Trong lý thuyết Big Bang, vũ trụ khả kiến bao gồm các thiên hà và các loại vật chất khác mà chúng ta có thể quan sát từ Trái Đất ngày nay, vì ánh sáng (hay các tín hiệu khác) từ các đối tượng có thời gian để đến với chúng ta từ khi vũ trụ bắt đầu mở rộng.
Vật lý Vũ trụ học | ||||||||||||
Vũ trụ · Vụ Nổ Lớn Tuổi của vũ trụ Biểu thời gian Big Bang Giả thiết về sự kết thúc của vũ trụ
| ||||||||||||
Giả sử vũ trụ là đẳng hướng, khoảng cách tới đường biên của vũ trụ khả kiến là là xấp xỉ bằng nhau theo mọi hướng, do đó vũ trụ khả kiến có dạng khối hình cầu (một bóng) với tâm điểm là người quan sát. The actual shape of the Universe may or may not be spherical. However, the portion of it that we (humans, from the perspective of planet Earth) are able to observe is determined by whether or not the light and other signals originating from distant objects has had time to arrive at our point of observation (planet Earth). Therefore, the observable universe appears from our perspective to be spherical. Every location in the Universe has its own observable universe which may or may not overlap with the one centered around the Earth.
The word observable used in this sense does not depend on whether modern technology actually permits detection of radiation from an object in this region (or indeed on whether there is any radiation to detect). It simply indicates that it is possible in principle for light or other signals from the object to reach an observer on Earth. In practice, we can see objects only as far as the surface of last scattering, before which the Universe was opaque to photons. However, it may be possible in the future to observe the still older neutrino background, or even more distant events via gravitational waves (which also move at the speed of light). Sometimes a distinction is made between the visible universe, which includes only signals emitted since the last scattering time, and the observable universe, which includes signals since the beginning of the cosmological expansion (the Big Bang in traditional cosmology, the end of the inflationary epoch in modern cosmology). The radius of the observable universe is about 2% larger than the radius of the visible universe by this definition.[cần dẫn nguồn]
The age of the Universe is about 13.7 billion years, but due to the expansion of space we are now observing objects that are now considerably farther away than a static 13.7 billion light-years distance. The edge of the observable universe is now located about 46.5 billion light-years away.
Estimates of the matter content of the observable universe indicate that it contains between 7.0×1079 and 1.5×1082 atoms. The vast majority of the energy density is believed to be composed of dark matter and dark energy.
While special relativity constrains objects in the Universe from moving faster than the speed of light with respect to each other, there is no such constraint when space itself is expanding. This means that the size of the observable universe could be smaller than the entire universe; there are some parts of the Universe which might never be close enough for the light to overcome the speed of the expansion of space, in order to be observed on Earth. Some parts of the Universe which are currently observable may later be unobservable due to ongoing expansion.
Some parts of the Universe may simply be too far away for the light from there to have reached Earth, but despite the expansion of space, at a later time could be observed.
Both popular and professional research articles in cosmology often use the term "Universe" to mean "observable universe". This can be justified on the grounds that we can never know anything by direct experimentation about any part of the Universe that is causally disconnected from us, although many credible theories require a total Universe much larger than the observable universe. No evidence exists to suggest that the boundary of the observable universe corresponds precisely to the physical boundary of the universe (if such a boundary exists); this is exceedingly unlikely in that it would imply that Earth is exactly at the center of the Universe, in violation of the Copernican principle. It is likely that the galaxies within our visible universe represent only a minuscule fraction of the galaxies in the Universe. According to the theory of cosmic inflation and its founder, Alan Guth, the lower bound for the diameter of the entire Universe could be at least in the range of 1023 to 1026 times as large as the observable universe.
It is also possible that the Universe is smaller than the observable universe. In this case, what we take to be very distant galaxies may actually be duplicate images of nearby galaxies, formed by light that has circumnavigated the Universe. It is difficult to test this hypothesis experimentally because different images of a galaxy would show different eras in its history, and consequently might appear quite different. A 2004 paper claims to establish a lower bound of 24 gigaparsecs (78 billion light-years) on the diameter of the whole Universe, making it, at most, only slightly smaller than the observable universe. This value is based on matching-circle analysis of the WMAP data. However, if the recent discovery of dark flow proves to be accurate, it strongly suggests that there is matter beyond the observable universe.
