链球菌属 肺炎鏈球菌 科学分类 域: 细菌域 Bacteria 界: 细菌界 Bacteria 门: 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes 纲: 芽孢杆菌纲 Bacilli 目: 乳杆菌目 Lactobacillales 科: 链球菌科 Streptococcaceae 属: 链球菌属 Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884 模式種 化膿性鏈球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884
種 见正文
种类划分
一般以兰斯菲尔德分类法 (Lancefield classification)和溶血类型划分。例如产脓链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes )为兰斯菲尔德一型(Group A)并为β溶血类型(β-haemolytic)。
肺炎鏈球菌 (Streptococcus pneumoniae )没有兰斯菲尔德抗原,但是可以根据它是从呼吸道中提取,显微镜下为双球菌状(diplococcus),α溶血,菌落呈湿润状(有荚膜生成),中间有凹陷(draughtsman shape,因为有autolysin产生),以确定。
本属包括以下物种:
少酸链球菌 Streptococcus acidominimus Ayers & Mudge, 1922 无乳链球菌 Streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann & Neumann, 1896 非解乳糖链球菌 Streptococcus alactolyticus Farrow et al., 1985 咽峡炎链球菌 Streptococcus anginosus (Andrewes and Horder 1906) Smith and Sherman 1938 (Approved Lists 1980) 南方链球菌 Streptococcus australis Willcox et al. 2001 阿齐兹链球菌 Streptococcus azizii Shewmaker et al. 2017 奶牛乳腺炎链球菌 Streptococcus bovimastitidis de Vries et al. 2018 牛链球菌 Streptococcus bovis Orla-Jensen 1919 (Approved Lists 1980),异名 驯马链球菌 Streptococcus caballi Milinovich et al., 2008 加勒多尼亚链球菌 Streptococcus caledonicus Foster et al. , 2020 单峰驼链球菌 Streptococcus cameli Kadri et al., 2015 犬链球菌 Streptococcus canis Devriese et al., 1986,狗链球菌 山羊链球菌 Streptococcus caprae Vela et al., 2016 羊链球菌 Streptococcus caprinus Brooker et al. , 1996,异名 海狸链球菌 Streptococcus castoreus Lawson et al., 2005 豚鼠链球菌 Streptococcus caviae Palakawong Na Ayudthaya et al., 2017 Streptococcus cecorum Devriese et al. , 1983,异名 星座链球菌 Streptococcus constellatus (Prévot 1924) Holdeman and Moore, 1974 (Approved Lists 1980) Streptococcus cremoris Orla-Jensen 1919 (Approved Lists 1980),异名 大鼠链球菌 Streptococcus criceti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus cricetus 嵴链球菌 Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991,也拼作:Streptococcus crista 兔链球菌 Streptococcus cuniculi Vela et al. 2014 Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al. , 2022 丹尼尔氏链球菌 Streptococcus danieliae Clavel et al. 2013 Streptococcus defectivus Bouvet et al. , 1989,为Abiotrophia defectiva (Bouvet et al. 1989) Kawamura et al. 1995的异名 野猪牙链球菌 Streptococcus dentapri Takada et al., 2010 驴牙链球菌 Streptococcus dentasini Takada et al., 2013 非洲象牙链球菌 Streptococcus dentiloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2016 蝙蝠齿链球菌 Streptococcus dentirousetti Takada & Hirasawa, 2008 Streptococcus dentisani Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014,为Streptococcus oralis subsp. dentisani (Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014) Jensen et al. 2016的异名 德夫里耶斯链球菌 Streptococcus devriesei Collins et al., 2004 负鼠链球菌 Streptococcus didelphis Rurangirwa et al., 2000 Streptococcus difficilis Eldar et al. , 1995,也拼作Streptococcus difficile 汗毛链球菌 Streptococcus downei Whiley et al., 1988 唐氏链球菌 Streptococcus downii Martínez-Lamas et al. , 2020 Streptococcus durans (Collins et al. , 1984) Knight