa. Izindlela ezincomekayo zokunikwa kwabantu abakhambi okugoma abala imigomo ethathwa ngomlomo. Ikhambi lokugoma elithathwa ngomlomo labonakala lisebenziseka kalula uma lisetshenziswa abasebenzi abangaqeqeshiwe. Ikhambi lokugoma elingasebinzisi umjovo lisahlolwa ngezilwane okwamanje. Kwakhiwe istembu esincane esifanisa nebhandishi elinamathelayo esinama-microscopic projections angu-20 000.
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhambi omgomo kunemikhuba ejwayelekile:
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