以下は世界史における人為的な要因による死者数一覧である。一覧では、出来事の名前、場所、それぞれの出来事の開始と終了の時期についても述べている。いくつかの出来事については、含まれるカテゴリーが一つ以上になる場合もある。また、いくつかの出来事では、他の出来事と重なっている場合もあり、小さな出来事における死者数がさらに大きな出来事の中で発生した一部であることもある。
この項目「人為的な要因による死者数一覧」は途中まで翻訳されたものです。(原文:List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll) 翻訳作業に協力して下さる方を求めています。ノートページや履歴、翻訳のガイドラインも参照してください。要約欄への翻訳情報の記入をお忘れなく。(2020年4月) |
死者数はほとんどの場合、多くの不確実な部分がある。表では、低い推定値と高い推定値の相乗平均の順に並べてある。例えば、低い推定値が500人、高い推定値が2000人であったときとなる.
ここでは、高い推定値による死者数が10万人以上となる全ての戦争について一覧を載せる。これには軍人と民間人の両方の死者数が含まれる。直接、戦争によって死亡しただけでなく、それによって引き起こされた戦闘、病気、飢餓、虐殺、自殺、ジェノサイドによる死者も含む。
出来事 | 低い推定 | 高い推定 | 相乗平均 | 場所 | 開始 | 終了 | 期間 | 備考、関連 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
第二次世界大戦 | 60,000,000 | 118,357,000 | 84,269,920 | 世界全体 | 1939 | 1945 | 6年と1日 | 第二次世界大戦の犠牲者も参照 |
三国時代 | 36,000,000 | 40,000,000 | 37,947,332 | 中国 | 184 | 280 | 96年 | 学術的に、三国時代とは、220年に魏の国が成立し、280年に晋が呉の国を征服するまでの期間を指す。184年から220年までの「非公式な」期間は、中国各地での武将同士の無秩序な争いが特徴である。 「End of the Han dynasty」も参照 |
モンゴル帝国による征服 | 57,000,000 | 34,641,016 | ユーラシア | 1206 | 1405 | 199年 | モンゴル帝国、Destruction under the Mongol Empireも参照 | |
ヨーロッパ諸国によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化 | 8,400,000 | 信頼性要検証] | 138,000,000 [34,047,026 | 南北アメリカ | 1492 | 1691 | 199年 | 死亡者数の推定値は、コロンブス以前の先住民の人口規模についての統一見解がないために異なっている。死亡率の90%は主に病気によるものである。大規模な人口減少は小氷期をもたらした。 |
太平天国の乱 | 10,000,000 | 100,000,000 | 31,622,777 | 中国 | 1851 | 1864 | 14年 | 清も参照 |
明清交替 | 25,000,000 | 25,000,000 | 25,000,000 | 中国 | 1618 | 1683 | 65年 | 清も参照 |
日中戦争 | 20,000,000 | 25,000,000 | 22,360,680 | 中国 | 1937 | 1945 | 8年 | 第二次世界大戦の一部。 |
安史の乱 | 13,020,000 | 36,000,000 | 21,633,308 | 中国 | 755 | 763 | 8年 | 安禄山の乱とも呼ばれる。 |
第一次世界大戦 | 17,500,000 | 40,000,000+ | 23,568,559 | 世界全体 | 1914 | 1918 | 4年3ヶ月1週 | |
ティムールによる征服 | 12,649,111 | 中央アジア、中東、南アジア | 1370 | 1405 | 35年 | 当時の世界人口の5%にまで及ぶ。 | ||
回民蜂起 | 8,000,000 | 12,000,000 | 9,797,959 | 清 | 1862 | 1877 | 15年 | 清も参照 |
国共内戦 | 8,000,000 | 11,692,000 | 9,671,401 | 中国 | 1927 | 1949 | 22年 | |
レコンキスタ | 7,000,000 | 7,000,000 | 7,000,000 | イベリア半島 | 711 | 1492 | 781年 | 一つの戦争とは考えられていない。 |
ロシア内戦 | 9,000,000 | 6,708,204 | ロシア | 1917 | 1921 | 5年 | ロシア革命、List of civil warsも参照 | |
三十年戦争 | 3,000,000 | 5,673,870 | 神聖ローマ帝国 | 1618 | 1648 | 30年 | 当初はカトリックとプロテスタントの宗教戦争であったが、ヨーロッパ全体の政治戦争となった。ヨーロッパの歴史の中で最も長く、最も破壊的な紛争の一つである[要出典]。 | |
デカン戦争 | 5,600,000 | 5,600,000 | 5,600,000 | インド | 1680 | 1707 | 27年 | |
ナポレオン戦争 | 7,000,000 | 4,949,747 | ヨーロッパ、大西洋、太平洋、インド洋 | 1803 | 1815 | 13年 | Napoleonic Wars casualtiesも参照 | |
黄巾の乱 | 3,000,000 | 7,000,000 | 4,582,576 | 中国 | 184 | 205 | 22年 | 三国時代の一部。 |
第二次コンゴ戦争 | 2,500,000 | 5,400,000 | 3,674,235 | コンゴ民主共和国 | 1998 | 2003 | 6年 | |
朝鮮戦争 | 1,500,000 | 4,500,000 | 3,000,000 | 朝鮮半島 | 1950 | 1953 | 4年 | 冷戦の一部と分類される。現在休戦中。 |
ユグノー戦争 | 2,000,000 | 2,828,427 | フランス | 1562 | 1598 | 37年 | カトリックとユグノー(フランスのカルヴァン派プロテスタント)の間の大規模な宗教戦争。 | |
インド大反乱 | 800,000 | 10,000,000 | 2,828,427 | インド | 1857 | 1858 | 1年 | |
百年戦争 | 2,300,000 | 3,300,000 | 2,754,995 | 西ヨーロッパ | 1337 | 1453 | 116年 | 百年戦争の歴史 (1337-1360)、 Caroline War (1369–1389)、Lancastrian War (1415–1453) |
ベトナム戦争 | 966,000 | 3,800,000 | 2,383,000 | 東南アジア | 1955 | 1975 | 21年 | 冷戦と第一次インドシナ戦争にあたる。 |
十字軍 | 2,000,000 | パレスチナ、ヨーロッパ | 1095 | 1291 | 196年 | キリスト教勢力による中東への遠征。 | ||
ビアフラ戦争 | 1,000,000 | 2,000,000 | ナイジェリア | 1966 | 1970 | 4年 | 内戦によるイボ人の民族浄化。 | |
ムフェカネ | 1,500,000 | 2,000,000 | 1,750,000 | 南アフリカ | 1816 | 1828 | 13年 | Ndwandwe–Zulu War |
ポエニ戦争 | 1,250,000 | 1,850,000 | 1,520,691 | 地中海 | 264 BC | 146 BC | 118年 | カルタゴ、共和政ローマも参照 |
第二次スーダン内戦 | 1,000,000 | 2,000,000 | 1,414,214 | スーダン | 1983 | 2005 | 23年 | 第一次スーダン内戦 |
秦の統一戦争 | 2,000,000 | 2,000,000 | 2,000,000 | 中国 | 230 BC | 221 BC | 9年 | 中国の歴史も参照 |
七年戦争 | 868,000 | 1,400,000 | 1,102,361 | 世界全体 | 1756 | 1763 | 7年 | |
ソ連・アフガン戦争 | 1,095,445 | アフガニスタン | 1980 | 1988 | 9年 | 冷戦中の代理戦争とも言われる。 アフガニスタン紛争の一部。 | ||
文禄・慶長の役 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 朝鮮 | 1592 | 1598 | 7年 | |
フランス革命戦争 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 世界全体 | 1792 | 1802 | 10年 | |
メキシコ革命 | 500,000 | 2,000,000 | 1,000,000 | メキシコ、アメリカ合衆国 | 1911 | 1920 | 10年 | パンチョ・ビリャの蜂起とColumbus Raidを含む。 |
イタリアによるアフリカの角の征服 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | アフリカの角 | 1924 | 1940 | 16年 | |
パンゼーの乱 | 1,000,000 | 943,398 | 中国 | 1856 | 1873 | 18年 | ||
清教徒革命 | 876,000 | 876,000 | 876,000 | ブリテン諸島 | 1639 | 1651 | 12年 | |
メフメト2世による征服 | 873,000 | 873,000 | 873,000[citation needed] | 東ヨーロッパ | 1451 | 1481 | 30年 | |
エチオピア内戦 | 500,000 | 1,500,000 | 866,025 | エチオピア | 1974 | 1991 | 17年 | |
ユダヤ戦争 | 350,000 | 2,000,000 | 836,660 | ローマ帝国 | 66 | 136 | 70年 | ローマ帝国も参照 |
南北戦争 | 650,000 | 1,000,000 | 800,000 | アメリカ合衆国南東部、ペンシルベニア州 | 1861 | 1865 | 4年 | アメリカ合衆国も参照 |
アルジェリア戦争 | 350,000 | 1,500,000 | 724,569 | アルジェリア | 1954 | 1962 | 7年4ヶ月2週4 日 | |
スペイン継承戦争 | 400,000 | 1,251,000 | 707,389 | ヨーロッパ、北アメリカ、南アメリカ | 1702 | 1714 | 12年 | |
スペイン内戦 | 500,000 | 1,000,000 | 707,107 | スペイン | 1936 | 1939 | 4年 | |
八十年戦争 | 230,000 | 2,000,000 | 678,233 | ネーデルラント、南アメリカ、カリブ海、東アジア、東南アジア | 1568 | 1648 | 80年 | |
ガリア戦争 | 1,000,000 | 632,445 | フランス | 58 BC | 50 BC | 9年 | ローマ帝国も参照 | |
イスパノアメリカ独立戦争 | 600,000 | 600,000 | 600,000 | 南北アメリカ | 1808 | 1833 | 25年 | |
パラグアイ戦争 | 300,000 | 1,200,000 | 600,000 | コーノ・スール | 1864 | 1870 | 7年 | Military history of South America、 |
イラン・イラク戦争 | 要出典] | 289,220[要出典] | 1,100,000[564,041 | イラン・イラク国境 | 1980 | 1988 | 8年 | イランの主張では、123,220人の軍人と11,000人の民間人。 イラクの主張では、105,000人の軍人と50,000人のクルド人虐殺。 他の主張では、60万人のイラン人と50万人のイラク人。[要出典] |
1812年ロシア戦役 | 540,000 | 540,000 | 540,000 | ロシア | 1812 | 1812 | 5ヶ月, 2週6日 | ナポレオン戦争の一部。 |
シリア内戦 | 500,000 | 570,000 | 535,000 | シリア | 2011 | 現在 | 8年 | |
イングランド内戦 | 356,000 | 735,000 | 511,527 | イングランド | 1642 | 1651 | 9年 | 三王国戦争の一部。 |
アンゴラ内戦 | 504,158 | 504,158 | 504,158 | アンゴラ | 1975 | 2002 | 27年 | |
第一次スーダン内戦 | 500,000 | 500,000 | 500,000 | スーダン | 1955 | 1972 | 17年 | |
対テロ戦争 | 480,000 | 507,000 | 493,500 | 世界全体 | 2001 | 現在 | 18年 | イラク戦争、アフガニスタン紛争 (2001年-)、ワジリスタン紛争を含む。 |
アルビジョア十字軍 | 200,000 | 1,000,000 | 447,214 | 南フランス | 1208 | 1229 | 21年 | |
第一次コンゴ戦争 | 250,000 | 800,000 | 447,214 | ザイール | 1996 | 1997 | 1年 | |
マラーター王国のベンガル侵攻 | 400,000 | 400,000 | 400,000 | インド | 1741 | 1751 | 10年 | |
第一次インドシナ戦争 | 400,000 | 400,000 | 400,000 | 東南アジア | 1946 | 1954 | 8年 | 単にインドシナ戦争とも呼ばれる。 |
継続戦争 | 387,333 | 387,333 | 387,333 | 北ヨーロッパ | 1941 | 1944 | 3年 | 第二次世界大戦の一部。 |
ソマリア内戦 | 300,000 | 500,000 | 387,298 | ソマリア | 1986 | 現在 | 32年 | |
クリミア戦争 | 356,000 | 410,000 | 382,047 | クリミア半島 | 1853 | 1856 | 3年 | |
イラク戦争 | 268,000 | 461,000 | 364,500 | イラク | 2003 | 2011 | 8年 | Casualties of the Iraq Warも参照 対テロ戦争の一部。 |
第二次キューバ独立戦争 | 362,000 | 362,000 | 362,000 | キューバ | 1895 | 1898 | 3年 | |
大北方戦争 | 350,000 | 350,000 | 350,000 | 北ヨーロッパ、東ヨーロッパ | 1700 | 1721 | 21年 | |
イタリア戦争 | 300,000 | 400,000 | 346,410 | 南ヨーロッパ | 1494 | 1559 | 65年 | イタリア大戦争とも呼ばれる。 |
アルジェリア侵略 | 300,000 | 300,000 | 300,000 | アルジェリア | 1829 | 1847 | 18年 | |
ブルンジ内戦 | 300,000 | 300,000 | 300,000 | ブルンジ | 1993 | 2005 | 12年 | |
ダルフール紛争 | 178,258 | 461,520 | 286,827 | スーダン | 2003 | 現在 | 15年 | |
バングラデシュ独立戦争 | 26,000 | 3,000,000 | 500,000 | 東パキスタン | 1971 | 1971 | 1年 | Bangladeshi Genocide casualtiesも参照 |
第二次エチオピア戦争 | 278,350 | 278,350 | 278,350 | エチオピア | 1935 | 1936 | 1年 | |
パプア紛争 | 150,000 | 400,000 | 244,949 | ニューギニア | 1963 | 現在 | 55年 | |
第一次キューバ独立戦争 | 241,000 | 241,000 | 241,000 | キューバ | 1868 | 1878 | 10年 | 十年戦争とも呼ばれる。 |
米比戦争 | 234,000 | 234,000 | 234,000 | フィリピン | 1899 | 1912 | 13年 | |
ベネズエラ独立戦争 | 228,000 | 228,000 | 228,000 | ベネズエラ | 1810 | 1823 | 13年 | イスパノアメリカ独立戦争の一部。 |
ウガンダ内戦 | 100,000 | 500,000 | 223,607 | ウガンダ | 1981 | 1986 | 5年 | ルウェロ戦争とも呼ばれる。 |
神の抵抗軍による反乱 | 100,000 | 500,000 | 223,607 | 中央アフリカ共和国 | 1987 | 現在 | 31年 | |
仏蘭戦争 | 220,000 | 220,000 | 220,000 | 西ヨーロッパ | 1672 | 1678 | 6年 | |
コロンビア内戦 | 220,000 | 220,000 | 220,000 | コロンビア | 1964 | 現在 | 54年 | |
イラク・クルド紛争 | 138,800 | 320,100 | 210,784 | イラク | 1918 | 2003 | 85年 | |
スレイマン1世による遠征 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 東ヨーロッパ、中東、北アフリカ | 1521 | 1566 | 25年 | |
フランス・スペイン戦争 (1635年-1659年) | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 西ヨーロッパ | 1635 | 1659 | 24年 | |
カルリスタ戦争 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | スペイン | 1820 | 1876 | 56年 | |
ラ・ビオレンシア | 192,700 | 194,700 | 193,697 | コロンビア | 1948 | 1958 | 10年 | |
ミャンマーにおける内部紛争 | 130,000 | 250,000 | 180,278 | ミャンマー | 1948 | 現在 | 70年 | |
カリンガ戦争 | 150,000 | 200,000 | 173,205 | インド | 262 BC | 261 BC | 2年 | |
冬戦争 | 153,736 | 194,837 | 173,071 | フィンランド | 1939 | 1940 | 1年 | 第二次世界大戦の一部。 |
ギリシャ内戦 | 158,000 | 158,000 | 158,000 | ギリシャ | 1946 | 1949 | 3年 | |
北イエメン内戦 | 100,000 | 200,000 | 141,421 | イエメン | 1962 | 1970 | 8年 | |
1991年のイラクにおける反乱 | 85,000 | 235,000 | 141,333 | イラク | 1991 | 1991 | 1ヶ月4日 | |
バルカン戦争 | 140,000 | 140,000 | 140,000 | バルカン半島 | 1912 | 1913 | 1年 | |