The comoving distance from Earth to the edge of the visible universe (also called the particle horizon) is about 14 billion parsecs (46.5 billion light-years) in any direction. This defines a lower limit on the comoving radius of the observable universe, although as noted in the introduction, it is expected that the visible universe is somewhat smaller than the observable universe since we see only light from the cosmic microwave background radiation that was emitted after the time of recombination, giving us the spherical surface of last scattering (gravitational waves could theoretically allow us to observe events that occurred earlier than the time of recombination, from regions of space outside this sphere). The visible universe is thus a sphere with a diameter of about 28 billion parsecs (about 93 billion light-years).
Assuming that space is roughly flat, this size corresponds to a comoving volume of about 3×1080 cubic meters. This is equivalent to a volume of about 41 decillion cubic light-years short scale (4.1 X 1034 cubic light years).
The figures quoted above are distances now (in cosmological time), not distances at the time the light was emitted. For example, the cosmic microwave background radiation that we see right now was emitted at the time of recombination, 379,000 years after the Big Bang, which occurred around 13.7 billion (13.7×109) years ago. This radiation was emitted by matter that has, in the intervening time, mostly condensed into galaxies, and those galaxies are now calculated to be about 46 billion light-years from us. To estimate the distance to that matter at the time the light was emitted, a mathematical model of the expansion must be chosen and the scale factor, a(t), calculated for the selected time since the Big Bang, t. For the observationally-favoured Lambda-CDM model, using data from the WMAP spacecraft, such a calculation yields a scale factor change of approximately 1292. This means the Universe has expanded to 1292 times the size it was when the CMBR photons were released. Hence, the most distant matter that is observable at present, 46 billion light-years away, was only 36 million light-years away from the matter that would eventually become Earth when the microwaves we are currently receiving were emitted.
Many secondary sources have reported a wide variety of incorrect figures for the size of the visible universe. Some of these figures are listed below, with brief descriptions of possible reasons for misconceptions about them.
Even prominent physicists have made errors here. See Tamara Davis's 2004 Ph.D. for details at http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/download/tamarad/papers/thesis_complete.pdf
The observable universe contains about 3 to 7 × 1022 stars (30 to 70 sextillion stars), organized in more than 80 billion galaxies, which themselves form clusters and superclusters.
Two approximate calculations give the number of atoms in the observable universe to be a minimum of 1080.
The mass of the matter in the observable universe can be estimated based on density and size.
One way to calculate the mass of the visible matter which makes up the observable universe is to assume a mean stellar mass and to multiply that by an estimate of the number of stars in the observable universe. The estimate of the number of stars in the Universe is derived from the volume of the observable universe
and a stellar density calculated from observations by the Hubble Space Telescope
, (or 1 star per cube, 1000 ly to a side (x,y,z))
yielding an estimate of the number of stars in the observable universe of 9 × 1021 stars (9 billion trillion stars).
Taking the mass of Sol (2 × 1030 kg) as the mean stellar mass (on the basis that the large population of dwarf stars balances out the population of stars whose mass is greater than Sol) and rounding the estimate of the number of stars up to 1022 yields a total mass for all the stars in the observable universe of 3 × 1052 kg. However, as noted in the "matter content" section, the WMAP results in combination with the Lambda-CDM model predict that less than 5% of the total mass of the observable universe is made up of visible matter such as stars, the rest being made up of dark matter and dark energy.
Sir Fred Hoyle calculated the mass of an observable steady-state universe using the formula:
which can also be stated as
or approximately 8 × 1052 kg.
Here H = Hubble constant, ρ = Hoyle's value for the density, G = gravitational constant and c = speed of light.
The most distant astronomical object observed as of 2009 is a gamma ray burst, most likely caused by a star which collapsed when the universe was approximately 600 million years old.
The cosmological horizon, (also known as the particle horizon) is the maximum distance from which particles could have traveled to the observer in the age of the universe. It represents the boundary between the observable universe the unobservable regions of the universe. The existence, properties, and significance of a cosmological horizon depend on the particular cosmological model being discussed.
In terms of comoving distance, the particle horizon is equal to the conformal time that has passed since the Big Bang, times the speed of light . The quantity is given by,
where is the scale factor of the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric, and we have taken the Big Bang to be at . In other words, the particle horizon recedes constantly as time passes, and the observed fraction of the universe always increases.
The particle horizon differs from the event horizon in that the particle horizon represents the largest comoving distance from which light could have reached the observer by a specific time, while the event horizon is the largest comoving distance from which light emitted now can ever reach the observer.
This article uses material from the Wikipedia Tiếng Việt article Vũ trụ khả kiến, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license ("CC BY-SA 3.0"); additional terms may apply (view authors). Nội dung được phát hành theo CC BY-SA 4.0, ngoại trừ khi có ghi chú khác. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
®Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wiki Foundation, Inc. Wiki Tiếng Việt (DUHOCTRUNGQUOC.VN) is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wiki Foundation.