厄

Translingual edit

Han character edit

厄 (Kangxi radical 27, 厂+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一尸山 (MSU), four-corner 7121₂, composition ⿸厂㔾)

Derived characters edit

伌, 呃, 𡛖, 𭜒, 扼, 𤜸, 阨, 𦙜, 枙, 砈, 𬡉, 蚅, 𭅻, 𮛊, 𮜯, 軛(轭), 鈪, 𩚚(𬲩), 𥝂, 𬪾, 𦷖, 𩵡, 𧠏, 頋(顾), 危, 𭖆, 苊, 𣐃

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 厄
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (戹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
呃	qreːɡs, qreːɡ
阸	qreːɡs, qreːɡ
厄	*qreːɡ
蚅	*qreːɡ
扼	*qreːɡ
軛	*qreːɡ
戹	*qreːɡ
豟	*qreːɡ
呝	*qreːɡ
軶	*qreːɡ

Possibly a Ideogram (指事) of a person kneeling (卩), and a small stroke to accentuate the knee (now 厂).^[1] Not cognate with 戹 (“yoke”) but eventually they shared meanings.

Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːɡ) : phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 卪 (“joint; node”) – wood knot.

^ 季旭昇，2002《說文新證.下冊》，台北：藝文印書館，2002年10月第1版。p.72

Etymology 1 edit

simp. and trad.		厄
alternative forms		戹阨𠂬𭠀

Probably related to 嗌 (OC *qleɡ, “throat”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): è (e⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄜˋ
(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nge²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): aak¹, ak¹
(Taishan, Dictionary): ak²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ak
Eastern Min (BUC): áik
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): eh / ek / iak
(Teochew, Peng'im): êh⁴
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁸ngeq
Xiang (Changsha, Dictionary): nge⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: è
  - Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: è
  - Wade–Giles: o⁴
  - Yale: è
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
  - Palladius: э (e)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nge²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nge
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɛ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: aak¹, ak¹
  - Yale: āak, āk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: aak⁷, ak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: ag¹, eg¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aːk̚⁵/, /ɐk̚⁵/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Dictionary: ak²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ak̚⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ak
  - Hakka Romanization System: ag`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ag⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ak̚²/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: áik
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aiʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: eh
  - Tâi-lô: eh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eq
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /eʔ⁵/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /eʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
  - Tâi-lô: ik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
  - Tâi-lô: iak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/

Note:

eh - vernacular;
iak/ek - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: êh⁴
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: eh
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /eʔ²/

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁸ngeq
  - MiniDict: ngeh^入
  - Dictionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵ngeq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋəʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Dictionary: nge⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɤ̞²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 厄
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɤ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ɤ⁴⁴/ /nɤ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/nɤ⁵³/
	Jinan	/ŋə⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ɣə⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ɛ⁵³/
	Xi'an	/ŋɤ²¹/
	Xining	/ȵi⁴⁴/ /nɛ⁴⁴/ 新
	Yinchuan	/ə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɛ¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kɤ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ŋɤ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ŋe³¹/
	Guiyang	/ŋɛ²¹/
	Kunming	/ə³¹/
	Nanjing	/əʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ʐɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɣaʔ²/
	Pingyao
	Hohhot	/ŋaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ŋəʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ŋəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ʔɑʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/a²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/ŋɛʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/ŋə²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ŋæ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/ak̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ɑk̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ak̚⁵/
	Nanning	/ŋɐk̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/ak̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ik̚³²/ /eʔ³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/aiʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋɛ⁴²/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/eʔ²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ŋɔk̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: 'eak

Rime
Character	厄
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	耕 (119)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	於革切
Baxter	'eak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔˠɛk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔᵚæk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɐk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔəɨjk̚/
Li Rong	/ʔɛk̚/
Wang Li	/æk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔæk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	e
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ak¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qˤ<r>[i]k/
(Zhengzhang): /*qreːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	厄
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	è
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔɛk ›
Old Chinese	/*qˁ<r>[i]k/
English	part of a yoke
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	厄
Reading #	1/1
No.	2707
Phonetic component	戹
Rime group	錫
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	戹
Old Chinese	/*qreːɡ/
Notes	同戹

Definitions edit

厄

Synonyms edit

(harrowing):