英西戦争 (1585年-1604年) | 138,285 | 138,285 | 138,285 | ヨーロッパ、アメリカ | 1585 | 1604 | 19年 | |
サン=ドマング遠征 | 135,000 | 135,000 | 135,000 | ハイチ | 1802 | 1803 | 1年 | |
ユーゴスラビア紛争 | 130,000 | 140,000 | 134,907 | バルカン半島 | 1991 | 2001 | 10年 | |
レバノン内戦 | 120,000 | 150,000 | 134,164 | レバノン | 1975 | 1990 | 15年 | |
シエラレオネ内戦 | 50,000 | 300,000 | 122,474 | シエラレオネ | 1991 | 2002 | 11年 | |
大トルコ戦争 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 東ヨーロッパ | 1683 | 1699 | 16年 | |
千日戦争 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 120,000 | コロンビア | 1899 | 1902 | 3年 | |
モロ紛争 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 120,000 | フィリピン | 1969 | 現在 | 49年 | |
中東戦争 | 116,074 | 116,074 | 116,074 | 中東 | 1948 | 現在 | 70年 | |
メキシコ麻薬戦争 | 106,800 | 106,800 | 106,800 | メキシコ | 2006 | 現在 | 12年 | |
アチェ戦争 | 97,000 | 107,000 | 101,877 | インドネシア | 1873 | 1914 | 41年 | インドネシアでは異教徒戦争とも呼ばれる。 |
ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ紛争 | 97,214 | 104,732 | 100,903 | ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ | 1991 | 1995 | 4年 | ユーゴスラビア紛争の一部。 |
ドイツ農民戦争 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | ドイツ | 1524 | 1525 | 1年 | |
トルコ・クルド紛争 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 中東 | 1921 | 現在 | 97年 | |
コンゴ動乱 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | コンゴ共和国 | 1960 | 1965 | 5年 | |
ラオスにおける内乱 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | ラオス | 1975 | 2007 | 32年 | |
キヴ紛争 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | コンゴ民主共和国 | 2004 | 現在 | 14年 | 第二次コンゴ戦争の一部。 |
カシミール紛争 | 80,000 | 110,000 | 93,808 | 北インド、パキスタン | 1947 | 現在 | 71年 | |
アルジェリア内戦 | 44,000 | 200,000 | 93,808 | アルジェリア | 1991 | 2002 | 11年 | |
アンゴラ独立戦争 | 82,991 | 102,991 | 92,452 | アンゴラ | 1961 | 1974 | 13年 | |
スリランカ内戦 | 80,000 | 100,000 | 89,443 | スリランカ | 1983 | 2009 | 26年 | |
ポロ作戦 | 29,212 | 242,212 | 84,116 | インド | 1948 | 1948 | 5日 | ハイダラーバード併合とも呼ばれる。 |
ここでは軍事組織によって引き起こされた非戦闘員の死者数の一覧を載せる。特定の民族、宗教、政治的グループをターゲットにしたものに限ることなく、一般市民の生命を軽視した軍事戦略や残虐行為について記述する。
出来事 | 低い推定 | 高い推定 | 相乗平均 | 場所 | 開始 | 終了 | 期間 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
第二次世界大戦 | 29,000,000 | 30,500,000 | 29,074,054 | 世界全体 | 1939 | 1945 | 6 years | 第二次世界大戦の犠牲者も参照 |
三光作戦 | 2,470,000 | 2,700,000 | 2,582,440 | 中国 | 1940 | 1942 | 2 years | 1996年に発表された研究の中で、歴史家の姫田光義は、大日本帝国陸軍の対中焦土政策である「三光作戦」は、昭和天皇の認可のもとに実施されたものであり、間接的なものも含めると「270万人以上」の中国の民間人の死亡につながったと主張している。 |
国共内戦 | 1,800,000 | 3,500,000 | 2,509,980 | 中国 | 1927 | 1950 | 23 years | 戦争中、国民政府軍と中国共産党の両方が大規模な残虐行為を行い、何百万人もの非戦闘員が双方によって意図的に殺害された。 |
第一次・第二次スーダン内戦 | 2,000,000 | 2,000,000 | 2,000,000 | スーダン | 1956 | 2005 | 49 years | |
ソ連・アフガン戦争 | 500,000 | 2,000,000 | 1,000,000 | アフガニスタン | 1979 | 1989 | 10 years | ソ連侵攻時の民間人の大量殺人はジェノサイドとされることもあるが、政治的な整合性に基づいた殺害であるためpoliticideに分類される。 |
張献忠の戦争犯罪 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 中国・四川省 | 1644 | 1646 | 2 years | Committed during a bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan's population.[要出典] |
軍閥時代 | 910,000 | 910,000 | 910,000 | 中国 | 1900 | 1927 | 27 years | |
第二次エチオピア戦争 | 173,407 | エチオピア | 1935 | 1941 | 6 years | Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 (1965), cites a 1945 memorandum from Ethiopia to the Conference of Prime Ministers, which tallies 760,300 natives dead; of them: battle deaths: 275,000, hunger among refugees: 300,000, patriots killed during occupation: 78,500, concentration camps: 35,000, Feb. 1937 massacre: 30,000, executions: 24,000, civilians killed by air force: 17,800.[要出典] | ||
バグダードの戦い後のモンゴルによる虐殺 | 200,000 | 2,000,000 | 632,456 | バグダード | January 29, 1258 | February 10, 1258 | 12 days | Mass slaughter of civilians by the Mongols in Baghdad. Considered to be the end of the "Islamic Golden Age." |
アンゴラ内戦 | 500,000 | 500,000 | 500,000 | アンゴラ | 1975 | 2002 | 27 years | The 27-year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting – 1975–91, 1992–94, and 1998 to 2002 – broken up by fragile periods of peace. By the time the MPLA achieved victory in 2002, more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced. The war devastated Angola's infrastructure, and severely damaged the nation's public administration, economic enterprises, and religious institutions.[要出典] |
第二次世界大戦中の大日本帝国陸軍による生物兵器と人体実験 | 400,000 | 580,000 | 481,664 | ロシアと中国の一部。 特に満州。 | 1931 | 1945 | 14 years | See also: Unit 731 and the Asian Holocaust. |
マラーター王国のベンガル侵攻における戦争犯罪 | 400,000 | 400,000 | 400,000 | インド | 1741 | 1751 | 10 years | Maratha Empire invaded Bengal Subah, occupied the western Bengal and Bihar regions, and perpetrated atrocities against the local population. |
ラ・ビオレンシア | 200,000 | 300,000 | 244,949 | コロンビア | 1948 | 1958 | 10 years | La Violencia was a ten-year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948–58, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the rural countryside. |
米比戦争 | 200,000 | 250,000 | 223,607 | フィリピン | 1899 | 1902 | 3 years | |
マニラ大虐殺 | 100,000 | 500,000 | 223,607 | フィリピン・マニラ | 1945 | 1945 | 1 month | |
コロンビア内戦 | 177,307 | 177,307 | 177,307 | コロンビア | 1964 | present | 54 years | |
ヴァンデの反乱 | 100,000 | 250,000 | 158,114 | フランス革命中のフランス | 1793 | 1796 | 3 years | Described as genocide by some historians, but this claim has been widely discounted. See also: French Revolution. |
第一次・第二次チェチェン紛争 | 55,000 | 330,000 | 134,722 | チェチェン | 1994 | 2009 | 15 years | |
イラン・イラク戦争 | 61,000 | 282,000 | 131,156 | イランとイラク | 1980 | 1988 | 8 years | 11,000 to 100,000 civilians killed on both sides, plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide. |
ジエム時代とベトナム戦争における南ベトナムによる戦争犯罪 | 57,000 | 284,000 | 127,232 | ベトナム | 1954 | 1975 | 21 years | |
シリア内戦 | 106,390 | 110,218 | 108,287 | シリア | 2011 | present | 7 years | See also: List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War |
ベトコンの戦争犯罪 | 36,725 | 227,000 | 91,305 | ベトナム | 1955 | 1975 | 20 years | |
Second Italo-Senussi War | 80,000 | 125,000 | 100,000 | リビア | 1923 | 1932 | 9 years | Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly; rape and disembowelment of women; throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death, running over others with tanks, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs, beginning in 1930.[要出典] |
神の抵抗軍の戦争犯罪 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | ウガンダ、中央アフリカ共和国、コンゴ民主共和国 | 1986 | 2009 | 23 years | The Guardian reported in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves.[要出典] |
民族イスラーム戦線の戦争犯罪 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | スーダン | 1964 | 1999 | 35 years | Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America. |
パプア紛争 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 西パプア | 1963 | present | 55 years | Since Indonesia has taken control of West Papua in 1963, the population of West Papua has recorded more than 100,000 unnatural deaths. The administration of West Papua has been called a police state.[要出典] |
カシミール紛争 | 47,000 | 100,000 | 68,556 | インド | 1947 | present | 71 years | See also: Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir |
南京事件 | (全て) 5,000 (市民) | 13,000(全て) 100,000 (市民) | 400,000(全て) 22,361 (市民) | 72,111中国 南京 | 1937 | 1938 | 1 year | The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on December 13, 1937. See: Death toll of the Nanking Massacre. |
ペルー内戦 | 61,007 [see notes] | 77,552[see notes] | 68,784[see notes] | ペルー | 1980 | 2000 | 20 years | In the late 20th century, the Peruvian government (armed forces and civil rondas) fought against communist terrorists in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved and other paramilitary entities. Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission reached a figure of approx. 68,784 deaths and disappearances, of which 54% were ascribed to Shining Path, 1.5% to Tupac Amaru and 37% to State officials, who were also responsible for 83% of reported cases of sexual violence, and systematic use of torture. An academic research published in 2019 contests the Commission's methodology, reaching a total figure of approx. 47,849, of which 27,872 were victims of State officials, 18,341 of the Shining Path, and 1,636 by all other actors. |
シェイフ・サイードの反乱 | 15,000 20,000 | 40,000 250,000 | 24,495 70,711 | トルコ | 1925 | 1925 | 1 month | The Sheikh Said Rebellion was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System, and used elements of Kurdish nationalism for recruiting. It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers, known as Hamidiye soldiers. The rebellion was of two Kurdish groups, the Zaza people and the speakers of the related Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish: it "was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions". |
