Oge Ikpeazụ

clock
Oge/afọ mmalite	1947
mba/obodo	Njikota Obodo Amerika
webụsaịtị	https://thebulletin.org/doomsday-clock
gosiputara ya	Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

Doomsday Clock akara na-anọchite anya ohere nke Ọdachi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmadụ mere, n'echiche nke ndị otu Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. A na-echekwa ya kemgbe 1947, elekere ahụ bụ ihe atụ maka iyi egwu nye ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ site na ọganihu sayensị na teknụzụ a na-akparaghị ókè. ' na-anọchite anya ọdachi zuru ụwa ọnụ site na etiti abalị na elekere, na echiche Bulletin banyere etu ụwa si dị nso na otu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụfọdụ nke nkeji ma ọ bụ sekọnd na-anọchi anya etiti abalị, nke a na-enyocha na Jenụwarị nke afọ ọ bụla. Isi ihe -emetụta elekere ahụ bụ Ihe ize ndụ nuklia na Mgbanwe ihu igwe. ọrụ Sayensị ' Nchebe nke Bulletin na-enyocha ọganihu ọhụrụ na sayensị na teknụzụ nke ndụ nke nwere ike imerụ ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ahụ.

Ntọala mbụ nke elekere na 1947 bụ nkeji asaa ruo etiti abalị. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-etinye ya azụ ugboro asatọ na n'ihu ugboro iri na asaa maka ngụkọta nke iri abụọ na ise. Oge kachasị anya site na etiti abalị bụ nkeji iri na asaa na 1991, nke kacha nso bụ sekọnd iri itoolu, nke e debere na Jenụwarị 24, 2023.

A kwagara elekere ahụ na nkeji abụọ na ọkara na 2017, wee gaa n'ihu na nkeji abụọ ruo etiti abalị na Jenụwarị 2018, wee hapụ ya n'enweghị mgbanwe na 2019. Jenụwarị 2020, a kwagara ya n'ihu na 100 sekọnd (1 nkeji, 40 sekọnd) tupu etiti abalị. A hapụrụ ọnọdụ elekere ahụ n'agbanweghị na 2021 na 2022. Jenụwarị 2023, a kwagara ya n'ihu na 90 sekọnd (1 nkeji, 30 sekọnd) tupu etiti abalị. Kemgbe afọ 2010, a na-ebugharị elekere ahụ na nkeji anọ na sekọnd iri atọ, ma gbanwee ya na nkeji ise na sekọvemba iri atọ kemgbe afọ 1947.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Enwere ike ịchọta mmalite nke Doomsday Clock otu ndị nchọpụta mba ụwa a na-akpọ Chicago Atomic Scientists, bụ ndị sonyere na Manhattan Project. Mgbe bọmbụ atọm nke Hiroshima na Nagasaki gasịrị, ha malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ mimeographed na magazin, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, nke, kemgbe mmalite ya, gosipụtara elekere na mkpuchi ọ bụla. A na-anọchite anya elekere ahụ na 1947, mgbe onye guzobere Bulletin bụ Hyman Goldsmith gwara onye na-ese ihe Martyl Langsdorf (nwunye onye na-eme nchọpụta na Manhattan Project na onye bịanyere aka na mkpesa Szilárd bụ Alexander Langsdorf, Jr.) ka ọ chepụta mkpuchi maka mbipụta June 1947 nke magazin ahụ. Dị ka Eugene Rabinowitch, onye ọzọ guzobere Bulletin, kọwara mgbe e mesịrị: họọrọ elekere iji gosipụta ịdị ngwa nke nsogbu ahụ: dị ka ịgụta azụ, elekere ahụ na-atụ aro na mbibi ga-eme n'ụzọ nkịtị ọ gwụla ma mmadụ emee ihe iji kwụsị ya.

Na Jenụwarị 2007, onye na-emepụta ihe Michael Bierut, onye nọ na Bulletin' Governing Board, mezigharịrị Doomsday Clock iji nye ya mmetụta ọgbara ọhụrụ. N'afọ 2009, Bulletin kwụsịrị mbipụta ya wee bụrụ otu n'ime mbipụta mbụ na US iji ghọọ dijitalụ kpamkpam; a na-ahụ elekere ugbu a dị ka 'Akụkọ' nke akara ngosi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Bulletin. Ozi gbasara Doomsday Clock Symposium, '"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Doomsday Clock Symposium"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Doomsday_Clock_Symposium-10","html":" \"Doomsday Clock Symposium\". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2013."}}' id="cite_ref-Doomsday_Clock_Symposium_10-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] usoro iheomume nke ntọala elekere, na ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi gbasara Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị elekere nwekwara ike ịchọta na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Bulletin.

