焦

Translingual edit

Han character edit

焦 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 人土火 (OGF), four-corner 2033₁, composition ⿱隹灬)

Derived terms edit

僬, 噍, 嫶, 嶕, 𢄺, 憔, 撨, 潐, 㺘, 𨖵, 𭧭, 樵, 燋, 膲, 𥛲, 𪽢, 瞧, 礁, 穛, 𧝈, 𥼚, 𦅃, 𦗠, 𦣳, 蟭, 譙(谯), 趭, 醮, 鐎(𨱓), 䩌, 𩏢, 𣟼, 𩴧, 𪆄
劁, 𨝱, 𣤚, 㲬, 顦, 鷦(鹪), 𨿈, 𨿞, 𭔓, 嶣, 蕉, 䆶, 癄, 𨶲(𨸋), 燞

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 674, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19119
Dae Jaweon: page 1086, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2212, character 1
Unihan data for U+7126

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 焦
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (焦) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
癄	*ʔsrews
焦	*ʔsew
蕉	*ʔsew
鷦	*ʔsew
僬	ʔsew, ʔsews, *zew
噍	ʔsew, zews
膲	*ʔsew
鐎	ʔsew, zew
蟭	*ʔsew
燋	ʔsew, ʔsewɢ
醮	*ʔsews
潐	*ʔsews
趭	ʔsews, zews, *lews
樵	*zew
譙	*zew
憔	*zew
劁	zew, zews
顦	*zew
嶕	*zew
撨	zew, seːw
穛	*ʔsreːwɢ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 隹 (“bird”) + 火 (“fire”).

Etymology 1 edit

simp. and trad.		焦

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjow (“to boil; to burn; to cook; to bake”). Cognate with Tibetan འཚོད ('tshod, “to cook”), Burmese ဆူ (hcu, “to boil”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jiāo (jiao¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄠ
(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiao¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ziu¹
(Taishan, Dictionary): diau¹
Gan (Dictionary): jieu¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chêu
(Meixian, Guangdong): jiau¹
Jin (Dictionary): jiau¹
Northern Min (KCR): ciáu
Eastern Min (BUC): ciĕu
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chiau / chau
(Teochew, Peng'im): ziao¹ / ziou¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹ciau
Xiang (Changsha, Dictionary): ziau¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiāo
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄠ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiao
  - Wade–Giles: chiao¹
  - Yale: jyāu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiau
  - Palladius: цзяо (czjao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: jiao¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giao
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiau⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ziu¹
  - Yale: jīu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dziu¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: jiu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Dictionary: diau¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tiau³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Dictionary: jieu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɛu⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chêu
  - Hakka Romanization System: zeu´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zeu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡seu̯²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: jiau¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡siau⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Dictionary: jiau¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiau¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ciáu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siau⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ciĕu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sieu⁵⁵/

Note: literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiau
  - Tâi-lô: tsiau
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciaw
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡siau⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siau³³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chau
  - Tâi-lô: tsau
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zaw
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sau⁴⁴/

Note: literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ziao¹ / ziou¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiau / tsiou
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siau³³/, /t͡siou³³/

Note:

literary;
ziao1 - Shantou;
ziou1 - Chaozhou.

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ¹ciau
  - MiniDict: ciau^平
  - Dictionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹jiau
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕiɔ⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Dictionary: ziau¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /t͡si̯ɒu̯³³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

Middle Chinese: tsjew

Rime
Character	焦
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	宵 (91)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	即消切
Baxter	tsjew
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡siᴇu/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡siɛu/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sjæu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡siaw/
Li Rong	/t͡siɛu/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭɛu/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡si̯ɛu/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiāo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ziu¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*S.tew/
(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsew/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	焦	焦
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiāo	jiāo
Middle Chinese	‹ tsjew ›	‹ tsjew ›
Old Chinese	/*S.tew/	/*S.tew/
English	burn, scorch	Jiao (place name)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	焦
Reading #	1/1
No.	6341
Phonetic component	焦
Rime group	宵
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	焦
Old Chinese	/*ʔsew/