et al. , 1984,异名 停乳链球菌 Streptococcus dysgalactiae (ex Diernhofer 1932) Garvie et al. 1983 停乳链球菌停乳亚种 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae 停乳链球菌似马亚种 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis 内脏链球菌 Streptococcus entericus Vela et al., 2002 马链球菌 Streptococcus equi Sand & Jensen, 1888 马链球菌马亚种 Streptococcus equi subsp. equi 马链球菌兽瘟亚种 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus 马肠链球菌 Streptococcus equinus Andrewes & Horder, 1906 Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes and Horder 1906 (Approved Lists 1980),异名 Streptococcus faecium Orla-Jensen 1919 (Approved Lists 1980),异名 野生链球菌 Streptococcus ferus (ex Coykendall 1977) Coykendall 1983 Streptococcus fryi Tomida et al. , 2021 鸡棚链球菌 Streptococcus gallinaceus Collins et al., 2002 Streptococcus gallinarum Bridge and Sneath 1982,异名 解没食子酸链球菌 Streptococcus gallolyticus Osawa et al. 1996 解没食子酸链球菌解没食子酸亚种 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus ,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis )生物型i。 解没食子酸链球菌巴氏亚种 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus ,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis )生物型ii/2 Streptococcus garvieae Collins et al. 1984,异名 格氏链球菌 Streptococcus gordonii Kilian et al. 1989 灰海豹链球菌 Streptococcus halichoeri Lawson et al., 2004 耐盐链球菌 Streptococcus halotolerans Niu et al., 2016 Streptococcus hansenii Holdeman and Moore 1974,异名 亨氏链球菌 Streptococcus henryi Milinovich et al., 2008 希利尔氏链球菌 Streptococcus hillyeri MacFadyen et al. , 2019 喜马拉雅链球菌 Streptococcus himalayensis Niu et al., 2017 香港链球菌 Streptococcus hongkongensis Lau et al. , 2013 猪肠链球菌 Streptococcus hyointestinalis Devriese et al. 1988 生殖道链球菌 Streptococcus hyovaginalis Devriese et al., 1997 鲶鱼链球菌 Streptococcus ictaluri Shewmaker et al., 2007 Streptococcus ilei Hyun et al. , 2022 小儿链球菌 Streptococcus infantarius Schlegel et al., 2000 婴儿链球菌 Streptococcus infantis Kawamura et al. 1998 婴儿链球菌婴儿亚种 Streptococcus infantarius subsp infantarius 海豚链球菌 Streptococcus iniae Pier & Madin, 1976 中间链球菌 Streptococcus intermedius Prévot, 1925 Streptococcus intestinalis Robinson et al. , 1988,异名 母乳链球菌 Streptococcus lactarius Martín et al., 2011 Streptococcus lactis (Lister 1873) Löhnis 1909,异名 Streptococcus loxodontisalivarius Saito et al., 2014 巴黎链球菌 Streptococcus lutetiensis Poyart et al., 2002,过去称为牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis )生物型ii.1 猴链球菌 Streptococcus macacae Beighton et al., 1984 Streptococcus macedonicus Tsakalidou et al. 1998,异名 海哺乳动物链球菌 Streptococcus marimammalium Lawson et al., 2005 旱獭链球菌 Streptococcus marmotae Niu et al., 2016 马西利亚链球菌 Streptococcus massiliensis Glazunova et al., 2006 蒙古沙鼠链球菌 Streptococcus merionis Tappe et al., 2009 小链球菌 Streptococcus minor Vancanneyt et al., 2004 缓症链球菌 Streptococcus mitis Andrewes and Horder 1906 (Approved Lists 1980) Streptococcus morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Holdeman and Moore 1974 (Approved Lists 1980),异名 摩洛哥链球菌 Streptococcus moroccensis Kadri et al., 