Kgolo Ya Ngwana

Ke tsela e e sa feleng e o ka  akanyetsang tatelano ya yona le fa e na le tswetsopele e e itlhophileng ya ngwana mongwe le mongwe. Ga e tsweleIe ka kgato e e tshwanang mme kgato nngwe le nngwe e tshwaetswa ke mefuta/mekgwa ya kgolo e e tlhagileng pele. Ka gonne diphetogo tsa kgolo di ka tlhotlhelediwa ke [genetic factors] le ditiragalo dingwe tsa pele ga tswalo/tsalo, [genetics] le [prenatal development] gole gontsi di akareditswe jaaka bontlhanngwe jwa thuto ya kgolo ya ngwana. Mafoko a a amanang nayo a akaretsa [developmental psychology], e e kaelelwang go kgolo gotlhelele ya botshelo, le [pediatrics], lekala la tsa [medicine] le le amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana. Diphetogo tsa kgolo di diragala e le ditlamorago tsa [genetically-controlled] processes tse di bidiwang [maturation], kgotsa e le ditlamorago dintlha tsa tikologo le boithuti, le fa ka setlwaedi e akaretsa tirisano magareng a tse pedi. E ka diragala e le ditlamorago tsa boleng ba motho le bokgoni ba rona go ithuta go tswa tikologong ya rona.  

Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ditlhaloso tsa dikga tsa kgolo ya ngwana, ka ge sekga sengwe le sengwe e le tsweletsopele le pharologano ya motho go ya ka tshimololo le bofelo. Dikga le dikao dingwe tsa kgolo tse diamanang le ngwaga go ya ka makgetlho a a rileng ke: newborn (ages 0–4 weeks); infant (ages 4 weeks – 1 year); toddler (ages 1–3 years); preschooler (ages 4–6 years); school-aged child (ages 6–11 years); adolescent (ages 12–19).

Ecological systems

Gape e bidiwa "development in context" kgotsa "human ecology" theory, ecological systems theory, ka tlhago e tlhamilwe ke Urie Bronfenbrenner e nankola mehuta e mene ya nested environmental systems, tse di nang le khuetso e e bi-directional ka gare le magareng ga disystemo. disystemo tse nne tse ke microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Systemo nngwe le nngwe e nna le karolo/seabe, mareo le melao e e segololo se tonna e ka bopang kgolo. Go tloga ka phatlhalatso ka 1979, seteitemente segolo sa Bronfenbrenner mabapi le theori e, The Ecology of Human Development ebile le khuetso ka bophara ka tsele ya phekelo eo dipsychologist le ba bangwe ba ithutang batho le ditikologo tsa bone. Ka ntlha ya khuetso e ya popego-theo ya kgolo, ditikologo tse — go tloga lelapeng go ya go tsa moruo le go dipopelo tsa sepolotiki — di bonwa e le karolo ya tsela ya botshelo go tloga bongwaneng go ya bogoding/kgolong .

Piaget

Jean Piaget e ne e le seruti sa moSwiss seo se simolotseng dithuto tsa kgolo ya tlhaloganyo mengwageng ya bo 1920. Dikgatlhego tsa ga Piaget tsa ntlha e ne e le tseo di dirang ka ditsela/mekgwa eo diphoofolo/diphologolo di tlwaelang ditikologo tsa tsona ka teng mme dikwalo tsa gagwe tsa matlhale tsa ntlha ka serutwa se di ne tsa phatlhalatswa fa a le mengwaga e e lesome. Tiragalo e e ne ya mo rotloetsa go latela Ph.D. ya Zoology, eo e neng ya mo isa kwa kgatlhegong ya gagwe ya bobedi mo go epistemology. Epistemology e entsha lefata go tloga go philosophy mme e dira ka tlhogo ya kitso. Piaget o ne a dumela/kgolwa gore tlhago ya kitso e tswa mo go Psychology, ka jalo o ile a ya Paris mme a simolola go dira diteko tsa ntlha tsa “standardized intelligence test” kwa Alfred Binet laboratories; se se ne sa huetsa tsela-tiro ya gagwe segolo. Fa a ntse a tsweletsa diteko tsa tlhaloganyo a simolola go godisa kgatlhego e e itlhokoditseng ya ka moo go tlhaloganya ga bana go diregang ka teng. Ka ntlha e, o ne a aga laboratory ya gagwe mme a nna mengwa a kwala ka ka moo go tlhaloganya ga ngwana go golang ka teng a ba a leka go fitlhelela ka moo bana ba golang ka teng go ya ka dikgato tse di farologaneng tsa go akanya/tlhaloganya/nagana. Se se dirile gore Piaget a tlhagise dikgato tse nne tsa botlhokwa tsa kgolo ya go tlhaloganya: sensorimotor stage (tsalo go fitlha go ngwaga wa bobedi), preoperational stage (age 2 to 7), concrete-operational stage (ages 7 to 12), and formal-operational stage (ages 11 to 12, and thereafter).