E mere 5th Doomsday Clock Symposium na Nọvemba 14, 2013, na Washington, D.C.; ọ bụ ihe omume na-ewe otu ụbọchị nke emeghere ọha na eze ma gosipụta ndị otu na-atụle okwu dị iche iche na isiokwu "Communicating Catastrophe". E nwekwara ihe omume mgbede na Hirshhorn Museum na Sculpture Garden na njikọ aka na ihe ngosi Hirshhor n'oge a, "Damage Control: Art and Destruction Since 1950". ụka panel, nke emere na American Association for the Advancement of Science, sitere na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Bulletin ma ka nwere ike ile ya anya n' ahụ. 'igosi ihe omume mba ụwa dị ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ, a gbanwere elekere ahụ ugboro iri abụọ na ise kemgbe e bidoro ya na 1947, mgbe a setịpụrụ ya "minit asaa ruo etiti abalị".

Ntọala maka ntọala

"Midnight" nwere nkọwa miri emi ma e wezụga egwu agha mgbe niile. E nwere ihe dị iche iche a na-atụle mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị sitere na Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists na-ekpebi ihe Midnight na "ọdachi zuru ụwa ọnụ" pụtara n'ezie n'otu afọ. Ha nwere ike ịgụnye "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ike, ngwá agha, mmekọrịta mba na mba, na sayensị ihu igwe"; ihe ndị nwere ike iyi egwu gụnyere egwu nuklia, mgbanwe ihu igwe, iyi ọha, na ọgụgụ isi aka. Ndị otu ahụ na-ekpe ikpe Midnight site n'ịtụle etu ha si chee na ụmụ mmadụ dị nso na njedebe nke mmepeanya. 1947, na mbido Agha Nzuzo, a malitere elekere na nkeji asaa ruo etiti abalị.

Mgbanwe na egwu

Tupu Jenụwarị 2020, ebe abụọ kachasị ala maka elekere Doomsday bụ na 1953 (mgbe elekere ahụ setịpụrụ nkeji abụọ ruo etiti abalị, mgbe US na Soviet Union malitere ịnwale bọmbụ hydrogen) na 2018, mgbe ndị isi ụwa dara iji dozie esemokwu metụtara ngwá agha nuklia na nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe. 'afọ ndị ọzọ, oge elekere ahụ agbanweela site na nkeji iri na asaa na 1991 ruo nkeji abụọ na nkeji iri atọ na 2017. 'ikwu maka mgbanwe na nkeji + 1/2 na 2017, ojiji mbụ nke akụkụ dị nAkụkọ' ihe mere eme nke elekere ahụ, Lawrence Krauss, otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị sitere na Bulletin, dọrọ aka ná ntị na ndị ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-eme mkpebi dabere na eziokwu, na eziokwu ndị ahụ "ka a ga-eburu n'uche ma ọ bụrụ na a ga-echekwa ọdịnihu nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ". N'ime ọkwa sitere na Bul Bulletin banyere ọnọdụ nke elekere, ha gara n'ebe dị anya ịkpọ oku ka ndị ọrụ ọha na eze "mara ihe" na ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ amaala nwere ike ime mgbalị iji mee ka ha mee ka ha si na ọdachi mee.

Na Jenụwarị 24, 2018, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị weputara elekere ahụ na nkeji abụọ ruo etiti abalị, dabere na egwu kachasị na mpaghara nuklia. ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru, banyere mmegharị ndị North Korea mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'okpuru Kim Jong-un na nchịkwa nke Donald Trump na US: "Okwu na omume na-akpali akpali site n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ emeela ka ohere nke agha nuklia site na mberede ma ọ bụ njehie".

A hapụrụ elekere ahụ n'agbanweghị na 2019 n'ihi egwu abụọ nke ngwá agha nuklia na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na nsogbu nke egwu ndị ahụ "na-akawanye njọ n'afọ a gara aga site na mmụba nke agha ozi iji mebie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya gburugburu ụwa, na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ sitere na egwu ndị a na ndị ọzọ ma na-etinye ọdịnihu nke mmepeanya n'ihe ize ndụ pụrụ iche".