ISIL | イラク、シリア、アフガニスタン、リビア、フィリピン、ナイジェリアの他にも世界全体で散発的にテロが発生 | 2014 | present | 7 years | ISIS has existed as an active terrorist organization in one form or another since at least 2003. Many tens of thousands of casualties in the Iraqi wars of the 21st century can be attributed to them and their parent organizations. See also the death tolls from 2014 onwards in International military intervention against ISIL | |||
スリランカ内戦 | 7,000 | 40,000 | 16,733 | スリランカ | 1983 | 2009 | 26 years | There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers. 「Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War」も参照 |
テッサロニキ攻略(904) | 15,000 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 東ローマ帝国 | 904 | 904 | ? | The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed, the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.[要出典] |
イラン・イラク戦争中のイランによる少年兵の使用 | 6,000 | 18,000 | 10,392 | イラン | 1980 | 1988 | 8 years | 3% of two to six hundred thousand casualties. |
アルジェリア内戦中の虐殺 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | アルジェリア | 1991 | 2002 | 11 years | |
シリア内戦におけるロシア軍の介入 | 8,085 | 8,085 | 8,085 | シリア | September 2015 | present | 4 years | See also: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War. |
バローチースターンでの紛争 | 7,628 | 7,628 | 7,628 | パキスタン | 1937 | present | 81 years | |
アメリカ同時多発テロ事件 | 2,977 | 2,977 | 2,977 | アメリカ合衆国 | September 11, 2001 | September 11, 2001 | 1 day | |
ドンバスにおける内戦 | 2,000 | 2,000 | 2,000 | ウクライナ | 2014 | present | 4 years | |
サブラー・シャティーラ事件 | 460 | 3,500 | 1,269 | レバノン・西ベイルート | September 16, 1982 | September 18, 1982 | 2 days | Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians. |
ピロー砦の戦い | 235 | 235 | 235 | ローダーデール郡 (テネシー州) | April 12, 1864 | April 12, 1864 | 1 day | Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. U.S. dead includes those both killed in combat and murdered by the Confederates afterwards. |
ローレンスの虐殺 | 204 | 204 | 204 | ダグラス郡 (カンザス州) | August 21, 1863 | August 21, 1863 | 1 day | Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. Deadliest terrorist attack in U.S. history until the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995. |
ここでは人種、宗教、民族に基づいて行われた大量虐殺(または強制移住によって引き起こされた死亡)について一覧を載せている。
出来事 | 低い推定 | 高い推定 | 相乗平均 | 場所 | 開始 | 終了 | 期間 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
東部総合計画 | 13,684,700 | 40,000,000 | 23,396,324 | ナチス・ドイツ占領下のヨーロッパとロシア | 1939 | 1945 | 6 years | ナチス・ドイツによるスラブ民族とソビエト連邦市民の絶滅政策。 数字は、数値は故意の大量虐殺と民間戦争の犠牲者の両方の合計。 |
アメリカ先住民虐殺 | 2,000,000 | 信頼性要検証] | 138,000,000(mostly by disease)[16,613,248 | 南北アメリカ | 1492 | 1996 | 504 years | アメリカ先住民の虐殺の総死亡者数はまだ完全には把握されていないが、多くのアメリカ先住民が死亡した。 強制労働、戦争、および虐殺により数千から数百万人が殺害されている。 南北アメリカで懸賞金のため殺害されたアパッチの数は不明。 |
ホロコースト | 4,200,000 | 6,300,000 | 5,143,928 | ナチス・ドイツ占領下のヨーロッパ | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | ドイツとドイツ植民地におけるユダヤ人の組織的な大量虐殺。 |
ホロドモール | 2,711,000 | 7,811,000 | 4,601,698 | ウクライナ | 1932 | 1933 | 1 year | 「ホロドモール」は一般に人為的な飢饉を指す。 現地在住のウクライナ人が所持する穀物の量や民族移動を制限した。 この用語には、大粛清、正教会との間のウクライナの知識層の殺害も含まれる。 提唱はジェノサイドとという言葉を生んだラファエル・レムキン。 ソビエトのアーカイブ開設後の情報では、飢饉で240万から750万人、パージ中に30万人、そして「スパイクレットの法則」で1,100人の死者を記録している。 一部の学者は、飢饉がソビエト政府によって意図的に設計されたものであるか、それが大量虐殺であったと主張している。[150][151][152] |
ポーランド人に対するナチスの犯罪 | 2,770,000 | 2,770,000 | 2,770,000 | ポーランド | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | Genocide of Christian Poles during the invasion of Poland by Germany. |
三光作戦 | 2,470,000 | 2,700,000 | 2,582,440 | 中国 | 1940 | 1942 | 2 years | In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.[要出典]– Part of the Japanese war crimes |
カンボジア大虐殺 | 1,386,734 | 3,400,000 | 2,171,381 | カンボジア | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.[要出典] These killings have been described as autogenocide or civil genocide. According to Samuel Totten 1,325,000 ethnic Khmers were killed. |
ルワンダ虐殺とブルンジ虐殺 | 905,000 | 1,595,000 | 1,234,190 | ブルンジ、ルワンダ、ザイール | 1959 | 1997 | 38 years | Combined death toll of all genocides and other massacres between the Hutus and the Tutsis. Regarded as the most efficient genocide of the 20th century, the Rwandan genocide was the disorganized communal mass murder of Tutsis, by their rival tribe the Hutu through the Rwandan government and Hutu Power militias such as the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi.[要出典] Violence peaked in the hundred days between April 7, 1994 and July 15, 1994, during which time between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people were killed.[要出典] |
ソ連による強制移住 | 1,000,000 | 1,500,000 | 1,224,745 | ソビエト連邦 | 1920 | 1951 | 31 years | May include casualties of decossackization. |
ドイツ人追放 | 500,000 | 3,000,000 | 1,224,745 | 東ヨーロッパ | 1944 | 1950 | 6 years | Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II. |
カザフスタンの飢饉 | 1,500,000 | 2,300,000 | 1,857,418 | カザフスタン | 1932 | 1933 | 1 year | – Part of the Soviet famine of 1932–33 |
アルメニア人虐殺 | 800,000 | 1,500,000 | 1,095,445 | オスマン帝国 | 1914 | 1918 | 4 years | The first genocide of the 20th century to kill over 1,000,000 people, this event was conducted by the Young Turks government of the Ottoman Empire under the administration of Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha. |
ハザーラ人の迫害 | 400,000 | 2,500,000 | 1,000,000 | アフガニスタン | 1888 | 1893 | 5 years | Over 60% of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in Abdur Rahman Khan's crackdown of the Hazaras. |
土客械闘 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 中国 | 1850 | 1867 | 17 years | After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom the Qing government cracked down on the Hakka ethnic group for allying with the kingdom slaughtering 30,000 per day. The death toll of the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars is estimated to be 1,000,000 and there was also a mass execution done during the Taiping Rebellion. It is unclear whether these events refer to the Qing crackdown. If this death toll is applied to the estimated death rate, the massacre likely took place over the course of a month. |
フランスのアルジェリア征服 | 500,000 | 1,000,000 | 707,107 | アルジェリア | 1827 | 1875 | 48 years | Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people. |
インド・パキスタン分離独立 | 200,000 | 2,000,000 | 632,456 | インド | 1947 | 1957 | 10 years | In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide between Hindus and Muslims. |
ジュンガル虐殺 | 480,000 | 600,000 | 536,656 | ジュンガル | 1755 | 1758 | 3 years | The mass extermination of Dzungar Mongols by the Qing dynasty under the order of the Qianlong Emperor. |
ギリシア人虐殺 | 289,000 | 750,000 | 465,564 | オスマン帝国 | 1913 | 1922 | 9 years | Violent ethnic cleansing of Greeks from their historical homeland of Anatolia. |
クロアチア独立国におけるセルビア人虐殺 | 200,000 | 1,000,000 | 447,214 | クロアチア独立国 | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | Genocide of Serbs by the Ustaše government of the Independent State of Croatia |
チェルケス人虐殺 | 400,000 | 500,000 | 447,214 | チェルケシア | 1864 | 1867 | 3 years | Deaths from mass expulsion of Circassians after Russian conquest. |
アルビジョア十字軍 | 447,214 | ラングドック(フランス) | 1209 | 1229 | 20 years | Raphael Lemkin, well known as the coiner of the term "genocide", referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history". | ||
ソ連によるポーランド人殺害 | 260,000 | 750,000 | 441,588 | ソビエト連邦、ポーランド | 1937 | 1946 | 9 years | |
ブラジルにおける先住民虐殺 | 235,000 | 800,000 | 433,590 | ブラジル | 1900 | 1985 | 85 years | |
チベットの占領 | 144,000 | 1,200,000 | 415,692 | チベット | 1950 | present | 68 years | In 1960, the western-based nongovernmental International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) gave a report titled Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic to the United Nations. The report was prepared by the ICJ's Legal Inquiry Committee, composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world. This report accused the Chinese of the crime of genocide in Tibet, after nine years of full occupation, six years before the devastation of the cultural revolution began.[要文献特定詳細情報] The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres, tortures and killings, bombardment of monasteries, and extermination of whole nomad camps. Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists, who received a great assistance in military equipment from the Soviets, broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet.Template:Quote needed |
ポライモス(ロマ虐殺) | 220,000 | 500,000 | 331,662 | ナチス占領下のヨーロッパ | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | The genocide of Romani by Nazi Germany and its puppet states. |
1971年のバングラデシュにおける虐殺 | 26,000 | 3,000,000 | 279,285 | 東パキスタン | March 21, 1971 | December 16, 1971 | 8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days | See also: Bangladesh Liberation War, Operation Searchlight, List of massacres in Bangladesh, Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War |
