German East Africa: Malo ghakale gha Germany mu chigaŵa cha Africa Great Lakes pakati pa 1884-1919

German East Africa (GEA; German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) yikaŵa koloni ya Germany mu chigaŵa cha African Great Lakes, icho chikaŵa na Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kionga Triangle. Malo gha GEA ghakaŵa 994,996 km2 (384,170 sq mi), agho ghakaŵa pafupifupi katatu malo gha Germany wa mazuŵa ghano ndipo ghakaŵa pafupifupi kaŵiri malo gha Germany pa nyengo iyo.

German East Africa Deutsch-Ostafrika
Mbendela Coat of arms of the German Empire
Pasono		Colony
Msumba Waboma		Bagamoyo (1885–1890) Dar es Salaam (1890–1916) Tabora (1916, temporary)
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu		{{{ethnic_groups}}}
Vipembezo		Islam, traditional African religion, Christianity (Catholic Church and Lutheranism)
Ndalama		German East African rupie

Malo agha ghakaŵako mu ma 1880, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakapempheka kuti ŵakome ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira kampani ya German East Africa Company. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo ufumu wa Germany ukathereskeka pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Paumaliro, GEA yikagaŵika pakati pa Britain, Belgium, na Portugal, ndipo yikanozgekaso kuti yiŵe pasi pa League of Nations.

Nga umo vikaŵira na maboma ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa charu ichi, Ŵachijeremani nawo ŵakamba kuthandazga ufumu wawo mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa uko kukaŵa nyanja zikuru. Mwakupambana na maufumu ghanyake gha ufumu, iwo ŵakamazga yayi wuzga panji malonda gha wuzga ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kupanga ŵanthu ŵaphya.

Nkhondo iyi yikamba apo Carl Peters, uyo wakaŵa mupayiniya kweniso uyo wakambiska wupu wakuchemeka Society for German Colonization, wakalemba mapangano na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha. Pa Malichi 3, 1885, boma la Germany likapharazga kuti lapeleka chikalata cha ufumu, icho Chancellor Otto von Bismarck wakalemba pa Febuluwale 27, 1885. Kampani ya Peters yikapika wanangwa uwu kuti yikhazikiske boma lakunjilira mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Kufuma apo, Peters wakalemba ŵantchito awo ŵakamba kusanda kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Rufiji na kumpoto kwa Witu, kufupi na Lamu mumphepete mwa nyanja.

Fumu ya ku Zanzibar yikasuska ndipo yikati ndiyo ni fumu ya ku Zanzibar na ya ku charu chose. Kansela Bismarck wakatuma ngaraŵa zinkhondi izo zikafika pa Ogasiti 7, 1885. Sultan wakacicizgika kuzomera ivyo ŵa German ŵakayowoya kuti nchigaŵa ca ku caru cikuru ico cikaŵa kutali comene na nyanja. Mu Novembala 1886, Germany na Britain ŵakakolerana kuti ŵapulikirenge ivyo Sultan wa ku Zanzibar wakayowoya. Ŵangelezi na Ŵachijeremani ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane caru pakati pawo, ndipo Sultan wakaŵavya cinyake cakucita kweni kukolerana.^{[page needed]}

 

Mwaluŵiro Ŵachijeremani ŵakamba kulamulira ku Bagamoyo, Dar es Salaam, na Kilwa. Oscar Baumann wakatumika kukawona malo gha Masailand na Urundi. Apo wakendanga, wakasanga uko mlonga wa Kagera ukufuma. Makaravani gha Tom von Prince, Wilhelm Langheld, Emin Pasha, na Charles Stokes ghakatumika kuti ghakaŵe pa "Msewu wa Makaravani". Nkhondo ya Abushiri ya 1888 yikamara na wovwiri wa Britain. Mu 1890, London na Berlin ŵakadumura phangano la Heligoland na Zanzibar, ilo likapeleka Heligoland ku Germany na kudumura mphaka pakati pa GEA na East Africa Protectorate iyo yikalamuliranga na Britain, nangauli mphaka zaunenesko zikamanyikwa yayi mpaka mu 1910. [page needed]