Na Jenụwarị 23, 2020, a kwagara elekere ahụ na 100 sekọnd (1 nkeji, 40 sekọnd) tupu etiti abalị. isi oche nke Bulletin, Jerry Brown, kwuru na "asọmpi dị ize ndụ na ibu iro n' nnukwu ike na-eme ka ohere nke mmejọ nuklia dịkwuo elu... Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emebi nsogbu ahụ". Ọnọdụ "100 sekọnd ruo etiti abalị" agbanwebeghị na 2021 na 2022.

Nnakwere

The Doomsd Clock aghọwo ihe atụ a ma ama n'ụwa niile dịka The Two-Way, blog NPR si kwuo. ka Bulletin si kwuo, elekere ahụ na-adọta ndị ọbịa kwa ụbọchị na saịtị Bulletin karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.

Onye na-ahụ maka akparamàgwà mmadụ Steven Pinker katọrọ Doomsday Clock n'ụzọ siri ike dị ka ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-ezo aka n'okwu onye guzobere ya na ebumnuche ya bụ "ichekwa mmepeanya site n'ịtụ ndị mmadụ egwu". O kwuru na ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụghị dabere na ihe ọ bụla na-egosi nchebe, na-eji ihe atụ ya dị anya site na etiti abalị na 1962 n'oge Cuban Missile Crisis karịa na "n'ebe dị jụụ 2007". kwuru na ọ bụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke ọchịchọ ụmụ mmadụ maka enweghị nchekwube n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma jiri ya tụnyere amụma ndị ọzọ nke mbibi onwe onye nke na-emezughị.