クメール・ルージュによる中国人虐殺 | 225,000 | 219,943 | カンボジア | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | More than half of the Chinese population of Cambodia were slaughtered by the Khmer Rouge.– Part of the Cambodian genocide | |
アッシリア人虐殺 | 150,000 | 300,000 | 212,132 | オスマン帝国 | 1914 | 1920 | 6 years | One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks. |
クメール・ルージュによるカンボジア虐殺 | 90,000 | 500,000 | 212,132 | カンボジア | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | The genocide slaughtered over 70% of the Cham Muslim population in Cambodia according to themselves. According to Ben Kiernan, Cham were subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the Khmer Rouge and subjected to the slaughter of 36% of their population according to Samuel Totten.[要出典] – Part of the Cambodian genocide |
第一次コンゴ戦争におけるフツ難民の虐殺 | 200,000 | 220,000 | 209,762 | ザイール | 1996 | 1997 | 1 year | During the First Congo War, Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps, which the génocidaires had been using as their safe-bases, and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda. During this process, Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred; however, Amnesty International claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the Rwandan Defence Forces and aligned forces. The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the ADFL soldiers in the DRC Mapping Exercise Report.[要出典] |
Extermination of the Wu Hu | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 中国北部 | 350 | 351 | 1 year | Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu, especially the Jie people, during the Wei–Jie war in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred. |
クロムウェルのアイルランド侵略 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | アイルランド | 1649 | 1653 | 4 years | The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland. The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists. These arguments, in turn, have been challenged by others. |
Caste War of Yucatán | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | ユカタン半島, メキシコ | 1847 | 1901 | 54 years | The Caste War of Yucatán against the population of European descent, called Yucatecos, who held political and economic control of the region. Adam Jones wrote, "Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to 200,000 killed."– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas |
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | レバノン山脈 | 1915 | 1918 | 3 years | One of the various genocides and ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks. |
第三次ポエニ戦争 | 150,000 | 250,000 | 193,649 | チュニジア | 149 BC | 146 BC | 3 years | This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia, mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence. |
Destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign | 87,500 | 388,100 | 184,279 | イラク | 1977 | 1991 | 14 years | 87,500 to 388,100 Kurds were killed in the destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign including: 2,500 to 12,500 in the Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq, 10,000 to 25,000[要説明] were killed during the Feyli Kurds operation, 5,000 to 8,000 Kurds were disappeared in the 1983 Barzani killings, 50,000 to 100,000 (although Kurdish sources have cited a higher figure of 182,000) more Kurds were massacred in the Anfal genocide, and at least 20,000 were killed during the 1991 Iraqi uprising notwithstanding an additional 48,400 to 140,600 Kurdish refugees that starved to death along the Iranian and Turkish borders. |
ダルフール虐殺 |
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| ダルフール, スーダン | 2003 | present | 15 years | The War in Darfur is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court. |
Polish Operation of the NKVD | 110,000 | 250,000 | 165,831 | ソビエト連邦 | 1937 | 1938 | 1 year | The operation from 1937 to 1938 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union. |
Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush | 123,000 | 200,000 | 156,843 | ソビエト連邦 | February 1944 | March 1944 | 1 month | Expulsion of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia. |
Hamidian Massacres | 80,000 | 300,000 | 154,919 | オスマン帝国 | 1894 | 1896 | 2 years | Mass murder of Armenian (and other Christian) civilians under Sultan Abdul Hamid II that foreshadowed the Armenian Genocide. |
Indonesian occupation of East Timor | 60,000 | 308,000 | 135,941 | 東ティモール | 1974 | 1999 | 25 years | The civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness, resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13% up to almost a third to almost 44% of the population. |
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia | 60,000 | 300,000 | 134,164 | ヴォルィーニEastern Galicia | 1943 | 1944 | 1 year | Genocide of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). |
1972 Genocide of Burundian Hutus | 80,000 | 210,000 | 129,615 | ブルンジ | 1972 | 1972 | ? | Communal mass murder of Hutus by their rival tribe the Tutsi in Burundi. – Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides |
Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire | 52,000 | 254,500 | 115,039 | ロシア帝国 | 1903–1906 | 1917–1922 | 19 years | The massacres of Jews in the Russian Empire reached their peak in the early 20th century, through the killing of thousands from 1903 to 1906 and tens to hundreds of thousands from 1917 to 1922. |
Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey | 33,835 | 357,000 | 109,905 | トルコ | 1921 | present | 97 years | All casualties from the various Kurdish uprisings against the Turkish state.
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Deportation of the Crimean Tatars | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | ソビエト連邦 | 1944 | 1945 | 1 year | Often considered an ethnic cleansing, and Ukraine considers the event genocide. |
Massacres of European colonists during the rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | ペルー | 1780 | 1782 | 2 years | The indigenous rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari against the Spanish between 1780 and 1782, cost over 100,000 colonists' lives in Peru and Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia). |
Spanish repressions of Dutch Protestants | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | ネーデルラント | 1566 | 1609 | 43 years | 100,000 massacred under Charles V and Philip II during the Eighty Years' War. |
Al-Anfal genocide | 50,000 | 182,000 | 95,394 | イラク | 1986 | 1989 | 3 years | The Kurdish genocide led by Ali Hassan al-Majid under the order of Saddam Hussein. |
Atrocities against Harkis after the Algerian War | 50,000 | 150,000 | 86,603 | アルジェリア | 1962 | ? | ? | The Harkis were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture.[要出典] |
T4作戦 | 70,273 | 93,521 | 81,068 | ナチス・ドイツ | 1939 | 1941 | 2 years | A euthanasia program in Nazi Germany used to purge those deemed genetically deficient. |
Italian Pacification of Libya | 80,000 | 80,000 | 80,000 | リビア | 1923 | 1932 | 9 years | |
グアテマラ虐殺 | 35,000 | 166,000 | 76,223 | グアテマラ | 1960 | 1996 | 36 years | According to the Historical Clarification Commission, 140,000 to 200,000 were killed or disappeared, and at least 42,275 were killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War, of which 93% were from officially sanctioned government terror and 83% of the victims were Maya. – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas |
Racial violence during the Rwandan Revolution | 50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis | ブルンジ、ルワンダ | 1959 | 1962 | 3 years | |||
Indian annexation of Hyderabad | 27,000 | 200,000 | 73,485 | ニザーム王国, インド | 1948 | 1948 | 5 days | |
Decossackization | 5,000 | 1,000,000 | 70,711 | Former Russian Empire | 1917 | 1933 | 16 years | Violent class purge, ethnic cleansing, and mass murder of Cossacks, especially Kuban and Don Cossacks, by the Bolsheviks. |
Effacer le tableau | 60,000 | 70,000 | 64,807 | コンゴ民主共和国 | 1998 | 2003 | 5 years | Pygmy peoples were murdered en masse as they were regarded as subhumans.[要出典] |
ヘレロ・ナマクア虐殺 | 34,000 | 110,000 | 61,156 | ドイツ領南西アフリカ | 1904 | 1907 | 3 years | Genocides of the Herero and Nama peoples by the German Empire during the Herero Wars. |
Ethnic cleansing and genocide committed by all sides during the Yugoslav Wars | 52,856 | 64,917 | 58,577 | ユーゴスラビア | 1991 | 2001 | 10 years | All civilians killed in the Yugoslav Wars including events such as the Srebrenica Massacre, Žepa Massacre, Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, and other atrocities. 69.8% to 82% of civilian victims of the Bosnian War were Bosniak. During the War in Croatia, 43.4% of the killed on the Croatian side were civilians.
