兄
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Translingual edit
Stroke order | |||
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Han character edit
兄 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 口竹山 (RHU), four-corner 60210, composition ⿱口儿)
Derived characters edit
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 123, character 9
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1343
- Dae Jaweon: page 259, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 266, character 4
- Unihan data for U+5144
Chinese edit
simp. and trad. | 兄 | |
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alternative forms | 㑆 𬆁 |
Glyph origin edit
Historical forms of the character 兄 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 口 + 儿.
Etymology edit
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *maŋ (“big; old; elder (brother, uncle)”) (Sagart, 1999; STEDT). Related to 孟 (OC *mraːŋs, “great; eldest brother; first”); see there for more.
Schuessler (2007), instead, connects it to Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔwyik (“elder sibling”), which is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔik (“elder brother”).
Alternatively, Benedict (1972) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bʷaŋ ~ *pʷaŋ (“(paternal) uncle; elder brother”), which is possibly also related to 伯 (OC *praːɡ, “paternal uncle; eldest brother”).
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
兄
- elder brother
- elder male cousin
- 堂兄 ― tángxiōng ― father’s brother’s son older than oneself
- brother (male friend of the same generation)
- (Hokkien, familiar) respectful honorific used after a name for an elder brother or any male senior: Mister; Brother
Synonyms edit
- (elder brother):
Compounds edit
- 世兄 (shìxiōng)
- 仁兄 (rénxiōng)
- 令兄 (lìngxiōng)
- 伯兄
- 兄友弟恭 (xiōngyǒudìgōng)
- 兄妹 (xiōngmèi)
- 兄嫂 (xiōngsǎo)
- 兄弟
- 兄弟共妻
- 兄弟會/兄弟会 (xiōngdìhuì)
- 兄弟鬩牆/兄弟阋墙 (xiōngdìxìqiáng)
- 兄死弟及
- 兄終弟及/兄终弟及 (xiōngzhōngdìjí)
- 兄肥弟瘦
- 兄臺/兄台 (xiōngtái)
- 兄長/兄长 (xiōngzhǎng)
- 內兄/内兄 (nèixiōng)
- 內兄弟/内兄弟
- 同胞兄弟 (tóngbāo xiōngdì)
- 吾兄 (wúxiōng)
- 呼兄喚弟/呼兄唤弟
- 堂兄 (tángxiōng)
- 堂兄弟 (tángxiōngdì)
- 大兄 (tōa-hiaⁿ)
- 大師兄/大师兄
- 夫兄弟
- 女兄
- 如兄
- 如兄如弟
- 好兄弟 (hǎoxiōngdì)
- 如兄弟
- 姻兄
- 姻兄弟
- 婦兄/妇兄 (fùxiōng)
- 嫡親兄弟/嫡亲兄弟
- 孔方兄 (kǒngfāngxiōng)
- 孿生兄弟/孪生兄弟 (luánshēng xiōngdì)
- 宗兄
- 家兄
- 尊兄
- 小兄
- 小兄弟
- 巒兄巒弟/峦兄峦弟
- 師兄/师兄 (shīxiōng)
- 師兄弟/师兄弟
- 年兄
- 弟兄 (dìxiong)
- 從兄/从兄 (cóngxiōng)
- 從兄弟/从兄弟 (cóngxiōngdì)
- 房分兄弟
- 把兄弟 (bǎxiōngdì)
- 拜把兄弟
- 換帖兄弟/换帖兄弟
- 族兄弟
- 母兄 (mǔxiōng)
- 法兄
- 烏狗兄/乌狗兄 (o͘-káu-hiaⁿ) (Min Nan)
- 父兄 (fùxiōng)
- 生死弟兄 (shēngsǐ dìxiōng)
- 異母兄弟/异母兄弟 (yìmǔ xiōngdì)
- 盟兄弟 (méngxiōngdì)
- 硯兄/砚兄
- 稱兄道弟/称兄道弟 (chēngxiōngdàodì)
- 結拜兄弟/结拜兄弟 (jiébài xiōngdì)
- 義兄/义兄 (yìxiōng)
- 老兄 (lǎoxiōng)
- 老兄弟
- 胞兄 (bāoxiōng)
- 胞兄弟 (bāoxiōngdì)
- 至親兄弟/至亲兄弟
- 萊特兄弟/莱特兄弟
- 蒼吾讓兄/苍吾让兄
- 表兄 (biǎoxiōng)
- 表兄弟 (biǎoxiōngdì)
- 襟兄 (jīnxiōng)
- 譜兄弟/谱兄弟
- 遠兄弟/远兄弟
- 酒肉兄弟
- 長兄/长兄 (zhǎngxiōng)
- 阿兄 (āxiōng)
- 難兄難弟/难兄难弟
- 香火兄弟
Descendants edit
Japanese edit
Kanji edit
Readings edit
- Go-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō †)←きやう (kyau, historical)←くゐやう (kwyau, ancient)
- Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)←けい (kei, historical)←くゑい (kwei, ancient)
- Tō-on: ひん (hin)
- Kun: あに (ani, 兄, Jōyō); にい (nii, 兄); にいさん (niisan, 兄さん); え (e, 兄)←え (e, 兄, historical)←𛀁 (ye, 兄, ancient); せ (se, 兄)
- Nanori: えだ (eda)←えだ (eda, historical)←𛀁だ (yeda, ancient); これ (kore); さき (saki); しげ (shige); ただ (tada); ね (ne); よし (yoshi)
Compounds edit
- 兄弟 (kyōdai)
- 兄姉 (keishi)
- 兄事 (keiji)
- 兄弟 (keitei)
- 兄妹 (keimai)
- 阿兄 (akei)
- 家兄 (kakei)
- 花兄 (kakei)
- 雅兄 (gakei)
- 学兄 (gakkei), 学兄 (gakukei)
- 貴兄 (kikei)
- 義兄 (gikei)
- 愚兄 (gukei)
- 賢兄 (kenkei)
- 孔方兄 (kōhōhin)
- 吾兄 (gokei)
- 次兄 (jikei)
- 詞兄 (shikei)
- 実兄 (jikkei)
- 舎兄 (shakei), 舎兄 (shakyō)
- 従兄 (jūkei)
- 諸兄 (shokei)
- 新兄 (shinkyō)
- 仁兄 (jinkei)
- 尊兄 (sonkei)
- 大兄 (taikei)
- 仲兄 (chūkei)
- 長兄 (chōkei)
- 伯兄 (hakkei)
- 父兄 (fukei)
- 亡兄 (bōkei)
- 盟兄 (meikei)
- 令兄 (reikei)
- 老兄 (rōkei)
- 師兄 (suhin)
- 兄鷂 (konori)