Malire gha pakati pa Kenya na Tanganyika, kufuma ku nyanja m'paka ku Nyanja ya Victoria, ghakalembeka na ŵabali ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Britain: Charles Stewart Smith (mkuŵa wa Britain ku Mombasa) na munung'una wake George Edward Smith (mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka mulara wa Royal Engineers). Mu 1892, Stewart Smith wakasankhika kuŵa mwimiliri wa boma la Britain pa mulimo wa kupanga mphaka ya pakati pa Britain na Germany mu Africa. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 12, George Edward Smith wakawelera kuti wakamalizge kupenda mtunda wa makilomita 300 kufuma ku Kilimanjaro m'paka ku Nyanja ya Victoria.

Pakati pa 1891 na 1894, ŵanthu ŵa Hehe awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mulara Mkwawa ŵakakana kuti Ŵachijeremani ŵaŵawukire. Ŵakathereskeka cifukwa cakuti mafuko ghanyake ghakatolera Ŵajeremani. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinandi, Mkwawa wakafwa ndipo wakajikoma mu 1898.

Kuwukira kwa Maji kukacitika mu 1905 ndipo kukalekeka na Kazembe Gustav Adolf von Götzen, uyo wakalangura kuti paŵe njara. Vingaŵa kuti ŵanthu 300,000 ŵakafwa. Pamanyuma pake pakaŵa nkhani ya vimbundi na nkhaza. Mu 1907, Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow wakasora Bernhard Dernburg kuti wasinthe vinthu mu boma.

 

Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Germany ŵakathembanga chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara na kupoka misonkho. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1914, ŵasilikari ŵa Schutztruppen (magulu ghakuvikilira) mu Dar es Salaam, Moshi, Iringa, na Mahenge ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari Ŵachijeremani 110 (ŵakaŵapo ŵasilikari 42 ŵa munkhwala), ŵasilikari ŵa pasi pa 126, na Askari 2,472.^:32

 

Ŵachijeremani ŵakakhozga malonda na chuma. Malo ghakujumpha 40,000 ha ghakaŵa na vyakumera vya sisal. Makuni gha khofi ghakukwana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ghakapandika, makuni gha ghamusi ghakakura pa malo ghakukwana mahekita 81,000, ndipo pakaŵa minda yikuruyikuru ya katoni.

Kwamba mu 1888, ŵakazenga sitima ya Usambara kufuma ku Tanga m'paka ku Moshi kuti ŵagulire vyakurya ivi. Central Railroad yikaŵa na mtunda wa makilomita 1,247 ndipo yikayaniskanga Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tabora, na Kigoma. Mu Julayi 1914, ŵakamalizga kuzenga nthowa yakulongozgera ku nyanja ya Tanganyika. Ŵakazenga panji kunozga malo gha dowoko na magudumu gha magesi, njanji, na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu. Ku Tanga, Bagamoyo, na Lindi, ŵakazengaso malo ghanyake ghakusungirako ŵanthu. Pamanyuma pa 1891, boma la Germany likamba kunozga misewu iyo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo mu chigaŵa ichi pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike mu charu ichi.

Mu 1912, ku Dar es Salaam na Tanga kukaŵa ngalaŵa za katundu na za ŵanthu 356, ndiposo ngalaŵa zakwenda pa nyanja zakujumpha 1,000 na ngalaŵa za malonda. Mu GEA yose, mukaŵa ŵanthu 3,579 ŵa ku Germany.

Mu nyengo yithu iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakamba kuguliska golide mu charu ichi mu nyengo iyo charu cha Germany chikalamuliranga charu ichi. Wupu wa Kironda-Goldminen-Gesellschaft ndiwo ukambiska migodi ya golide yakwamba mu charu ichi, ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 1909.

Ku Germany, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasambizgikanga mu masukulu gha pulayimale, gha sekondale, na gha masukulu gha maluso. Mu 1924, pati pajumpha vilimika 10 kufuma apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambira ndiposo vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza kufuma apo Britain yikambira kuwusa, Wupu wa Phelps-Stokes, uwo ukaŵa ku America, ukati: "Ŵajeremani ŵacita vinthu vyakuzizwiska comene pa nkhani ya masukulu. Pakwenera kujumpha nyengo yitali pambere masambiro ghaleke kuŵa nga umo ghakaŵira mu nyengo ya Ŵachijeremani".