|
アメリカ合衆国のインディアン戦争 | 49,000 | 64,000 | 56,000 | アメリカ合衆国 | 1511 | 1890 | 389 years | From the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894): "The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white people, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ..."[要出典] Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas.[要出典] |
Massacres of Polish civilians during the Warsaw Uprising | 50,000 | 60,000 | 54,772 | ポーランド | August 5, 1944 || August 12, 1944 | 1 week | Polish fatalities in districts of Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising | |
1993 Genocide of Burundian Tutsis | 50,000 | 50,000 | 50,000 | ブルンジ | 1993 | 1993 | ? | Communal mass murder of Tutsis by their rival tribe the Hutu in Burundi. – Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides |
近世の魔女裁判 | 20,000 | 100,000 | 44,721 | ヨーロッパ | 1400 | 1800 | 300 years | |
British concentration camps during the Second Boer War | 26,000 | 40,000 | 32,249 | トランスヴァール共和国 | 1900 | 1902 | 2 years | Lord Kitchener led the British army against the Boer Republics in the Second Boer War in Southern Africa. In an attempt to pacify Boer guerrillas, he targeted their families, and 116,000 Boer women and children were captured and jailed by the British, Within 2 years, 22,074 children died and 4,177 women died due to deliberate neglect by the British. 115,000 black people were separately jailed, of whom 15,000 died in prison camps. |
Great Fire of Smyrna | 10,000 | 100,000 | 31,623 | イズミル, オスマン帝国 | September 9, 1922 | September 24, 1922 | 15 days | Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the massacre of their populations. After the attacks, 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed.[要出典] |
Massacres of Kyrgyz people during the Central Asian revolt of 1916 | 3,000 | 270,000 | 28,460 | キルギス | 1916 | 1916 | 7 months | In 1916, there was an uprising and crackdown of Kyrgyzstanis against and by Tsarist Russia in what is now known as the Urkun. A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 that killed 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis a genocidethough Russia rejected this characterization. Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000. |
Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam | 10,000 | 65,000 | 25,495 | Canara | 1784 | 1799 | 15 years | A 15-year imprisonment of Mangalorean Catholics and other Christians at Seringapatam in the Indian region of Canara by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore.[要出典] |
1988 Burundian massacre of Hutus | 25,000 | 25,000 | 25,000 | ブルンジ | 1988 | 1988 | ? | – Part of the Rwandan and Burundian genocides |
Parsley massacre | 17,000 | 35,000 | 24,393 | ドミニカ共和国 | October 2, 1937 | October 8, 1937 | 6 days | Genocidal massacre of people who say perejil (Spanish: "parsley") in a French accent in order to determine if they are Afro-Haitian or Afro-Dominican. |
Australian frontier wars | 22,000 | 22,500 | 22,249 | オーストラリア | 1788 | 1934 | 146 years | Wars between Indigenous Australians and settlers in which about 20,000 aboriginal were massacred, along with two to 2,500 settlers dying in combat.[要出典]See also: List of massacres of Indigenous Australians |
Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia | 17,000 | 28,000 | 21,817 | アブハジア、ジョージア | 1992 | 1993 | 1 year | The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia, also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia", and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia" Refers to ethnic cleansing, massacres and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians |
Dersim Massacre | 7,594 | 40,000 | 17,429 | デルスィム, トルコ | 1937 | 1937 | 8 months | The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish people (Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza) by the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of Tunceli Province, Elazığ Province, and Bingöl Province. The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkification policies of the Turkish government. As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thousands of Alevi Zazas died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict. – Part of the Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey |
1966 anti-Igbo pogrom | 10,000 | 30,000 | 17,321 | ナイジェリア | May 29, 1966 | October 1966 | 4 months, 2 days | |
Indian massacres in the United States frontiers | 16,349 | 16,349 | 16,349 | アメリカ合衆国 | 1511 | 1890 | 379 years | It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. However, one book, The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, presents an estimate by counting every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890). The parameters were limited to the intentional and indiscriminate murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. The results revealed that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas |
Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh | 1,000 | 150,000 | 12,247 | バングラデシュ | 1971 | 1971 | ? | Most extreme episode of the massacres of Biharis by Bengali mobs |
Gukurahundi | 3,750 | 30,000 | 10,607 | ジンバブエ | 1983 | 1987 | 5 years | Ethnic cleansing and executions of members of the Ndebele by the Robert Mugabe's Fifth Brigade. |
クメール・ルージュによるベトナム人虐殺 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | カンボジア | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | 100% of the Vietnamese in Cambodia were slaughtered during the genocide, according to Samuel Totten. – Part of the Cambodian genocide |
クメール・ルージュによるタイ人虐殺 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | カンボジア | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | 40% of Thai in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten. – Part of the Cambodian genocide |
1946 Bihar riots | 2,000 | 30,000 | 7,746 | ビハール州, インド | October 30, 1946 | November 7, 1946 | 8 days | Killings of Bihari Muslims by Bengali Hindus in retaliation to the Direct Action Day riots. |
Noakhali riots | 5,000 | 10,000 | 7,071 | ベンガル地方, インド | October 1946 | November 1946 | 1 month | Killings of Bengali Hindus by Bengali Muslims in retaliation to the Direct Action Day riots. |
Sétif and Guelma massacre | 1,020 | 45,000 | 6,775 | アルジェリア | 1945 | 1945 | ? | |
Deaths of indigenous children in the Canadian residential schools system | 3,201 | 32,010 | 17,606 | カナダ | 1876 | 1996 | 120 years | – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas |
Genocide of native Tasmanians | 3,000 | 15,000 | 6,708 | オーストラリア | 1803 | 1905 | 102 years | After the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith there were no non-mixed raced Tasmanians left in the world.[要出典] |
Massacres of Arabs and Indians during the Zanzibar Revolution | 2,000 | 20,000 | 6,325 | ザンジバル | 1964 | 1964 | ? | Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution |
1964 East Pakistan riots | 5,590 | 5,690 | 5,640 | 東パキスタン | January 2, 1964 | March 28, 1964 | 2 months, 26 days | All casualties from the various riots in East Pakistan during the year 1964.
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Simele massacre | 5,000 | 6,000 | 5,477 | イラク | August 7, 1933 | August 11, 1933 | 4 days | The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide. |
1950 East Pakistan riots | 4,803 | 4,833 | 4,818 | 東ベンガル | February 1950 | March 1950 | 1 month | All casualties from the various riots in East Pakistan during the year 1950.
|
1984 Sikh Massacre | 2,800 | 8,000 | 4,733 | インド | October 31, 1984 | November 3, 1984 | 1 month | A series of pogroms against Sikhs primarily done by members of the Indian National Congress party due to the assassination of the prime minister. |
Nellie massacre | 2,191 | 10,000 | 4,681 | アッサム州, インド | Six hours on February 18, 1983 | Six hours on February 18, 1983 | 6 hours | Killings of 2191 Bengali Musims after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to give 4 million Bengali Musilms in Assam the right to vote |
Laotian genocide by Khmer Rouge | 4,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | カンボジア | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | 40% of Laotians in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian genocide according to Samuel Totten.– Part of the Cambodian genocide |
Direct Action Day | 4,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | インド | August 16, 1946 | August 18, 1946 | 2 days | Also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal province of British India. |
1804 Haiti massacre | 3,000 | 5,000 | 3,873 | ハイチ | Early February 1804 | April 22, 1804 | ? | Genocide of French people in Haiti. |
涙の道 | 2,000 | 6,000 | 3,464 | アメリカ合衆国 | 1830 | 1850 | 20 years | The forced relocation of various Native American tribes under the order of Andrew Jackson. – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas |
Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL | 2,000 | 5,000 | 3,162 | シンジャール, イラク、シリア | 2014 | present | 4 years | Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Yazidis by ISIL |
Selk'nam genocide | 2,500 | 3,900 | 3,122 | ティエラ・デル・フエゴ, チリ | Late 1800s | Early 1900s | ? | Genocide of Selknam Native Chilean tribe. – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas |
Massacre of protesters at the Demolition of the Babri Masjid | 2,000 | 2,000 | 2,000 | アヨーディヤー, インド | 1992 | 1993 | 1 year | The destruction of a prominent mosque in India by Hindu extremists and killings of Muslim protesters. |
2002 Gujarat riots | 1,044 | 2,977 | 1,763 | グジャラート州, インド | February 2002 | March 2002 | 1 month | Minimum death toll includes 790 Muslim death toll. Both death tolls include 254 Hindu deaths. Maximum death toll includes 223 presumed mixing as dead, and a higher 2,500 Muslim death toll.[要出典] |
Genocide of Shias by ISIL | イラク、シリア、アフガニスタン | 2003 | present | 16 years | Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Shias by ISIL. One of the first instances was the Imam Ali Mosque bombing in Najaf | |||
Conquest of the Desert | 1,300 | 1,300 | 1,300 | アルゼンチン | Mid 1870s | 1884 | ? | Military campaign, directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia, then inhabited by indigenous peoples.– Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas |
Genocide of Christians by ISIL | 世界全体 | 2014 | present | 4 years | Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Christians by ISIL. In Iraq, the genocide started before 2014, as exemplified by the 2010 Baghdad church massacre | |||
Black War | 878 | 878 | 878 | オーストラリア | Mid 1820s | 1832 | ? | – Part of the Genocide of native Tasmanians |
Biological warfare at the Siege of Fort Pitt | ? | ? | ? | ペンシルバニア州ピッツバーグ | June 22, 1763 | August 10, 1763 | 1 months, 18 days | The death toll resulting from the event is unknown – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas |
ここでは政治的な対立による大量殺害についての一覧を載せる。
出来事 | 低い推定 | 高い推定 | 相乗平均 | 場所 | 開始 | 終了 | 期間 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土地改革 | 800,000 | 要出典] | 28,000,000[4,732,864 | 中華人民共和国 | 1947 | 1951 | 4 years | Millions of landlords were killed during land reforms before the formation of the People's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies. See also: Struggle session |
文化大革命 | 400,000 | 10,000,000 | 2,000,000 | 中華人民共和国 | 1966 | 1976 | 10 years | The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. See also: Struggle session |
1965-66のインドネシアでの大量虐殺 | 500,000 | 3,000,000 | 1,224,745 | インドネシア | 1965 | 1966 | 1 year | Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965–66 by the Indonesian Army and associated death squads with support from Western powers such as the United States. Death tolls are difficult to estimate, but it is widely accepted by scholars that roughly 1 million people were killed. |