2014 变异链球菌 Streptococcus mutans Clarke, 1924 低聚发酵链球菌 Streptococcus oligofermentans Tong et al. , 2003,异名 口腔链球菌 Streptococcus oralis Bridge and Sneath 1982 卷尾猴口腔链球菌 Streptococcus oricebi Saito et al., 2016 非洲象口腔链球菌 Streptococcus oriloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2014 驴口腔链球菌 Streptococcus orisasini Takada et al., 2013 Streptococcus oriscaviae Teng et al. , 2023 鼠口腔链球菌 Streptococcus orisratti Zhu et al., 2000 猪口腔链球菌 Streptococcus orisuis Takada & Hirasawa, 2007 羊链球菌 Streptococcus ovis Collins et al., 2001 羊乳房链球菌 Streptococcus ovuberis Zamora et al. 2017 太平洋链球菌 Streptococcus pacificus Volokhov et al. , 2021 牙齿链球菌 Streptococcus panodentis Okamoto et al., 2016 藏羚羊链球菌 Streptococcus pantholopis Bai et al., 2016 副血链球菌 Streptococcus parasanguinis Whiley et al. 1990,也拼作Streptococcus parasanguis 副猪链球菌 Streptococcus parasuis Nomoto et al., 2015 副乳房链球菌 Streptococcus parauberis Williams & Collins, 1990 Streptococcus parvulus (Weinberg et al. , 1937) Cato 1983,异名 Streptococcus pasteurianus Poyart et al. 2002,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus (Poyart et al. 2002) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名 杀对虾链球菌 Streptococcus penaeicida Morales-Covarrubias et al. 2018 泛口腔链球菌 Streptococcus peroris Kawamura et al., 1998 咽喉部链球菌 Streptococcus pharyngis Vela et al. 2015,异名 海豹链球菌 Streptococcus phocae Skaar et al., 1994 Streptococcus plantarum Collins et al. , 1984,异名 Streptococcus pleomorphus Barnes et al. , 1979 (Approved Lists 1980),为Faecalicoccus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1979) De Maesschalck et al. 2014的异名 多动物源链球菌 Streptococcus pluranimalium Devriese et al., 1999 多内器官链球菌 Streptococcus plurextorum Vela et al., 2009 肺炎链球菌 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein 1884) Chester 1901 猪心链球菌 Streptococcus porci Vela et al., 2010 豕链球菌 Streptococcus porcinus Collins et al. 1985 小猪链球菌 Streptococcus porcorum Vela et al., 2011 假肺炎链球菌 Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae Arbique et al. 2005 假豕链球菌 Streptococcus pseudoporcinus Bekal et al., 2007 化膿性鏈球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884,也称化脓链球菌 Streptococcus raffinolactis Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932 (Approved Lists 1980),为Lactococcus raffinolactis (Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932) Schleifer et al. 1988的异名 鼠链球菌 Streptococcus ratti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus rattus 呼吸系统链球菌 Streptococcus respiraculi Niu et al. 2018 里夫链球菌 Streptococcus rifensis Kadri et al., 2014 鲁布纳氏链球菌 Streptococcus rubneri Huch et al., 2013 反刍链球菌 Streptococcus ruminantium Tohya et al., 2017 Streptococcus ruminicola Park et al. 2023 羚羊链球菌 Streptococcus rupicaprae Vela et al., 2011 Streptococcus saccharolyticus Farrow et al. , 1985,为Enterococcus saccharolyticus (Farrow et al. 1985) Rodrigues and Collins 1991的异名 Streptococcus salivarius (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Farrow & Collins, 1984 唾液链球菌 Streptococcus salivarius Andrewes & Horder, 1906 唾液链球菌唾液亚种 Streptococcus salivarius salivarius 唾液链球菌嗜热亚种 Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus 非洲象口水链球菌 Streptococcus saliviloxodontae Saito et al., 2014 血链球菌 Streptococcus sanguinis White & Niven, 1946,也拼作:Streptococcus sanguis Streptococcus sciuri Volokhov et al. 2023 Streptococcus shiloi Eldar et al. , 1995,为Streptococcus iniae Pier and Madin 1976的异名 中华链球菌 Streptococcus sinensis Woo et al., 2002 表兄链球菌 Streptococcus sobrinus (ex Coykendall 1974) Coykendall 1983 豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus suis (ex Elliott, 1966) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer, 1987 丹吉尔链球菌 Streptococcus tangierensis Kadri et al., 2015 Streptococcus thalassemiae Diouf et al. 2023 嗜热链球菌 Streptococcus thermophilus Orla-Jensen, 1919 托尔豪特镇链球菌 Streptococcus thoraltensis Devriese et al., 1997 Streptococcus tigurinus Zbinden et al. , 2012,为Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus (Zbinden et al. 2012) Jensen et al. 2016的异名 Streptococcus toyakuensis Wajima et al. , 2022 黑猩猩链球菌 Streptococcus troglodytae Okamato et al., 2013 染病黑猩猩链球菌 Streptococcus troglodytidis Zhang et al., 2013 乳房链球菌 Streptococcus uberis Diernhofer, 1932 脲链球菌 Streptococcus urinalis Collins et al., 2000 熊口腔链球菌 Streptococcus ursoris Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al. , 2011 前庭链球菌 Streptococcus vestibularis Whiley & Hardie, 1988 Streptococcus vicugnae Volokhov et al. , 2021 Streptococcus waius Flint et al. , 1999,为Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的异名 加州海狮链球菌 Streptococcus zalophi Volokhov et al. , 2021 流行链球菌 Streptococcus zooepidemicus ,异名 传染途径
链球菌通常寄生在口腔、皮肤、肠道和上呼吸道,因为其它共生菌的竞争和免疫系统它们一般不会造成疾病,所以被认为是人的正常共生菌落的一部分。但是当某些特定的菌株进入人体,并在特定组织或器官建立起感染时,便会引发疾病。链球菌的种类很多,可以感染人体的多种部位,导致多种不同疾病。
链球菌会通过以下特定的方式传播:
物理接触。 通过被链球菌污染的食物及其盛放器具。 通过咳嗽,喷嚏等反应从呼吸道中带出细菌。 致病菌种
琼脂平碟上的红细胞,用于诊断感染。左边的碟子显示葡萄状球菌感染阳性。右边的碟子显示链球菌感染阳性,圆晕显示为一型链球菌感染。 链球菌属(Streptococcus )中,以兰斯菲尔德分类法 划分可以导致疾病的种有:
一型链球菌 一型链球菌(Group A Streptococci),如产脓链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes ) 造成一型链球菌感染(Group A streptococcal infection)。
产脓链球菌会感染成年人,导致发烧,喉咙痛(链球菌性咽炎 ),颈部淋巴肿大。当被感染时,小孩可能会有喉咙痛、皮疹、腹部绞痛等症状,医生可以从咽喉提取样本进行培养和生化测试以确诊。值得注意的是产脓链球菌和很多其它链球菌有M蛋白抗原(M-protein antigen),这种抗原与心脏肌肉和关节处组织的抗原很相像,长时间的链球菌感染会产生自免疫反应, 增加类风湿性关节炎 和风湿性心肌炎的危险。
二型链球菌 二型链球菌(Group B Streptococci),也称为GBS,如Streptococcus agalactiae ,会导致新生儿和老年人的脑膜炎 ,有时也会导致全身性的细菌性败血症。
链球菌通常也会寄生在女性的生殖道内,产生酸性环境,抑制其它细菌,但是有些二型链球菌会感染生殖道,增加羊膜过早破裂的危险,使胎儿流产。
美国疾病控制预防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)有专门的对GBS的介绍:Preventing Group B Strep Disease (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )
四型链球菌 四型链球菌(Group D Streptococci):S. durans 、S. avium 、牛链球菌(S. bovis )
肺炎链球菌 (Streptococcus pneumoniae )在很少的情况下(如免疫力降低)从上呼吸道进入下呼吸道再进入肺部,产生肺炎链球菌溶血素(pneumolysin),在肺部建立感染,因免疫反应而使肺部机能失常,导致肺炎 。
草绿色链球菌 草绿色链球菌(Streptococcus viridans )可以导致心内膜炎 和口腔感染。
參見
外部連結
Reference: Madigan MT. et.al , Brock Biology of Microorgnanisms, 8th Ed, 1997.
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