Lizgu la Ciswahili lakuti shule, ilo likung'anamura sukulu, lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cigiriki lakuti Schule.

Mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7.5 miliyoni. Pafupifupi 30% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ndipo ŵanyake wose ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana panji Ŵakhristu awo ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu. Mu 1913, mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa ŵalimi na ŵalimi ŵa ku Germany 882. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 70,000 ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda ya GEA.

 

Mulara wa ŵasilikari Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck wakateŵetera ku German South West Africa na Cameroon. Wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵa Germany pa nkhondo yakwamba ya caru cose. Ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakaŵa 3,500 ŵa ku Europe na 12,000 ŵa ku Ascari na awo ŵakanyamuranga katundu. Nkhondo yawo yikaŵa yakuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari 40,000 ŵa ufumu wa Britain, awo nyengo zinyake ŵakalongozgekanga na Jan Smuts. Yumoza mwa nkhondo zikuru comene izo Lettow-Vorbeck wakathereska wakaŵa Nkhondo ya Tanga (3-5 November 1914). Mu nkhondo iyi ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene kuluska iwo.

Nkhondo iyo Lettow-Vorbeck wakachitanga yikapangiska kuti Britain yigeŵetere ndalama zinandi pa nkhondo iyi. Paumaliro, ŵasilikari ŵanandi, comenecomene ŵasilikari awo ŵakafuma ku Belgian Congo, ŵakamba kuwukira kumanjiliro gha dazi (nkhondo ya ku Tabora) kweniso katundu wakukwana yayi. Wakaluta kumwera ku Mozambique na ku Northern Rhodesia uko wakazomera kuti ŵaleke kuwukirana mazuŵa ghatatu nkhondo yati yamara.

 

A 200 German East African rupie provisional banknote issued in Dar es Salaam in 1915–17

Currency had to be printed locally due to a significant lack of provisions resulting from the naval blockade.

Nkhondo yikati yamara, Lettow-Vorbeck wakacemeka yumoza wa vinkhara vya ku Germany. Gulu lake la ŵasilikari la Schutztruppe ndilo likaŵa lakwekha mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose ilo likathereskeka yayi. Ŵasilikari ŵa Askari awo ŵakarwa nkhondo ya ku East Africa, boma la Weimar na West Germany ŵakaŵapa ndalama za penshoni.

Ngalaŵa yakucemeka Königsberg, nayo yikaŵapo pa nkhondo iyi. Mu Julayi 1915, boti ili likamira mu nyanja ya Rufiji chifukwa cha kusoŵa malasha na vipambi. Awo ŵakapona ŵakafumiska vilwero vyose vya ngalaŵa na kuviŵika pa magalimoto gha vilwero pambere ŵandambe kuteŵetera ku mtunda.

 

Mu 1914-15 pakacitikaso upharazgi unyake wacigaŵa cicoko comene mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. Pa nkhondo iyi pakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na Belgium, kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa Reichsheer ku Bismarckburg (uno Kasanga).

Pa ungano wa mtende wa ku Paris mu 1919, khoti likuru likapeleka chigaŵa chose cha German East Africa ku Britain pa 7 May 1919, nangauli Belgium yikaŵasuska chomene.:240 Alfred Milner, Secretary of the British Colonial Office, na Pierre Orts, nduna ya Belgium, ŵakadumbiskana za phangano la Britain na Belgium pa 30 May 1919:6189 apo Britain yikapeleka vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa charu cha Rwanda na Urundi ku Belgium.:246 Komiti ya Msonkhano uwu yikapeleka chikalata pa 16 July 1919.:2467 Khoti likuru likapokelera phangano ili pa 7 August 1919.:6123

Pa Julayi 12, 1919, Komiti ya Malango yikakolerana kuti chigaŵa chichoko cha Kionga chakumwera kwa Mlonga wa Rovuma chipelekeke ku Portugal. Komiti iyi yikati mu 1894, caru ca Germany cikacicizga caru ca Portugal kuti cipeleke malo agha.^:243

Phangano la Versailles likalembeka pa Juni 28, 1919, kweni likamba kugwira ntchito pa Janyuwale 10, 1920. Pa zuŵa ili, boma la Britain, Belgium, na Portugal ndilo likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kweniso pa zuŵa lenelili, "Tanganyika" likazgoka zina la cigaŵa ca Britain.