反革命鎮圧運動 | 712,000 | 2,000,000 | 1,193,315 | 中華人民共和国 | 1950 | 1951 | 1 year | The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries ( or abbreviated as ) was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government. |
大粛清 | 681,692 | 1,704,230 | 1,077,850 | ソビエト連邦 | 1936 | 1938 | 2 years | The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution (especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the Gulag system.[要出典] |
白色テロ(ロシア) | 300,000 | 300,000 | 300,000 | ロシア帝国 | 1917 | 1923 | 6 years | Political repression by the White movement during the Russian Civil War. |
白色テロ(スペイン) | 150,000 | 400,000 | 244,949 | Spain during and after the Spanish Civil War | 1936 | 1945 | 9 years | In Spain, the White Terror (also known as "la Represión Franquista" or the "Francoist Repression") was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (October 1, 1936 – November 20, 1975) |
赤色テロ(エチオピア) | 30,000 | 750,000 | 150,000 | People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | 1977 | 1978 | 1 year | Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia. |
保導連盟事件 | 100,000 | 200,000 | 141,421 | 韓国 | 1950 | 1950 | ? | Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the summer of 1950, at the start of Korean War. |
ナチスによるフリーメイソン弾圧 | 80,000 | 200,000 | 126,491 | German-occupied territory | 1933 | 1945 | 12 years | The Nazi regime of Germany targeted Freemasons as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish conspiracy. 「Suppression of Freemasonry」も参照 |
赤色テロ | 10,000 | 1,500,000 | 122,474 | Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War | 1918 | 1922 | 4 years | Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. |
1991年のイラクでの反乱 | 25,000 | 180,000 | 67,082 | イラク | March the 1st, 1991 | April the 5th, 1991 | 1 month and 4 days | The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein's government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as human shields, where they detained and summarily executed or "disappeared" thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive. |
コンドル作戦 | 50,000 | 80,000 | 63,246 | South America | 1975 | 1983 | 8 years | A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States. |
赤色テロ(スペイン) | 38,000 | 72,344 | 52,432 | Spain during the Spanish Civil War | 1936 | 1939 | 3 years | The Red Terror in Spain (スペイン語: Terror Rojo) is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War "by sections of nearly all the leftist groups". |
ベトナムでの農地改革 | 13,500 | 200,000 | 51,962 | North Vietnam | 1954 | 1956 | 2 years | |
フランス革命での恐怖政治 | 16,594 | 41,594 | 26,272 | France during the French Revolution | 1793 | 1794 | 1 year | The Reign of Terror was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".[要出典] |
ハマー虐殺 | 10,000 | 40,000 | 20,000 | Hama, Syria | February 2, 1982 | February 28, 1982 | 26 days | The Hama massacre (Arabic: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government.[要出典] |
ラ・マタンサ | 10,000 | 40,000 | 20,000 | エルサルバドル | January 22, 1932 | July 11, 1932 | 6 months and 20 days | Many of the victims were indigenous people. |
二・二八事件 | 10,000 | 30,000 | 17,320 | Taiwan | 1947 | 1947 | ? | Crackdown by the Kuomintang government that ushered in the White Terror (Taiwan) era. |
汚い戦争 | 9,000 | 30,000 | 16,432 | Argentina | 1976 | 1983 | 7 years | At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor). |
フィンランド内戦における赤色・白色テロ | 11,650 | 11,650 | 11,650 | Finland | 1918 | 1918 | 3 months, 2 weeks and 4 days | Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror. |
1988年のイランでの政治犯の処刑 | 4,482 | 30,000 | 11,596 | Iran | 1988 | 1988 | 5 months | Massacre of political prisoners in Iran. |
白色テロ (台湾) | 3,000 | 4,000 | 3,464 | Taiwan | 1949 | 1987 | 38 years | An era of martial law in Taiwan in which 140,000 where imprisoned, and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang.[要出典] |
六四天安門事件 | 241 | 10,000 | 3,000 | Tiananmen Square, People's Republic of China | 1989 | 1989 | 1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days | Crackdown of anti-government protest in the People's Republic of China. |
ピノチェト政権下のチリにおける人権侵害 | 1,200 | 3,200 | 1,960 | Chile | 1974 | 1990 | 16 years | 1,200 to 3,200 alleged communists were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet. |
ここでは、労働条件の悪さによる死亡、労働能力を十分に発揮できなかったことによる死刑、輸送中や職場での労働者の不当な扱いによる死亡について一覧を載せる。
出来事 | 低い推定 | 高い推定 | 相乗平均 | 場所 | 開始 | 終了 | 期間 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
アラブ人の奴隷貿易 | 7,545,000 | 70,000,000 | 22,981,514 | Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa | 700s | 1899 | more than 1100 years | 1500 to 1899:
Other sources estimate as many as 70 million could have perished. |
労働改造制度 | 15,000,000 | 27,000,000 | 20,124,610 | China | 1945 | 1976 | 31 years | Laogai (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which once took up more than half of the world's slaves.[要出典] Laogai is different from laojiao, or re-education through labor, which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to reform offenders into law-abiding citizens. Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Both systems, however, involved penal labor.[要出典] |
大西洋奴隷貿易 | 2,000,000 | 60,000,000 | 10,954,451 | Africa, the Americas, and the Atlantic | 1500s | 1700s | 200 years | |
オスマン帝国における奴隷制 | 10,500,000 | 11,250,000 | 10,868,533 | Eurasia, Middle East, North Africa | 1450 | 1800 | 350 years | There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the Barbary Slave Trade. The method many people use is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people took as slaves. Scholars estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted. Includes Barbary Slave Trade.[要出典] |
コンゴ自由国における残虐 | 3,000,000 | 13,000,000 | 6,244,998 | Congo Free State | 1885 | 1908 | 23 years | Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment. Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924. |
グラグ制度 | 1,053,829 | 6,000,000 | 2,514,552 | Soviet Union | 1930s | 1950s | 20 years | Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war.[要出典] There is a growing consensus among scholars that, based on archival data, the number of deaths in the gulag system fall within the range 1.5 to 1.7 million. |
北朝鮮における強制労働 | 400,000 | 1,500,000 | 774,597 | North Korea | 1972 | ongoing | 46 years | |
アシエンダ制における奴隷労働 | 173,000 | 2,015,000 | 590,419 | Mexico | 1900 | 1920 | 20 years | R.J. Rummel, coiner of the word "Democide," estimated the mortality rate for Mexican Peonage, a form of debt labor, by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet Gulag, and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the population of Mexico at the time, coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000.[要出典] |
大日本帝国による朝鮮人の強制労働 | 270,000 | 810,000 | 467,654 | Korea and Manchuria | 1939 | 1945 | 6 years | |
フランス植民地帝国における奴隷制 | 200,000 | 13,000,000 | 1,612,452 | Africa | 1900 | 1940 | 40 years | |
ポルトガルの奴隷制 | 325,000 | 325,000 | 325,000 | Portuguese Empire | 1900 | 1925 | 25 years | |
バルバリア奴隷貿易 | 245,000 | 380,000 | 305,123 | Italy, Spain, and Portugal | 1500s | 1600s | 100 years | – Part of Slavery in the Ottoman Empire |
アマゾンのゴムブームにおける奴隷制 | 250,000 | 250,000 | 250,000 | Amazon, Brazil | 1900 | 1912 | 12 years | |
泰緬鉄道の建設 | 102,621 | 102,621 | 102,621 | Burma | 1943 | 1947 | 4 years | Forced labour was used in the construction of the Burma Railway. More than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers (Romusha) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and 133 Americans. |
スエズ運河建設 | 30,000 | 120,000 | 67,082 | Egypt, and Sudan | 1859 | 1868 | 9 years | French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan in 1854–56 to build the Suez Canal. Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000, but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue, and disease, especially cholera. |
ペルーにおける中国人労働者の強制労働 | 40,000 | 50,054 | 44,746 | Peru | 1849 | 1874 | 26 years | 80,000 to 100,000 Chinese contract laborers, 95% of which were Cantonese and almost all of which were male, were sent mostly to the sugar plantations from 1849 to 1874, during the termination of slavery. They were to provide continuous labor for the coastal guano mines and especially for the coastal plantations where they became a major labor force (contributing greatly to the Peruvian guano boom) until the end of the century. While the coolies were believed to be reduced to virtual slaves, they also represented a historical transition from slave to free labor. A third group of Chinese workers was contracted for the construction of the railway from Lima to La Oroya and Huancayo. Chinese migrants were barred from using cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics, and were instead buried at pre-Incan burial sites. Between 1849 and 1874 half the Chinese population of Peru perished due to abuse, exhaustion, and suicide caused by forced labor. |
第二次世界大戦における捕虜の強制労働 | 35,000 | 35,000 | 35,000 | In and around the Pacific | 1939 | 1945 | 6 years | According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps, where they were forced to work (U.S. POWs died at a rate of 27%). |
FIFAワールドカップに関連したクウェートの人権侵害 | 1,200 | 1,800 | 1,342 | Qatar | 2013 | ongoing | 5 years | Out of at least 100,000 laborers. |
ここでは、人間の行動によって引き起こされた、または悪化させた飢饉や病気の発生について一覧を載せている。
なお、こうした飢饉や病気の中には、部分的には自然が原因であるものもある。
出来事 | 低い推定 | 高い推定 | 相乗平均 | 場所 | 開始 | 終了 | 期間 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
中華人民共和国大飢饉 | 11,600,000 | 55,000,000 | 25,258,662 | 中国 | 1958 | 1962 | 4 years | During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death. State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies. |
第二次世界大戦による病気と飢饉 | 19,000,000 | 28,000,000 | 23,065,130 | 世界全体 | 1939 | 1945 | 6 years | See also: World War II casualties |
イギリス統治下のインドにおける飢饉 | 12,000,000 | 51,000,000+ | 20,500,000 | インド | 1757 | 1947 | 190 years | Between 12 and 51 million Indians (or even more) died of starvation while India under British rule (East India Company and British Raj). Millions of tonnes of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged. |
大日本帝国による飢饉と病気 | 8,136,000 | 14,936,000 | 11,023,579 | 大日本帝国 | 1937 | 1945 | 8 years | Combined death tolls from famine and disease from China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines. 「World War II casualties」も参照 |
1876年から79年にかけての中国北部での飢饉 | 要出典] | 9,000,000[13,000,000 | 10,816,650 | 中国 | 1876 | 1879 | 3 years | ENSO famine. 「Late Victorian Holocausts」も参照 |
1770年のベンガル地方における飢饉 | 10,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 10,000,000 | ベンガル管区 | 1769 | 1773 | 4 years | The famine killed a third of the Bengali population at the time. It is attributed to the policies of the ruling British East India Company. |
1921年から22年にかけてのロシアでの飢饉 | 5,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 7,071,072 | ソビエト・ロシア | 1921 | 1922 | 1 year | May have been exacerbated by War Communism policies, but it is debatable to which extent. See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union, and Russian Civil War, with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka. |
日中戦争による飢餓と病気 | 5,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 7,071,068 | 中国 | 1937 | 1945 | 8 years | See also: World War II casualties. |
1932年から33年にかけてのソ連での飢饉Soviet famine of 1932–33 | 4,400,000 | 9,100,000 | 6,327,717 | ソ連 | 1932 | 1933 | 1 year | The majority of famine victims were Ukrainian. Many nations, including Ukraine, regard the famine's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine, known as the Holodomor. 1.8 – 4.8 million: Ukraine 600,000 – 2.3 million: Kazakhstan 2 million: Elsewhere |
