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謙

See also: 谦
謙 U+8B19, 謙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B19
← 謘
[U+8B18]		CJK Unified Ideographs謚 →
[U+8B1A]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

謙 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+10, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜口廿難金 (YRTXC), four-corner 08637, composition ⿰訁兼)

Derived characters edit

  • 𡄫

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1175, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35821
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1639, character 36
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4009, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+8B19

Chinese edit

trad.謙
simp.谦
2nd round simp.𰵋

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 謙
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
譧*r'eːms
賺*r'eːms
尲*kreːm
鹻*kreːmʔ
歉*kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms
槏*kʰreːmʔ
鰜*ɡreːm, *keːm
稴*ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm
豏*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms
甉*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm
廉*ɡ·rem
鎌*ɡ·rem
鬑*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
鐮*ɡ·rem
簾*ɡ·rem
薕*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
蠊*ɡ·rem
嬚*ɡ·remʔ
溓*ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ
嵰*kʰremʔ
隒*ŋɡremʔ
熑*ɡ·reːm
濂*ɡ·reːm
燫*ɡ·reːm
兼*keːm, *keːms
縑*keːm
鶼*keːm
蒹*keːm
搛*keːm
謙*kʰeːm
膁*kʰeːmʔ
嗛*kʰeːmʔ
慊*kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb
傔*kʰeːms
馦*qʰeːm
嫌*ɡeːm
鼸*ɡeːmʔ
尷*kreːm

Etymology edit

Cognate with 歉 (OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms, “deficient”), 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem, “upright; having integrity; uncorrupt”) (Schuessler, 2007), Tibetan ཁྲམ་པ (khram pa, “modest”) (Geilich, 1995).

Pronunciation edit

  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation謙
MandarinBeijing/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Harbin/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Tianjin/t͡ɕʰian²¹/
Jinan/t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Qingdao/t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Zhengzhou/t͡ɕʰian²⁴/
Xi'an/t͡ɕʰiã²¹/
Xining/t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Lanzhou/t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Wuhan/t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Guiyang/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Kunming/t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing/t͡ɕʰien⁴⁴/
Hefei/t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/
JinTaiyuan/t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Pingyao/t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
Hohhot/t͡ɕʰie³¹/
WuShanghai/t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
Suzhou/t͡ɕʰiɪ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou/t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou/t͡ɕʰi³³/
HuiShexian/t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Tunxi/t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/
XiangChangsha/t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Xiangtan/t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
GanNanchang/t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
HakkaMeixian/kʰiam⁴⁴/
Taoyuan/kʰiɑm²⁴/
CantoneseGuangzhou/him⁵³/
Nanning/him⁵⁵/
Hong Kong/him⁵⁵/
MinXiamen (Hokkien)/kʰiam⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min)/kʰieŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min)/kiŋ⁵⁴/
/kʰiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew)/kʰiam³³/
Haikou (Hainanese)/xiam²³/
Rime
Character謙
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)溪 (29)
Final (韻)添 (157)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)IV
Fanqie苦兼切
Baxterkhem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/kʰem/
Pan
Wuyun		/kʰem/
Shao
Rongfen		/kʰɛm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/kʰɛm/
Li
Rong		/kʰem/
Wang
Li		/kʰiem/
Bernard
Karlgren		/kʰiem/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		qiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		him1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character謙
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		qiān
Middle
Chinese		‹ khem ›
Old
Chinese		/*k-r̥ˁem/
Englishmodest

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character謙
Reading #1/1
No.6070
Phonetic
component		兼
Rime
group		談
Rime
subdivision		2
Corresponding
MC rime		謙
Old
Chinese		/*kʰeːm/

Definitions edit

謙

  1. humble; modest
  2. 15th hexagram of the I Ching

Compounds edit

Japanese edit

Shinjitai謙
Kyūjitai
[1]
謙󠄁
謙+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
謙󠄃
謙+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji edit

謙

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. humble; modest (Can we add an example for this sense?)

Readings edit

References edit

  1. ^ “謙”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024

Korean edit

Hanja edit

謙 (eumhun 사양할 겸 (sayanghal gyeom))

  1. Hanja form? of 겸 (“refuse, decline”).
  2. Hanja form? of 겸 (“humble, modest”).

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

謙: Hán Việt readings: khiêm[1][2]
謙: Nôm readings: khem[1][3], khiêm[1][2], khom[4], khòm[4], khọm[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of khiêm (“humble, self-effacing”).
  2. Nôm form of khem (“to put on a diet”). See kiêng khem.
  3. Nôm form of khom (“to make a bow, to bend (one's body), to walk with a stoop”). See lom khom.
  4. Nôm form of khòm (“to make a bow, to bend (one's body), to walk with a stoop”).
  5. Nôm form of khọm (“very old”). See già khọm.

Compounds edit

Compounds

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hồ (1976).
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