否

Translingual edit

Stroke order

Han character edit

否 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一火口 (MFR), four-corner 1060₉, composition ⿱不口)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 178, character 2
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3340
Dae Jaweon: page 395, character 11
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 586, character 5
Unihan data for U+5426

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		否
alternative forms		不 “no; not” 𠲎 Northern Wu 𠳝 Northern Wu

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
肧	pʰlɯː, pʰɯ, *pʰlɯː
俖	*pʰɯːʔ
娝	*prɯʔ
痞	prɯʔ, brɯʔ, *pɯʔ
丕	*pʰrɯ
伾	*pʰrɯ
秠	pʰrɯ, pʰrɯʔ, pʰɯ, pʰɯʔ
駓	*pʰrɯ
怌	*pʰrɯ
豾	*pʰrɯ
髬	*pʰrɯ
魾	pʰrɯ, brɯ
鉟	pʰrɯ, brɯ
嚭	*pʰrɯʔ
邳	*brɯ
岯	*brɯ
否	brɯʔ, pɯʔ
抔	bɯ, pʰlɯː
不	pɯ, pɯʔ, *pɯ'
紑	pɯ, pʰɯ, *pʰɯʔ
鴀	pɯ, pɯʔ
衃	pʰɯ, pʰlɯː
罘	*bɯ
芣	*bɯ
杯	*plɯː
盃	*plɯː
桮	*pɯː
坯	*pʰɯː
胚	*pʰɯː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ) : phonetic 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”).

Etymology 1 edit

See etymology of 不.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): fǒu (fou³)
(Zhuyin): ㄈㄡˇ
(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): fo³ / fou³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fau²
(Taishan, Dictionary): feu²
Gan (Dictionary): feu³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): féu
(Meixian, Guangdong): fêu³
Jin (Dictionary): fu²
Northern Min (KCR): pě
Eastern Min (BUC): pēu
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hóⁿ / hó͘ / hió
(Teochew, Peng'im): hou²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵feu
Xiang (Changsha, Dictionary): hou³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fǒu
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄡˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fǒu
  - Wade–Giles: fou³
  - Yale: fǒu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: foou
  - Palladius: фоу (fou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /foʊ̯²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: fo³ / fou³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: fo / fou
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fo⁵³/, /fəu⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fau²
  - Yale: fáu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fau²
  - Guangdong Romanization: feo²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɐu̯³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Dictionary: feu²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /feu⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Dictionary: feu³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɛu²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: féu
  - Hakka Romanization System: feu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: feu³
  - Sinological IPA: /feu̯³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fêu³
  - Sinological IPA: /feu³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Dictionary: fu²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /fu⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: pě
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰe²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: pēu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɛu³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hóⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hónn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvor
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /hɔ̃⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ̃⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hó͘
  - Tâi-lô: hóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hor
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /hɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hió
  - Tâi-lô: hió
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hioir
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hio⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hou²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hóu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hou⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁵feu
  - MiniDict: feu^去
  - Dictionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²feu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /fɤ³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Dictionary: hou³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xəu̯⁴¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 否
Mandarin	Beijing	/fou²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/fau²¹³/ /fou²¹³/
	Tianjin	/fou¹³/
	Jinan	/fɔ⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/fɔ⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/fu⁵³/
	Xi'an	/fu⁵³/
	Xining	/fv̩⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/fu⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/fu⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/fu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/fəu⁴²/
	Chengdu	/fo⁵³/ /fəu⁵³/
	Guiyang	/fu⁴²/
	Kunming	/fəu⁵³/
	Nanjing	/fəi²¹²/
	Hefei	/fʊ²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/fu⁵³/
	Pingyao
	Hohhot	/fu⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/fɤ³⁵/
	Suzhou	/fɤ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/fei⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/fɜ³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/fo³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi	/fo³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/xəu⁴¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɸəɯ⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/fɛu²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/feu³¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/feu¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/fɐu³⁵/
	Nanning	/fɐu³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/fɐu³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hɔ⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/pʰeu³²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/pʰe²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hõu⁵³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/fɔu²¹³/

Middle Chinese: pjuwX

Rime
Character	否
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	方久切
Baxter	pjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/piu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/piəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puw^X/
Li Rong	/piu^X/
Wang Li	/pĭəu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/pi̯ə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fǒu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fau²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*pəʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*pɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	否
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fǒu
Middle Chinese	‹ pjuw^X ›
Old Chinese	/*pəʔ/
English	not
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	否
Reading #	2/2
No.	1028
Phonetic component	不
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	缶
Old Chinese	/*pɯʔ/

Definitions edit

否

Usage notes edit

否 (fǒu) is the form taken by 不 (bù) when the verb which it negates is omitted (Pulleyblank, 1995, p. 104).