第一次世界大戦による飢饉と病気 | 5,411,000 | 6,100,000 | 5,745,181 | 世界全体 | 1914 | 1918 | 4 years | See also: World War I casualties. |
Great Famine of 1876–78 | 6,100,000 | 10,320,000 | イギリス領インド帝国 | 1876 | 1878 | 2 years | ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts. | |
Famine and disease caused by the Second Congo War | 3,800,000 | 5,400,000 | 4,529,901 | アフリカ | 1998 | 2004 | 6 years | Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease. |
Iranian famine of 1917–1919 | 2,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 4,472,136 | イラン | 1917 | 1919 | 3 years | The Persian famine of 1917–1919 was a period of widespread mass starvation and disease in Persia (Iran). The famine took place in the occupied territory of Iran that had declared neutrality. According to the estimates acknowledged, 2–10 million people died of hunger and disease. A variety of factors are commented to have caused and contributed to the famine such as war profiteering, and poor harvests but mainly requisitioning and confiscation of foodstuffs by the occupying Russian and British armies. |
Famine and disease caused by Decommunization | 4,000,000+ | 4,000,000+ | 4,000,000+ | Former States of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc | 1991 | 2000 | 9 years | Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in Russia and other former Communist States after the fall of the Soviet Union. |
Bengal famine of 1943 | 要出典] | 3,000,000[4,000,000 | 3,464,100 | イギリス領インド帝国 | 1943 | 1944 | 1 year | The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports, however, war-related administrative policies in British India ultimately helped to cause the massive death toll. |
Indian famine of 1896–97 and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 | 8,400,000 | 19,000,000 | 13,700,000 | イギリス領インド帝国 | 1896 | 1900 | 4 years | ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts. |
Famine and diseased caused by the Biafran Blockade during Nigeria's Civil War | 2,000,000 | 3,000,000 | 2,449,490 | ナイジェリア | 1967 | 1970 | 3 years | More than two million Igbo died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockades during the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands starved to death daily as the war progressed.[要出典] |
Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies | 2,400,000 | 2,400,000 | 2,400,000 | インドネシア | 1944 | 1945 | 1 year | An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but the main cause was the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population. |
Soviet famine of 1946–47 | 1,000,000 | 1,500,000 | 1,224,745 | ソ連 | 1946 | 1947 | 1 year | Debated as to whether it was caused by war or government policy. |
ジャガイモ飢饉 | 750,000 | 1,500,000 | 1,060,660 | アイルランド | 1846 | 1849 | 3 years | Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland, where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food, was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors, which continue to remain the subject of historical debate. |
Vietnamese Famine of 1945 | 400,000 | 2,000,000 | 894,427 | ベトナム | 1944 | 1945 | 1 year | The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam. |
Cambodian Holocaust Famine | 800,000 | 950,000 | 871,780 | カンボジア | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor, and famine, perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, nearly half of which was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979. |
1983–85 famine in Ethiopia | 400,000 | 1,000,000 | 632,456 | エチオピア | 1983 | 1985 | 2 years | The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, especially the one of 1983–1985, were in large part created by government policies. |
Famine and disease during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines | 336,000 | 336,000 | 336,000 | フィリピン | 1942 | 1945 | 3 years | See also: World War I casualties. |
North Korean famine | 240,000 | 5,000,000 | 1,090,000 | 北朝鮮 | 1994 | 1998 | 4 years | The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000. |
Cuban War of Independence Famine | 300,000 | 300,000 | 300,000 | キューバ | 1895 | 1898 | 3 years | Most of dead in this war perished from famine and disease. |
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | レバノン山脈、オスマン帝国 | 1915 | 1918 | 3 years | Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000. The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets, and people were reported to be eating street animals, while some resorted to cannibalism. |
1998 Sudan famine | 70,000 | 70,000 | 70,000 | スーダン | 1998 | 1998 | ? | The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan. |
Famine in Yemen (2016–present) | 50,000 children | 50,000 children | 50,000 children | イエメン | 2016 | present | 2 years | The famine was triggered by Saudi Arabia's intervention into the Yemeni Civil War, which is backed by Western powers including the United States. Around 13 million people, or roughly half of the country's population, is facing starvation in what the UN calls "the worst famine in the world in 100 years". |
ダム、堤防、防潮堤、擁壁の故障など、人間によって部分的に引き起こされた洪水や地すべりを載せる。
出来事 | 低い推定 | 高い推定 | 相乗平均 | 場所 | 開始 | 終了 | 期間 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1931年中国大洪水 | 2,500,000 | 3,700,000 | 3,041,381 | 中国 | 1931 | 1931 | ? | |
1887年黄河洪水 | 900,000[要出典] | 2,000,000[要出典] | 1,341,641 | 中国 | 1887 | 1887 | ? | |
黄河決壊事件 | 500,000[要出典] | 700,000[要出典] | 591,608 | 中国 | 1938 | 1938 | ? | |
ベトナムからのボートピープル | 200,000 | 560,000 | 334,664 | タイ湾および太平洋 | 1978 | 1979 | 1年 | |
1935年長江洪水 | 145,000[要出典] | 145,000[要出典] | 145,000 | 中国 | 1935 | 1935 | ? | |
聖フェリクスの洪水 | 100,000[要出典] | 100,000[要出典] | 100,000 | オランダ | 1530 | 1530 | ? | |
紅河デルタ洪水 | 100,000[要出典] | 100,000[要出典] | 100,000 | 北ベトナム | 1971 | 1971 | ? | |
1911年長江洪水 | 100,000[要出典] | 100,000[要出典] | 100,000 | 中国 | 1911 | 1911 | ? | |
板橋ダム決壊事故 | 26,000 | 230,000 | 77,330 | 中国 | 1975年8月 | 1975年8月 | ? | |
聖ルチア祭の洪水 | 50,000[要出典] | 80,000[要出典] | 63,246 | オランダ、イングランド | 1287 | 1287 | ? | |
バルガスの悲劇 | 10,000[要出典] | 50,000[要出典] | 22,361 | ベネズエラ | 1999年12月14日 | 1999年12月16日 | 3日 | |
北海大洪水 | 要出典] 2,400[ | 2,400[要出典] | 2,400 | オランダ、イングランド、 スコットランド、ベルギー | 1953年1月31日 | 1953年1月31日 | 1日 | |
ジョンズタウン洪水 | 2,209[要出典] | 2,209[要出典] | 2,209 | アメリカ | 1889年5月31日 | 1889年5月31日 | 1日 |
出来事 | 低い推定 | 高い推定 | 相乗平均 | 場所 | 開始 | 終了 | 期間 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
アステカ文化における人身御供 | 20,000 | 5,000,000 | 316,228 | メキシコ | 14世紀 || 1521 | 200年 | Skull racks: 60,000 to 136,000 See also: Aztecs | |
中国の商王朝における人身御供 | 13,000 | 13,000 | 中国 | 1300 BC | 1050 BC | 250年 | Last 250 years of rule | |
イラク戦争中の自爆テロ | 12,284 | 18,000+ | 12,284 | イラク | 2003 | 2019 | 進行中 | See also: Iraqi insurgency (2003–11) and Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) |
サティ儀式による焼身自殺 | 7,941 | 7,941 | インド | 1815 | 1828 | 13年 | ||
マサダでの集団自殺 | 要出典] | 967[967 | 967 | マサダ | Spring 73 CE || Spring 73 CE | ? | ||
ジョーンズタウン | 909 | 909 | 909 | Jim Jones | ||||
パレスチナの自爆攻撃 | 804 | 804 | 804 | イスラエルおよび | 7月 6, 1989 | 4月 18, 2016 | 27年 | May only include victims 「Palestinian political violence」も参照 |
100人以上が死亡した暴動や事件について載せる。
出来事 | 死者数 | 国 | 地域 | 年 |
---|---|---|---|---|
インド・パキスタン分離独立 | 200,000–2,000,000 | 英領インド | パンジャーブ、ベンガル地方 | 1947 |
ラ・ビオレンシア | 200,000–300,000 | コロンビア | 国全体 | 1948–1960 |
1959年のチベット蜂起 | 85,000–87,000 | チベット | ラサ | 1959 |
ニカの乱 | 30,000 | 東ローマ帝国 | コンスタンティノープル | 532 |
パリ・コミューン | 6,667–20,000 | フランス | パリ | 1871 |
二・二八事件 | 10,000–30,000 | 中国 | 台湾 | 1947 |
済州島四・三事件 | 14,000–30,000 | Southern Korea, present-day South Korea | 済州島 | 1948 |
August Uprising | 13,000–15,500 | ソ連 | ジョージア | 1924 |
エルサルバドル農民蜂起 (1932年) | 10,000–40,000 | エルサルバドル | 1932 | |
Romanian Peasants' Revolt | 10,000–20,000 | ルーマニア | 1907 | |
クロンシュタットの反乱 | 10,000 | ロシア | クロンシュタット | 1921 |
1984 anti-Sikh riots | 2,800–8,000 | インド | ニューデリー | 1984 |
三・一運動 | 7,500 | 日本統治時代の朝鮮 | ソウル | 1919 |
第2次インティファー | 4,179–4,354 | イスラエル/パレスチナ | 2000–2005 | |
Pitchfork Uprising | 3,800 | ロシア | 1920 | |
イラン革命 | 2,781 | イラン | 1979 | |
8888民主化運動 | 3,000–10,000 | ビルマ/ミャンマー | 1987–1993 | |
第1次インティファーダ | 2,204 | イスラエル/パレスチナ | 1987 | |
バナナの虐殺 | 47–2,000 | コロンビア | Ciénaga | 1928 |
Santa María School massacre | 2,300 | チリ | イキケ | 1907 |
アッサム運動 | 2,191+ | インド | アッサム | 1979–1985 |
1994年の南アフリカの政権交代での暴力 | 1,652 | 南アフリカ共和国 | 1994 | |
ルーマニア革命 (1989年) | 1,104 | ルーマニア | ブカレストなどの主要都市 | 1989 |
2009年のボコ・ハラムの蜂起 | 1,000+ | ナイジェリア | バウチ州、ボルノ州、ヨベ州、カノ州 | 2009 |
ジャカルタ暴動 (1998年) | 1,000–1,200 | インドネシア | ジャカルタ、メダン、スラカルタ | 1998 |
ケニア危機 (2007年-2008年) | 1,000 | ケニア | 2008 | |
2005年トーゴ民主化運動 | 500–1,000 | トーゴ | 2005 | |
1989年のバーガルプル暴動 | 1,000 | インド | バーガルプル | 1989 |
血の日曜日事件 (1905年) | 132–4,000 | ロシア | サンクトペテルブルク | 1905 |
2010年南キルギス暴動 | 893 | キルギス | 2010 | |
イラン人巡礼者の暴動 | 400 | サウジアラビア | メッカ | 1987 |
アムリットサル事件 | 379–1,526 | 英領インド | アムリトサル | 1919 |
テランガーナ運動 | 360+ | インド | ハイデラバード | 1969 |
ジャスミン革命 | 338 | チュニジア | 2010–2011 | |
六四天安門事件 | 300–10,454 | 中国 | 北京 | 1989 |
Kengir uprising | 700 | ソビエト連邦 | カザフスタン | 1954 |
2018年ニカラグア抗議デモ | 317 | ニカラグア | 2018 | |
ゴードン暴動 | 285 | イギリス | 1780 | |
嘆きの壁事件 | 249 | イギリス委任統治領パレスチナ | 1929 | |
2019年スーダンクーデター | 229+ | スーダン | 2018–2019 | |
Military Police of Espírito Santo strike | 215 | ブラジル | エスピリトサント州 | 2017 |
2009年ウイグル騒乱 | 197+ | 中国 | 新疆ウイグル自治区 | 2009 |
5月13日事件 | 196 | マレーシア | クアラルンプール | 1969 |
アンディジャン事件 | 187–1,500 | ウズベキスタン | アンディジャン | 2005 |
2017年ベネズエラ抗議運動 | 165 | ベネズエラ | 2017 | |
2009年ギニア抗議運動 | 157 | ギニア | コナクリ | 2009 |
光州事件 | 144–2,000 | 韓国 | 光州 | 1980 |
ダーバン暴動 | 142 | 南アフリカ共和国 | ダーバン | 1949 |
2017年ブラジルの刑務所での暴動 | 140+ | ブラジル | 2017 | |
ムハンマドの漫画に対する暴動 | 139 | ナイジェリア、リビア、パキスタン、アフガニスタン | 2006 | |
ハルツームの虐殺 | 128 | スーダン | ハルツーム | 2019 |
タナ川地方での衝突 | 118 | ケニア | タナ川地方 | 2012–2013 |
カランジル虐殺事件 | 111 | ブラジル | サンパウロ | 1992 |
ユーロマイダン | 121–797 | ウクライナ | キーウ | 2014 |
ニューヨーク徴兵暴動 | 119–120 | アメリカ合衆国 | ニューヨーク | 1863 |
ヴァンデミエールの反乱 | 100 | フランス | パリ | 1795 |
このセクションでは、特定の刑務所、強制収容所または絶滅収容所で発生した死者数をまとめる。ここでの死者数は、収容所内の条件と囚人による殺人や処刑またはその両方によるものを示す。
発生した場所 | 低い推定 | 高い指定 | 相乗平均 | 場所 | 開始 | 終了 | 期間 | 参考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
アウシュヴィッツ強制収容所 | 800,000 | 1,500,000 | 1,095,445 | Oświęcim, Poland | 1940 | 1945 | 5年 | |
トレブリンカ強制収容所 | 700,000 | 1,000,000 | 836,660 | Treblinka, Poland | 1942 | 1943 | 1年 | |
ベウジェツ強制収容所 | 480,000 | 600,000 | 536,656 | Bełżec, Poland | 1942 | 1943 | 1年 | |
ヤセノヴァツ強制収容所 | 100,000 | 700,000 | 264,575 | Croatia | 1941 | 1945 | 4年 | |
コルィマ鉱山 | 130,000 | 500,000 | 254,951 | Kolyma, Soviet Union | 1932 | 1954 | 22年 | |
シュトゥットホーフ強制収容所 | 85,000 | 85,000 | 85,000 | Stutthof, Poland | 1939 | 1945 | 6年 | See also: Second World War |
スタラ・グラディシュカ強制収容所 | 12,790 | 75,000 | 30,972 | Croatia | 1941 | 1945 | 4年 | Primarily for women and children. |
トゥール・スレン | 17,000 | 17,000 | 17,000 | Phnom Penh, Cambodia | 1975 | 1979 | 4年 | |
アンダーソンビル刑務所 | 13,171 | 13,171 | 13,171 | Andersonville, Georgia, United States | 1864 | 1865 | 1年 | |
ツルヴェニ・クルスト集中収容所 | 12,000 | 12,000 | 12,000 | Niš, Serbia | 1941 | 1944 | 3年 | |
エケネス刑務所収容所 | 2,963 | 2,963 | 2,963 | Tammisaari, Finland | 1918 | 1918 | 4ヶ月 | |
エルマイラ刑務所 | 2,963 | 2,963 | 2,963 | Elmira, New York, U.S. | 1864 | 1865 | 1年 | |
シャーク島強制収容所 | 1,032 | 4,000 | 2,032 | Luderitz, German South-West Africa | 1905 | 1907 | 2年 | The minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people, and the maximum total includes those who died in the Luderitz area. |
ここでは、特定の政治指導者が原因となった死者数を載せる。死亡者は国策による国内の状況と、問題の指導者に対して忠実な軍隊による積極的な殺害の両方に起因している。
指導者 | 低い推定 | 高い推定 | 相乗平均 | 場所 | 開始 | 終了 | 期間 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