- 兄鷹 (shō)
- 兄矢 (haya)
- 御兄 (onī)
- 従兄弟 (itoko)
Etymology 1 edit
Kanji in this term |
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兄 |
あに Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese of unclear derivation:
- Probably originally a compound of 吾 (a, Eastern Old Japanese first-person pronoun) + の (no, possessive particle) + 兄 (ye → e, “eldest sibling”, see below):[1]
- ⟨a no2 ye⟩ → */anʉʲɨe/ → /ani/
- Alternatively, an apophonic form of 姉 (ane, “elder sister”), itself possibly from the same derivation above.[2]
- Several other theories have also been suggested.[1]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
- elder brother
- elder brother-in-law
- Synonym: 義兄 (gikei)
- Short for 花の兄 (hana no ani): alternative name for the 梅 (ume), the Japanese plum (Prunus mume)
Usage notes edit
- (elder brother): This term conveys neither positive nor negative connotations and is often used in objective narrations. However, using it to describe someone the speaker knows personally is often considered lacking respect, where more polite forms like お兄さん (onīsan) are preferred.
Coordinate terms edit
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Kanji in this term |
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兄 |
けい Grade: 2 |
kan’on |
*/kwæi/ → /kʷæi/ → /keː/
From Middle Chinese 兄 (MC xjwaeng).
Pronunciation edit
- Pitch accent for suffix unknown.
Noun edit
Idioms edit
Pronoun edit
Suffix edit
Etymology 3 edit
Kanji in this term |
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兄 |
え Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
/je/ → /e/
From Old Japanese.
Noun edit
- (archaic) the eldest sibling
- Antonym: 弟 (oto)
- 711–712, Kojiki, (poem 16):, text here
- 加都賀都母伊夜佐岐陀弖流延袁斯麻加牟 [Man'yōgana]
- かつがつもいや先立てる兄をし枕かむ [Modern spelling]
- katsugatsu mo iya sakidateru e o shi makamu
- If I have to choose, the one standing there in front―the eldest one I'll wed.[5]
Derived terms edit
Etymology 4 edit
Kanji in this term |
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兄 |
せ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Alternative forms edit
Noun edit
- (archaic) a woman's brother (regardless of age difference)
- (archaic) a woman's lover or husband
- (archaic) a familiar man
Antonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Etymology 5 edit
Kanji in this term |
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兄 |
このかみ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 子 (ko, “child”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 上 (kami, “upper”).[3][6]
Alternative forms edit
- 首, 氏上
Noun edit
- (archaic) eldest son
- (archaic) a senior
- Synonym: 年長者 (nenchōsha)
- (archaic) (by extension) an elder sibling
- (archaic) the head of a clan
- (archaic) a skilled craftsman
- Synonym: 頭 (kashira)
Derived terms edit
References edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsuoka Shizuo (1929) 日本古語大辞典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Archaic Japanese][1] (in Japanese), アネ(姉), page 56: “之からアニといふ語が分派した ― The word ani developed from this”
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- ^ Edwin A. Cranston (1998) The Gem-Glistening Cup (Volume 1 of A Waka Anthology), illustrated, reprint edition, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 17
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Chinese 兄 (MC xjwaeng).
Historical Readings | ||
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Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄒᆑᇰ (Yale: hyyèng) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | ᄆᆞᆮ (Yale: mòt) | 혀ᇰ (Yale: hyèng) |
Pronunciation edit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [çʌ̹ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [형]
Hanja edit
兄 (eumhun 형 형 (hyeong hyeong))
Compounds edit
References edit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]
Vietnamese edit
Han character edit
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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