Compounds edit

不置可否 (bùzhìkěfǒu)
全盤否定／全盘否定 (quánpánfǒudìng)
可否 (kěfǒu)
否則／否则 (fǒuzé)
否否
否定 (fǒudìng)
否定之否定
否決／否决 (fǒujué)
否決權／否决权 (fǒujuéquán)
否認／否认 (fǒurèn)
唯唯否否
是否 (shìfǒu)
未知可否
未置可否
無可否認／无可否认 (wúkěfǒurèn)
獻可替否／献可替否
獻替可否／献替可否
矢口否認／矢口否认 (shǐkǒufǒurèn)
能否 (néngfǒu)
與否／与否 (yǔfǒu)

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): pǐ (pi³)
(Zhuyin): ㄆㄧˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): pei²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phí
Eastern Min (BUC): pī
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): phí / pháiⁿ / phái
(Teochew, Peng'im): pi² / pai²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵phi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: pǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄧˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: pǐ
  - Wade–Giles: pʻi³
  - Yale: pǐ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pii
  - Palladius: пи (pi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰi²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: pei²
  - Yale: péi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pei²
  - Guangdong Romanization: péi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰei̯³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phí
  - Hakka Romanization System: pi`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: pi³
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰi³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: pī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰi³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phí
  - Tâi-lô: phí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phie
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰi⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /pʰi⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰi⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pháiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: pháinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phvae
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /pʰãi⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰãi⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phái
  - Tâi-lô: phái
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phae
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /pʰai⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰai⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰai⁴¹/

Note:

phí - literary;
pháiⁿ/phái - vernacular (usually written as 歹).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: pi² / pai²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phí / phái
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰi⁵²/, /pʰai⁵²/

Note:

pi2 - literary;
pai2 - vernacular (usually written as 痞).

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁵phi
  - MiniDict: phi^去
  - Dictionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²phi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pʰi³⁴/

Middle Chinese: bijX

Rime
Character	否
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	脂 (17)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	符鄙切
Baxter	bijX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bˠiɪ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/bᵚi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/biɪ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bji^X/
Li Rong	/bji^X/
Wang Li	/bi^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bei⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*brɯʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	否
Reading #	1/2
No.	1022
Phonetic component	不
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	否
Old Chinese	/*brɯʔ/

Definitions edit

否

^† to block; to obstruct
^† to denounce; to censure
^† to become extinct
^† poverty-stricken; poor
^† evil; vile
^† Alternative form of 鄙 (bǐ, “superficial; shallow”)
^† Alternative form of 痞 (pǐ, “lump in the abdomen”)
12th hexagram of the I Ching

Compounds edit

否剝／否剥
否去泰來／否去泰来
否往泰來／否往泰来
否德 (pǐdé)
否極必泰／否极必泰
否極泰來／否极泰来 (pǐjítàilái)
否極生泰／否极生泰
否泰
否滯／否滞
否終而泰／否终而泰
否隔
屯否
屯蹶否塞
晦盲否塞
泰來否往／泰来否往
泰極而否／泰极而否
臧否 (zāngpǐ)
臧否人物
賢否不明／贤否不明
進可替否／进可替否
陟罰臧否／陟罚臧否 (zhìfázāngpǐ)

References edit

“否”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

否

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Go-on: び (bi); ふ (fu)
Kan-on: ひ (hi, Jōyō); ふう (fū)
Kun: いな (ina); いなむ (inamu, 否む); いや (iya); あらず (arazu)

Compounds edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
否
いな Grade: 6
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 否 – see the following entry.

【いな】	[interjection] no [noun] nay, no [noun] (uncommon, perhaps archaic) a river snail

(This term, 否, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
否
ひ Grade: 6
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 否 (MC bijX). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): [çi]

Noun edit

否(ひ) • (hi)

no

Korean edit

Hanja edit

否 (eumhun 아닐 부 (anil bu))

Hanja form^? of 부 (“not, no, negative”).

否 (eumhun 막힐 비 (makhil bi))

Hanja form^? of 비 (“obstruct, block”).

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

否: Hán Nôm readings: bĩ, phủ, phầu

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings edit

Nôm: bí, bĩ, phủ

References edit

Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999