毛沢東 | 13,597,000 | 70,000,000+ | 30,851,094 | 中華人民共和国 | 1946 | 1976 | 30 years | Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, and class extermination through land reform The estimate of the minimum death toll is the sum of the minimum estimate of famine dead (11.6 million), land reform dead (800,000), Counterrevolutionaries dead (712,000), and Cultural Revolution dead (400,000) plus the minimum killed in the 1959 Tibetan uprising (85,000 to 87,000) 「History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)」も参照 |
チンギス・カン | 20,000,000 | 40,000,000 | 30,945,906 | ユーラシア | 1206 | 1405 | 199 years | Due to the lack or records and time span in which they occurred, estimates of the violence associated with the conquests of the Mongol Empire and its predecessor states vary considerably not including the spread of plague to Europe, West Asia, or China it is possible that between 20 and 40 million people were killed between 1206 and 1405 during the various campaign's of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Timur |
アドルフ・ヒトラー | 13,518,250 | 25,495,692+ | 18,564,944 | ナチスドイツ下のヨーロッパ | 1934 | 1945 | 11 years | The estimate includes The Holocaust against the Jews, plus the genocide and mass murder of Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs, and the Jehovah's Witnesses
|
昭和天皇 | 9,400,000 | 20,000,000 | 14,700,000 | 大日本帝国 | 1937 | 1945 | 8 years | |
蔣介石 | 5,965,000 | 18,522,000 | 10,511,124 | 中華民国 | 1928 | 1946 | 18 years | Primarily from conscription campaigns but also grain confiscations and other atrocities. 「Mass killings under the Chinese Nationalist government」も参照 |
ヨシフ・スターリン | 3,300,000 | 15,000,000 | 8,990,772 | ソビエト連邦 | 1922 | 1953 | 31 years | The millions killed by the regime of Joseph Stalin through famine, purges, labor camps, population transfer, deportations, and NKVD massacres. The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine which range from four to ten millionRobert Conquest, writer of the book The Great Terror, first stated an estimate of 30 million, then a few years later lowering it to 20 million, and finally saying that no fewer than 15 million perished during the entire history of the USSR. Following the collapse of the USSR and the opening of the archives, scholars have reached lower death tolls. The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the Soviet regime of those not killed in famine Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 said that Stalin approximately killed 6 million to 9 million see also Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin |
レオポルド2世 | 3,000,000 | 13,000,000 | 6,244,998 | コンゴ自由国 | 1885 | 1908 | 13 years | Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment. Estimates of the death toll vary considerably due to the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924. See also: Atrocities in the Congo Free State |
ラナヴァルナ1世 | 2,500,000 | 2,500,000 | 2,500,000 | マダガスカル | 1829 | 1842 | 13 years | Putting an end to most foreign trade relationships, Ranavalona I pursued a policy of self-reliance, made possible through frequent use of the long-standing tradition of fanompoana—forced labor in lieu of tax payments in money or goods. Ranavalona continued the wars of expansion conducted by her predecessor, Radama I, in an effort to extend her realm over the entire island, and imposed strict punishments on those who were judged as having acted in opposition to her will. Due in large part to loss of life throughout the years of military campaigns, high death rates among fanompoana workers, and harsh traditions of justice under her rule, the population of Madagascar is estimated to have declined from around 5 million to 2.5 million between 1833–39, and from 750,000 to 130,000 between 1829–42 in Imerina. These statistics have contributed to a strongly unfavorable view of Ranavalona's rule in historical accounts. |
ポル・ポト | 1,386,734 | 3,400,000 | 2,171,381 | カンボジア | 1975 | 1979 | 4 years | Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.[要出典]See also: Cambodian genocide |
青年トルコ人 | 1,489,000 | 2,810,000 | 2,045,505 | オスマン帝国 | 1913 | 1922 | 9 years | Under the Young Turks' regime that took powerin 1908, the Ottoman Empire committed various genocides and ethnic cleansings. The death toll is derived from the sum of the death tolls of the Armenian Genocide (800,000 to 1,500,000), Assyrian Genocide (150,000 to 300,000), Greek Genocide (289,000 to 750,000), ethnic cleansing of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913 (50,000 to 60,000), and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (200,000). |
オマル・アル=バシール | 1,063,000 | 2,530,000 | 1,639,936 | スーダン | 1989 | 2019 | 29 years | 1 to 2 million: Second Sudanese Civil War 63,000 to 530,000:Darfur genocide |
金日成 | 710,000 | 3,500,000 | 1,576,388 | 北朝鮮 | 1948 | present | 70 years | North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world. Over two-hundred thousand people are interned in concentrations camps for being political dissidents or being related to political dissidents. They are subject to slavery, torture, starvation, shootings, gassing, and human experimentation. See also: Human rights in North Korea |
スハルト | 240,500 | 3,418,000+ | 906,658+ | インドネシア | 1965 | 1998 | 33 years | 65/66 Politicide: 78,500 to 3,000,000 "communists" East Timor Atrocities: 60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese West Papua Atrocities: 100,000 papuans Petrus Killings: 2,000 to 10,000 suspected criminals |
メンギスツ・ハイレ・マリアム | 225,000 | 670,820 | エチオピア | 1977 | 1987 | 10 years | ||
サダム・フセイン | 200,000 | 2,000,000 | 632,456 | イラク | 1979 | 2003 | 24 years | see Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq#Number of victims |
アンテ・パヴェリッチ Nikola Mandić | 300,000 | 1,088,000 | 571,314 | クロアチア | 1941 | 1945 | 4 years | See also: Independent State of Croatia |
ホー・チ・ミンとベトコン | 145,225 | 1,082,000 | 396,401 | ベトナム | 1954 | 2000 | 46 years | 95,000: re-education camps 13,500–200,000:land reform 36,725 to 227,000: war crimes 200,000 to 560,000:boat people The minimum death toll is the same of minimum estimates for war crimes, re-education camps, and land reform. The maximum death toll is the combination of the maximum estimated death toll of land reform, war crimes, re-education camps and boat people, which may or may not be attributable to the regime. |
ベニート・ムッソリーニ | 158,000 | 628,000 | 314,998 | イタリア、リビア、エチオピア、ユーゴスラビア、ギリシア | 1922 | 1945 | 24 years | |
フランシスコ・フランコ | 195,000 | 265,000 | 227,321 | スペイン、オーストラリア、ロシア | 1939 | 1975 | 36 years | Diseases and starvation: 130,000 (1939–1943) Repression: 30,000–100,000 (1939–1948) Prison camps: 20,000 (1939–1943) Spanish Maquis: 5,548 (1939–1965) World War II: 5,000 (Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria) Blue Division: Casualties in the Russo-German conflict totalled 22,700. In action against the Blue Division, the Red Army suffered 49,300 casualties. 「Francoist Spain」も参照 |
イディ・アミン | 100,000 | 500,000 | 223,607 | ウガンダ | 1971 | 1979 | 8 years | Idi Amin's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition, earning him the nickname "The Butcher of Uganda." |
ヨシップ・ブロズ・チトー | 60,000 | 802,000 | 219,363 | ユーゴスラビア | 1944 | 1980 | 36 years | |
ルーマニア共産党 | 60,000 | 435,000 | 161,555 | ルーマニア | 1945 | 1989 | 44 years | Total does not take into account the Romanian orphans who perished under Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies. 「Socialist Republic of Romania」も参照 |
モザンビーク解放戦線 | 83,000 | 250,000 | 144,049 | モザンビーク人民共和国 | 1975 | 1999 | 24 years | See also: Mozambican Civil War |
イヴァン4世 | 260,000 | 124,900 | ロシア帝国 | 1533 | 1584 | 51 years | ||
モハメド・シアド・バーレ | 50,000 | 200,000 | 100,000 | ソマリア | 1988 | 1991 | 3 years | See also: Isaaq genocide |
バッシャール・アサド | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | シリア | 2011 | present | 9 years | See also: Syrian Civil War |
サルマン国王 | 85,000 | 85,000 | 85,000 | サウジアラビア | 2016 | present | 3 years | See also: Famine in Yemen |
ブルガリア共産党 | 31,000 | 220,000 | 81,240 | ブルガリア | 1944 | 1989 | 45 years | Collectivization and political repression in Bulgaria. 「People's Republic of Bulgaria」も参照 |
ヘンリー8世 | 72,000 | 72,000 | 72,000 | イングランド | 1509 | 1547 | 38 years | |
ヴラド3世 | 43,903 | 100,000 | 66,259 | ワラキア | 1456 | 1462 | 6 years | |
チェコスロバキア共産党 | 65,000 | 65,000 | 65,000 | チェコスロバキア | 1948 | 1968 | 20 years | See also: Communist repression in Czechoslovakia |
フランシスコ・マシアス・ンゲマ | 50,000 | 80,000 | 63,246 | 赤道ギニア | 1968 | 1979 | 11 years | Macías Nguema is regarded as one of the most kleptocratic, corrupt, and dictatorial leaders in post-colonial African history. Sources vary, but he was responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 50,000 to 80,000 of the 300,000 to 400,000 people living in the country at the time.[要出典] |
ラファエル・トルヒーヨ | 50,000 | 50,000 | 50,000 | ドミニカ共和国 | 1930 | 1938 | 8 years | |
フランソワ・デュヴァリエ | 30,000 | 60,000 | 42,426 | ハイチ | 1957 | 1971 | 14 years | Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute, and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians, and the exile of many more.[要出典] |
イッセン・ハブレ | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | チャド | 1982 | 1990 | 8 years | In May 2016, Hissène Habré was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people. He was sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation. |
キューバ共産党 | 9,240 | 92,400 | 29,219 | キューバ | 1976 | present | 42 years | Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, which accuses the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses. This includes offenses such as arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution. See also: Human rights in Cuba |
ホメイニ師とハメネイ師 | 10,482 | 48,000 | 22,431 | イラン | 1979 | present | 39 years | 4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. massacre 6,000 to 18,000 child soldiers killed (refer to earlier tables on page) |
ポーランド統一労働者党 | 22,000 | 22,000 | 22,000 | ポーランド人民共和国 | 1945 | 1989 | 44 years | See also: Communist Repression in Poland |
トマス・デ・トルケマダ | 2,000 | 124,621 | 15,787 | スペイン帝国 | 1480 | 1498 | 18 years | Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those burned at the stake, whereas the maximum death toll also includes those who died from hunger and torture. |
Various leaders | 7,000 | 27,000 | 13,748 | ハンガリー | 1948 | 1956 | 8 years | Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in concentration camps, and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies. See also: Communist Repression in Hungary |
エンヴェル・ホッジャ | 5,000 | 28,000 | 11,832 | アルバニア | 1941 | 1985 | 44 years | |
South African Apartheid, various leaders | 21,000 | 19,999 | South Africa and Namibia | 1948 | 1994 | 46 years | Maximum death toll does not include deaths from the South African Border War. | |
Ferdinand Marcos | 3,257 | 80,000 | 16,142 | Philippines | 1965 | 1986 | 21 years | The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985, while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976. Also Includes those from the Moro conflict. |
ティベリウス | 9,500 | 9,500 | 古代ローマ | 14 | 37 | 23 years | ||
カリグラ | 9,000 | 9,000 | 9,000 | 37 | 41 | 4 years | ||
ジョニー・ポール・コロマ | 6,000 | 6,000 | 6,000 | シエラレオネ | 1997 | 1998 | 1 year | |
ネロ | 5,750 | 5,750 | 5,750 | 古代ローマ | 54 | 68 | 14 years | |
ジャン=ベデル・ボカサ | 100 | 90,000 | 3,000 | 中央アフリカ共和国 | 1966 | 1976 | 10 years | It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 school children. |
クラウディウス | 2,935 | 2,935 | 2,935 | 古代ローマ | 41 | 54 | 13 years | |
ドイツ社会主義統一党 | 327 | 1,500 | 929 | 東ドイツ | 1949 | 1989 | 40 years | See also: Berlin Wall deaths |
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