Usoro iheomume

Timeline of the Doomsday Clock
Year	Minutes to midnight	Time (24-h)	Change (minutes)	Reason
1947	7	23:53	—	The initial setting of the Doomsday Clock.
1949	3	23:57	−4	The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb, the RDS-1, officially starting the nuclear arms race.
1953	2	23:58	−1	The United States tests its first thermonuclear device in November 1952 as part of Operation Ivy, before the Soviet Union follows suit with the Joe 4 test in August. This remained the clock's closest approach to midnight (tied in 2018) until 2020.
1960	7	23:53	+5	In response to a perception of increased scientific cooperation and public understanding of the dangers of nuclear weapons (as well as political actions taken to avoid "massive retaliation"), the United States and Soviet Union cooperate and avoid direct confrontation in regional conflicts such as the 1956 Suez Crisis, the 1958 Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, and the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Scientists from various countries help establish the International Geophysical Year, a series of coordinated, worldwide scientific observations between nations allied with both the United States and the Soviet Union, and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, which allow Soviet and American scientists to interact.
1963	12	23:48	+5	The United States and the Soviet Union sign the Partial Test Ban Treaty, limiting atmospheric nuclear testing.
1968	7	23:53	−5	The involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War intensifies, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 takes place, and the Six-Day War occurs in 1967. France and China, two nations which have not signed the Partial Test Ban Treaty, acquire and test nuclear weapons (the 1960 Gerboise Bleue and the 1964 596, respectively) to assert themselves as global players in the nuclear arms race.
1969	10	23:50	+3	Every nation in the world, with the notable exceptions of India, Israel, and Pakistan, signs the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
1972	12	23:48	+2	The United States and the Soviet Union sign the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty.
1974	9	23:51	−3	India tests a nuclear device (Smiling Buddha), and SALT II talks stall. Both the United States and the Soviet Union modernize multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs).
1980	7	23:53	−2	Unforeseeable end to deadlock in American–Soviet talks as the Soviet–Afghan War begins. As a result of the war, the U.S. Senate refuses to ratify the SALT II agreement.
1981	4	23:56	−3	The Clock is adjusted in early 1981. The Soviet war in Afghanistan toughens the U.S.Àtụ:' nuclear posture. U.S. President Jimmy Carter withdraws the United States from the 1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow. The Carter administration considers ways in which the United States could win a nuclear war. Ronald Reagan becomes President of the United States, scraps further arms reduction talks with the Soviet Union, and argues that the only way to end the Cold War is to win it. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union contribute to the danger of nuclear annihilation as they each deploy intermediate-range missiles in Europe. The adjustment also accounts for the Iran hostage crisis, the Iran–Iraq War, China's atmospheric nuclear warhead test, the declaration of martial law in Poland, apartheid in South Africa, and human rights abuses across the world.
1984	3	23:57	−1	Further escalation of the tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, with the ongoing Soviet–Afghan War intensifying the Cold War. U.S. Pershing II medium-range ballistic missile and cruise missiles are deployed in Western Europe. Ronald Reagan pushes to win the Cold War by intensifying the arms race between the superpowers. The Soviet Union and its allies (except Romania) boycott the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, as a response to the U.S.-led boycott in 1980.
1988	6	23:54	+3	In December 1987, the Clock is moved back three minutes as the United States and the Soviet Union sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles, and their relations improve.
1990	10	23:50	+4	The fall of the Berlin Wall and the Iron Curtain, along with the reunification of Germany, mean that the Cold War is nearing its end.
1991	17	23:43	+7	The United States and Soviet Union sign the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), and the Soviet Union dissolves on December 26. This is the farthest from midnight the Clock has been since its inception.
1995	14	23:46	−3	Global military spending continues at Cold War levels amid concerns about post-Soviet nuclear proliferation of weapons and brainpower.
1998	9	23:51	−5	Both India (Pokhran-II) and Pakistan (Chagai-I) test nuclear weapons in a tit-for-tat show of aggression; the United States and Russia run into difficulties in further reducing stockpiles.
2002	7	23:53	−2	Little progress on global nuclear disarmament. United States rejects a series of arms control treaties and announces its intentions to withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, amid concerns about the possibility of a nuclear terrorist attack due to the amount of weapon-grade nuclear materials that are unsecured and unaccounted for worldwide.
2007	5	23:55	−2	North Korea tests a nuclear weapon in October 2006, Iran's nuclear ambitions, a renewed American emphasis on the military utility of nuclear weapons, the failure to adequately secure nuclear materials, and the continued presence of some 26,000 nuclear weapons in the United States and Russia. After assessing the dangers posed to civilization, climate change was added to the prospect of nuclear annihilation as the greatest threats to mankind.
2010	6	23:54	+1	Worldwide cooperation to reduce nuclear arsenals and limit effect of climate change. New START agreement is ratified by both the United States and Russia, and more negotiations for further reductions in the American and Russian nuclear arsenal are already planned. The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen results in the developing and industrialized countries agreeing to take responsibility for carbon emissions and to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius.
2012	5	23:55	−1	Lack of global political action to address global climate change, nuclear weapons stockpiles, the potential for regional nuclear conflict, and nuclear power safety.
2015	3	23:57	−2	Concerns amid continued lack of global political action to address global climate change, the modernization of nuclear weapons in the United States and Russia, and the problem of nuclear waste.
2017	Àtụ:Sfrac	23:57:30	−Àtụ:Sfrac (−30 s)	United States President Donald Trump's comments over nuclear weapons, the threat of a renewed arms race between the U.S. and Russia, and the expressed disbelief in the scientific consensus over climate change by the Trump administration.
2018	2	23:58	−Àtụ:Sfrac (−30 s)	Failure of world leaders to deal with looming threats of nuclear war and climate change. This is the clock's third closest approach to midnight, matching that of 1953.Àtụ:Cbignore In 2019, the Bulletin reaffirmed the "two minutes to midnight" time, citing continuing climate change and Trump administration's abandonment of U.S. efforts to lead the world toward decarbonization; U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, and the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty; U.S. and Russian nuclear modernization efforts; information warfare threats and other dangers from "disruptive technologies" such as synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, and cyberwarfare.Àtụ:Cbignore
2020	Àtụ:Sfrac (100 s)	23:58:20	−Àtụ:Sfrac (−20 s)	Failure of world leaders to deal with the increased threats of nuclear war, such as the end of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) between the United States and Russia as well as increased tensions between the U.S. and Iran, along with the continued neglect of climate change. Announced in units of seconds, instead of minutes; this is the clock's second closest approach to midnight, exceeding that of 1953 and 2018.Àtụ:Cbignore The Bulletin concluded by stating that the current issues causing the adjustment are "the most dangerous situation that humanity has ever faced." In the annual statements for 2021 and 2022, issued in January of each year, the Bulletin left the "100 seconds to midnight" time setting unchanged.
2023	Àtụ:Sfrac (90 s)	23:58:30	−Àtụ:Sfrac (−10 s)	Due largely–but not exclusively–to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the increased risk of nuclear escalation stemming from the conflict. The last remaining nuclear weapons treaty between Russia and the United States, New START, is scheduled to expire in February 2026.Àtụ:Efn Russia also brought its war to the Chernobyl and Zaporizhzhia nuclear reactor sites, violating international protocols and risking widespread release of radioactive materials. North Korea also resumed its nuclear rhetoric, launching an intermediate-range ballistic missile test over Japan in October 2022. Continuing threats posed by the climate crisis and the breakdown of global norms and institutions set up to mitigate risks associated with advancing technologies and biological threats such as COVID-19 also contributed to the time setting.

