Infobox Lead

Lead, ₈₂Pb
	A small gray metal cube surrounded by three gray metal nuggets in front of a light gray background
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈlɛd/ (LED)
Appearance	metallic gray
Lead په دوراني جدول کې
thallium ← lead → bismuth	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	82
گروپ, پیریود	group 14 (carbon group), period 6
بلاک	p-block
Element category	post-transition metal
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	600.61 K (327.46 °C, 621.43 °F)
يشنا ټکی	2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F)
Density near r.t.	11.34 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	10.66 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	4.77 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	179.5 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.650 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.87 (+2)
Ionization energies	1st: 715.6 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1450.5 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3081.5 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 175 pm
Covalent radius	146±5 pm
Van der Waals radius	202 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic (fcc) Face-centered cubic crystal structure for lead
Speed of sound thin rod	1190 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed)
Thermal expansion	28.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	35.3 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	208 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−23.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 298 K)
Young's modulus	16 GPa
Shear modulus	5.6 GPa
Bulk modulus	46 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.44
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	38–50 MPa
CAS Number	7439-92-1
History
Discovery	in the Middle East (7000 BCE)
Main isotopes of lead
	Isotopic abundances vary greatly by sample
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