Mazina ghanyake mu German East Africa ghakalutilira kulembeka mu Chijeremani, nga ni "Udjidji" kwa Ujiji na "Kilimandscharo" kwa Phiri la Kilimanjaro, "Kleinaruscha" kwa Arusha-Chini na "Neu-Moschi" kwa msumba uwo sono ukuchemeka Moshi. (Kigoma wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "Rutschugi".)

Malo ghanandi ghakaŵa na mazina gha ku Africa panji ghakaŵaso na mazina ghanyake:

• Alt Langenburg (Ikombe)
• Bergfrieden (Mibirizi)
• Bismarckburg (Kasanga) on the south-eastern end of Lake Tanganyika^{:v. I, p. 217}
• Emmaberg (Ilembule)
• Fischerstadt (Rombo)
• Friedberg (Nyakanazi)
• Gottorp or Neu-Gottorp (Uvinza) near the northeastern end of Lake Tanganyika
• Hohenfriedeberg (Mlalo)
• Hoffnungshöh (Kisarawe)
• Kaiseraue (Kazimzumbwi)
• Kirondathal (Kirondatal) gold mine
• Langenburg and Neu-Langenburg (Tukuyu) north of Lake Nyasa
• Leudorf (Liganga)
• Mariahilf (Igulwa)
• Marienthal (Ushetu)
• Neu-Bethel (Mnazi)
• Neu-Bonn (Mikese)
• Neu-Hornow (Shume) in the Pare Mountains in the northeast
• Neu-Langenburg (Lumbira)
• Neu-Trier (Mbulu)
• Peterswerft (Nansio)
• Sachsenwald (Sekenke) gold mine
• St. Moritz (Galula)
• Sphinxhafen (Liuli) on the eastern shore of Lake Nyasa
• Wiedhafen (Manda) on the eastern shore of Lake Nyasa
• Wilhelmstal or Wilhelmsdorf (Lushoto) on the Pangani River in the northeast
• Wißmannhafen, port of Bismarckburg (Kasanga) on the southeastern end of Lake Tanganyika

Ŵalongozgi ŵa German East Africa:

Administrator (1885-1891)

• 1885–1888: Carl Peters
• 1888–1891: Hermann Wissmann

Reichskommissar (1891-1918)

• 1891–1893: Julius von Soden
• 1893–1895: Friedrich von Schele
• 1895–1896: Hermann Wissmann
• 1896–1901: Eduard von Liebert
• 1901–1906: Gustav Adolf von Götzen
• 1906–1912: Albrecht von Rechenberg
• 1912–1918: Heinrich Schnee

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  Mapu ghakale gha mumphepete mwa German East Africa, 1888
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  Mapu ghakale gha German East Africa, 1892
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  Mapu ghakale gha German East Africa, 1911
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  Mapu gha Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose

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  Sisal plantation, c. 1906/18
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  Sisal factory, c. 1906/18
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  Askari company, c. 1914/18
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  Classroom in a German East African school, c. March 1914
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  Usambara Railway, built in German East Africa
•  
  German colonial volunteer mounted patrol, 1914

Mu 1914, ŵakalemba ndondomeko ya kawonekero ka vikozgo na ndembera za vyaru vya ku Germany. Ndipouli, Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamba, vimanyikwiro ivi vikaŵa kuti vindagwiliskike nchito. Nkhondo yikati yamara, caru ca Germany cikataya vyaru vyose ivyo cikaŵa pasi pawo.

• List of governors of Tanganyika
• List of former German colonies
• Chambeshi Monument