沙皇
沙皇（俄语：царь）是部分斯拉夫君主采用个头衔，此字源于罗马时期个拉丁语称号“凯撒”，拉中世纪时被视为搭“皇帝”一词拥有类同个地位，即搭罗马皇帝一样，受别样国皇帝或宗教领袖（如罗马教宗或君士坦丁堡牧首）认许。此头衔最先为保加利亚君主采用，后来拉拜占庭帝国灭亡后由莫斯科公国承袭。
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