Definitions edit

焦

Synonyms edit

(burned): (Cantonese) 燶

Compounds edit

三焦 (sānjiāo)
上焦 (shàngjiāo)
下焦
中焦
分離焦慮／分离焦虑
勞心焦思／劳心焦思
勞身焦思／劳身焦思
包焦尼
失焦 (shījiāo)
宵旰焦勞／宵旰焦劳
對焦／对焦 (duìjiāo)
心焦 (xīnjiāo)
心焦如火
心焦如焚
憋憋焦焦
木焦油
火焦火辣
焦三仙
焦仲卿
焦仲卿妻
焦勞／焦劳
焦化 (jiāohuà)
焦土 (jiāotǔ)
焦土政策 (jiāotǔ zhèngcè)
焦孟不離／焦孟不离
焦家莊／焦家庄 (Jiāojiāzhuāng)
焦尾
焦尾琴
焦山河 (Jiāoshānhé)
焦岱 (Jiāodài)
焦循
焦心 (jiāoxīn)
焦心勞思／焦心劳思
焦急 (jiāojí)
焦慮／焦虑 (jiāolǜ)
焦憋
焦明 (jiāomíng)
焦月
焦枯
焦桐
焦棱
焦沙爛石／焦沙烂石
焦油 (jiāoyóu)
焦渴 (jiāokě)
焦灼 (jiāozhuó)
焦炙
焦炭 (jiāotàn)
焦煤 (jiāoméi)
無煙焦煤／无烟焦煤
焦熬投石
焦眉
焦穫／焦获
焦糖 (jiāotáng)
焦距 (jiāojù)
焦躁 (jiāozào)
焦金流石
焦釜
焦雷
焦霹靂／焦霹雳
焦面大士
焦頭爛額／焦头烂额 (jiāotóulàn'é)
焦黃／焦黄
焦黑 (jiāohēi)
焦點／焦点 (jiāodiǎn)
煉焦／炼焦
煤焦油 (méijiāoyóu)
煉焦爐／炼焦炉
燒焦／烧焦 (shāojiāo)
爛額焦頭／烂额焦头
皮焦肉爛／皮焦肉烂
聚焦 (jùjiāo)
脣焦舌敝／唇焦舌敝
舌敝脣焦／舌敝唇焦
苦心焦慮／苦心焦虑
調焦／调焦
變焦鏡頭／变焦镜头
近焦攝影／近焦摄影
迸兒焦／迸儿焦
鐺底焦飯／铛底焦饭
面皮焦黃／面皮焦黄
鮑焦／鲍焦

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiāo (jiao¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄠ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ziu¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiāo
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄠ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiao
  - Wade–Giles: chiao¹
  - Yale: jyāu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiau
  - Palladius: цзяо (czjao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ziu¹
  - Yale: jīu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dziu¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: jiu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

Definitions edit

焦

(physics) Short for 焦耳 (jiāo'ěr, “joule (energy unit)”).

Etymology 3 edit

Possibly the same as etymology 1. However, Bodman (1980) relates it to Proto-Vietic *trawᴮ (“dry”).

Pronunciation edit

simp. and trad.		焦
alternative forms		乾／干燋凋礁灱 Teochew

Northern Min (KCR): diǎu
Eastern Min (BUC): dă
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ta / na
(Teochew, Peng'im): da¹

Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: diǎu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tiau²¹/

Note: vernacular.

Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dă
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ta⁵⁵/

Note: vernacular.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ta
  - Tâi-lô: ta
  - Phofsit Daibuun: daf
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ta⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ta³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: na
  - Tâi-lô: na
  - Phofsit Daibuun: naf
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /nã⁴⁴/

Note:

vernacular;
na - only used in 干焦.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: da¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ta
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ta³³/

Note: vernacular.

Definitions edit

焦

(Min, Jianning Gan) dry
(Singapore Hokkien) cheers!

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 乾 (“dry”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		乾
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		乾
Mandarin	Beijing	乾
	Taiwan	乾
	Yantai (Muping)	乾
	Jinan	乾
	Wanrong	乾
	Xi'an	乾
	Wuhan	乾, 乾燥, 乾迸
	Chengdu	乾
	Guiyang	乾
	Guilin	乾
	Yangzhou	乾
	Nanjing	乾
	Hefei	乾
	Malaysia	乾
	Singapore	乾
Cantonese	Guangzhou	乾
	Hong Kong	乾
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	燥
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	燥
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	燥
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	乾
	Macau	乾
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	乾
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	乾
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	乾
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	乾
	Foshan	乾
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	乾
	Foshan (Shunde)	乾
	Foshan (Sanshui)	乾
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	乾
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	乾
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	乾
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	乾
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	乾
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	乾
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	乾
	Taishan	乾
	Kaiping (Chikan)	乾
	Enping (Niujiang)	乾
	Heshan (Yayao)	乾
	Dongguan	乾, 燥
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	乾
	Yangjiang	燥
	Singapore (Guangfu)	乾
Gan	Nanchang	乾
Hakka	Meixian	乾, 燥
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	乾
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	燥
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	燥
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	燥
	Conghua (Lütian)	燥
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	燥
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	燥
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	燥
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	燥
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	燥
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	燥
	Hong Kong	燥
Huizhou	Jixi	乾
Jin	Taiyuan	乾
Northern Min	Jian'ou	焦
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	焦, 乾
Southern Min	Xiamen	焦
	Quanzhou	焦
	Zhangzhou	焦
	Dongshan	焦
	Tainan	焦
	Penang (Hokkien)	焦
	Singapore (Hokkien)	焦
	Manila (Hokkien)	焦
	Chaozhou	焦
	Raoping	焦
	Shantou	焦
	Singapore (Teochew)	焦
	Wenchang	乾
	Qionghai	乾
	Singapore (Hainanese)	乾, 焦
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	乾
Wu	Shanghai	乾
	Shanghai (Chongming)	乾
	Suzhou	乾, 燥
	Danyang	乾
	Wenzhou	燥
Xiang	Changsha	乾
Xiang	Shuangfeng	乾, 燥