困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)
困苦 (kùnkǔ)
困難／困难
困頓／困顿 (kùndùn)
宋凶 (Hokkien)
散 (Hokkien)
散凶 (Hokkien)
散赤 (Hokkien)
清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
清貧／清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
㾪赤 (Hokkien)
磽／硗 (Teochew)
䆀康 (Hokkien)
空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
窄
窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
窮／穷 (qióng)
窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
窮㾪／穷㾪 (Hokkien)
窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
窮赤／穷赤 (Hokkien)
艱苦／艰苦 (Hokkien)
苦寒 (kǔhán)
貧乏／贫乏 (pínfá)
貧困／贫困 (pínkùn)
貧寒／贫寒 (pínhán)
貧瘠／贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
貧窮／贫穷 (pínqióng)
貧苦／贫苦 (pínkǔ)

(disaster):

亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
劫煞 (Hokkien)
劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
天災／天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
沙𧐔 (Teochew)
浩劫 (hàojié)
災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
災害／灾害 (zāihài)
災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
災難／灾难 (zāinàn)
癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
禍息／祸息 (ho⁵ si⁶) (Xiang)
禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

(adversity):

危境 (wēijìng)
困厄 (kùn'è) (literary)
困境 (kùnjìng)
地步 (dìbù)
時艱／时艰 (shíjiān) (difficult times at present)
畏景 (wèijǐng) (literary, figurative)
處境／处境 (chǔjìng)
逆境 (nìjìng)

Compounds edit

乘人之厄
兵厄 (bīng'è)
厄利垂亞／厄利垂亚 (Èlìchuíyà)
厄會／厄会
厄爾巴島／厄尔巴岛
厄瓜多 (Èguāduō)
厄臺／厄台
厄運／厄运 (èyùn)
厄難／厄难 (ènàn)
厄魯特族／厄鲁特族
困厄 (kùn'è)
在陳之厄／在陈之厄
央厄 (yāng'è)
水厄
消災解厄／消灾解厄
災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è)
矜貧救厄／矜贫救厄
解厄
陳蔡之厄／陈蔡之厄
黃楊厄閏／黄杨厄闰

Etymology 2 edit

simp. and trad.		厄

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): ě, è (e³, e⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄜˇ, ㄜˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: ě
  - Zhuyin: ㄜˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ě
  - Wade–Giles: o³
  - Yale: ě
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ee
  - Palladius: э (e)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: è
  - Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: è
  - Wade–Giles: o⁴
  - Yale: è
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
  - Palladius: э (e)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹/

Definitions edit

厄

^‡ Used in 科厄.

Etymology 3 edit

simp. and trad.		厄

From 惡／恶.

Pronunciation edit

Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): oh⁴

Southern Min
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: oh⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: oh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /oʔ²/

Definitions edit

厄

(Teochew) hard; difficult; challenging

Synonyms edit

不容易 (bùróngyì)
勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
困難／困难
疑難／疑难 (yínán)
良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
艱苦／艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
艱難／艰难 (jiānnán)
苦難／苦难 (kǔnàn)
辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
難／难

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

厄

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

Go-on: やく (yaku, Jōyō)
Kan-on: あく (aku)
On: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}
Kun: やくしむ (yakushimu, 厄しむ); わざわい (wazawai, 厄い)^{←わざはひ (wazafafi, 厄ひ, historical)}; くるしむ (kurushimu, 厄しむ)

Noun edit

Kanji in this term
厄
やく Grade: S
on’yomi

厄(やく) • (yaku)

bad luck, evil

Korean edit

Hanja edit

厄 (eumhun 재앙 액 (jaeang aek))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References edit

Naver Hanja Dictionary: 厄

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

厄: Hán Việt readings: ách
厄: Nôm readings: ách, ạch, ịch

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References edit

Nom Foundation

[1] 季旭昇，2002《說文新證.下冊》，台北：藝文印書館，2002年10月第1版。p.72

[1]

厄

Contents

Translingual edit

Han character edit

Derived characters edit

Further reading edit

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Etymology 1 edit

Pronunciation edit

Definitions edit

Synonyms edit

Compounds edit

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Definitions edit

Etymology 3 edit

Pronunciation edit

Definitions edit

Synonyms edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

Readings edit

Noun edit

Korean edit

Hanja edit

References edit

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

References edit