N'omenala a ma ama

"Seven Minutes to Midnight", otu egwu nke Wah! Ọ bụ! Okpomọkụ, na-ezo aka na mgbanwe nke afọ ahụ nke Doomsday Clock site na nkeji itoolu ruo asaa ruo etiti abalị.
Otu egwu rock nke Australia bụ Midnight Oil's 1984 LP Red Sails in the Sunset gosipụtara abụ a na-akpọ "Minutes to Midnight", na mkpuchi abọm ahụ na-egosi nsụgharị aerial-view nke Sydney mgbe mwakpo nuklia gasịrị. N'afọ 1984, onye na-agụ egwú Peter Garrett gbara ọsọ maka oche na Senate nke Australia dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa maka Nuclear Disarmament Party. Kemgbe ahụ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Australia dị ka onye otu Labour Party ma mesịa bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.
egwu Iron Maiden nke afọ 1984 "2 Minutes to Midnight" na-ezo aka na Doomsday Clock.
Doomsday Clock pụtara Ịnọ mmalite nke vidiyo egwu 1985 maka "Russian" nke Sting.
Akụkọ mkpirikpi nke 1986 "The End of the Whole Mess" nke Stephen King na-ezo aka na elekere Doomsday nke a na-etinye na sekọnd iri na ise tupu etiti abalị n'ihi nnukwu esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
The Doomsday Clock isiokwu a na-ahụkarị na Alan Moore na Dave Gibbons's seminal Watchmen graphic novel series (1986-87), ya 2009 film adaptation, na ya 2019 miniseries na-esote. [1] Tụkwasị na nke a, usoro ihe omume ya, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na DC Universe, na-agbaziri aha ahụ.
Aha album nke Linkin Park nke afọ 2007 Minutes Midnight bụ ihe na-ezo aka na Doomsday Clock. Vidio egwu ha maka "Shadow of the Day" site na Minutes to Midnight, na-anọchite anya Doomsday Clock dị ka elekere n'ezie na ọ na-eru etiti abalị na njedebe nke vidiyo ahụ.
'abụ Flobots "The Circle in the Square", okwu ya na-ekwu " elekere ahụ dị ugbu a 11:55 n'aka ukwu", nke bụ ọnọdụ Doomsday Clock na 2012 mgbe a tọhapụrụ abụ ahụ.
Aha nke ihe omume Doctor Who nke afọ 1982 "Four to Doomsday" na-ezo aka na Doomsday Clock. N'ihe omume 2017 "The Pyramid at the End of the World", ndị Mọnk gbanwere elekere ọ bụla n'ụwa gaa na nkeji atọ ruo etiti abalị dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na ụmụ mmadụ anabataghị enyemaka ha. Ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị agha atọ kachasị ike n'ụwa kwetara na ha agaghị alụ ọgụ, na-ekwere na agha nwere ike ịbụ ọdachi. Otú ọ dị, elekere ahụ nọgidere na-egosi nkeji abụọ ruo etiti abalị. Dọkịta ahụ gbochiri ezigbo ọdachi - ọdachi nje na mberede, elekere ahụ malitere ịlaghachi azụ.
na-egosipụta elekere Doomsday na Yael Bartana's What if Women Ruled the World, nke gosipụtara na July 5, 2017 na Manchester International Festival.
Otu nkeji ruo etiti abalị na Doomsday Clock ka a na-ezo aka nke ukwuu na egwu grime / punk crossover "Effed" nke onye na-eti egwu Nottingham Snowy na Jason Williamson nke Sleaford Mods. N'ihi ọdịnaya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke egwu ahụ, e nwere enweghị mmasị mbụ site na ụlọ ọrụ redio ndị a ma ama igwu egwu ahụ tupu ntuli aka 2019 United Kingdom. dị, ọtụtụ ndị DJ nke BBC Radio mechara kwado egwu ahụ, gụnyere onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ Iggy Pop. [1] [2] [3]
Na Criminal Minds oge 13 nke "The Bunker", ndị na-enweghị isi na-eji Doomsday Clock tọọrọ ụmụ nwanyị.
Ihe omume nke oge nke abụọ nke Madam Secretary "On the Clock" gosipụtara Doomsday Clock, ka ndị na-ese onyinyo na-anwa igbochi ya ịga n'ihu.

Hụkwa

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Ebe obibi nke Doomsday Clock
Usoro iheomume nke Oge Ikpeazụ

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