Dialectal synonyms of 乾杯 (“cheers!”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		乾杯
Mandarin	Beijing	乾杯
	Taiwan	乾杯
	Harbin	乾杯
	Yantai (Muping)	乾杯
	Jinan	乾杯
	Luoyang	乾杯
	Wanrong	乾杯
	Yinchuan	喝淨, 乾杯
	Lanzhou	乾杯, 乾了
	Xining	乾杯, 乾杯子
	Ürümqi	乾杯
	Wuhan	乾杯
	Chengdu	乾杯, 乾了
	Guiyang	乾了, 喝乾, 見底
	Liuzhou	乾杯
	Xuzhou	乾了, 見底兒, 乾杯
	Nanjing	乾杯
	Singapore	乾杯
Cantonese	Guangzhou	飲杯, 飲勝, 乾杯
	Hong Kong	飲杯, 飲勝, 乾杯
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	飲勝
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	乾杯
	Macau	飲勝
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	乾杯, 飲勝
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	飲勝
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	乾杯, 飲勝
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	飲勝
	Foshan	飲勝
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	乾杯, 飲勝
	Foshan (Shunde)	飲勝
	Foshan (Sanshui)	飲勝
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	飲勝
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	飲勝
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	飲勝
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	飲贏佢
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	飲勝
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	飲勝
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	飲嗮佢
	Taishan	飲嗮佢, 飲勝
	Kaiping (Chikan)	飲應佢
	Enping (Niujiang)	飲嗮佢
	Heshan (Yayao)	飲勝
	Dongguan	飲勝, 勝
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	乾杯
	Shaoguan	乾杯, 飲勝
	Yunfu	飲勝
	Xinyi	乾杯
	Lianjiang	乾杯, 飲勝
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	飲勝
	Singapore (Guangfu)	飲勝
Gan	Lichuan	乾杯
Gan	Pingxiang	照杯
Hakka	Meixian	乾杯, 深飲, 盡盅
	Xingning	飲勝
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	乾杯
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	乾杯
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	乾杯
	Conghua (Lütian)	乾杯
	Yudu	乾杯
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	乾杯
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	乾杯
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	乾杯
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	乾杯
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	乾杯
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	乾杯
	Hong Kong	飲
	Senai (Huiyang)	飲勝
Huizhou	Jixi	乾杯
Jin	Taiyuan	乾杯
Jin	Xinzhou	乾杯
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	乾杯
Southern Min	Taipei	乾杯 GT, 乾 GT, 予焦啦 GT
	Penang (Hokkien)	飲勝
	Singapore (Hokkien)	焦, 予焦啦
	Chaozhou	乾杯
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	乾杯
	Leizhou	乾盅
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	乾
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	飲齊去
Wu	Shanghai	乾杯
	Shanghai (Chongming)	呷乾
	Suzhou	乾杯, 照面
	Hangzhou	乾杯
	Ningbo	碰杯
	Jinhua	乾杯
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds edit

喙焦
干焦
止喙焦
烏焦㾪／乌焦㾪
焦乾／焦干
焦𠕇
焦堅／焦坚
焦塗／焦涂
焦尾
焦尾蔥／焦尾葱
焦心
焦料
焦洗
焦涸涸
焦炒
焦燥
焦癆／焦痨
焦碣
焦而鬆／焦而松
焦耳
焦肘
焦脯
焦鬆／焦松
臭火焦
臭焦

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

焦

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)^{←せう (seu, historical)}
Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)^{←せう (seu, historical)}
Kun: こげる (kogeru, 焦げる, Jōyō); あせる (aseru, 焦る, Jōyō); こがれる (kogareru, 焦がれる, Jōyō); こがす (kogasu, 焦がす, Jōyō); じれる (jireru, 焦れる); じらす (jirasu, 焦らす)

Korean edit

Hanja edit

焦 • (cho) (hangeul 초, revised cho, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, Yale cho)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

焦: Hán Nôm readings: tiêu

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.