The Cangin languages are spoken by 200,000 people (as of 2007) in a small area east of Dakar, Senegal.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2013) |
They are the languages spoken by the Serer people who do not speak the Serer language (Serer-Sine). Because the people are ethnically Serer, the Cangin languages are commonly thought to be dialects of the Serer language. However, they are not closely related; Serer is closer to Fulani than it is to Cangin.
Cangin | |
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Ethnicity | Serer |
Geographic distribution | Senegal, the Gambia |
Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
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Subdivisions |
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Glottolog | cang1245 |
The Cangin languages are:
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Lehar and Noon are particularly close, as are Ndut and Palor, though not quite to the point of easy intelligibility. Safen is transparently closer to Lehar–Noon than to Palor–Ndut.
Merrill (2018: 451) reconstructs Proto-Cangin as follows.
gloss | Proto-Cangin | Noon | Lehar | Safen | Ndut | Palor |
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eye | *ɣi̟d/ɣad | has | kuu-koas | has | i̟l | ’i̟l |
tongue | *pe-ɗem | peɗim p- | pi̟ri̟m | peɗem | pereem | pereem |
eat | *ñam | ñam | ñam | ñaam | ñam | ñam |
breast | *ɓi̟iɓ | ɓi̟iɓ | ɓi̟iɓ | (w)ɓip | ɓi̟iɓ | ɓi̟iɓ |
four | *nixiid | nikiis | nikis | iniil | iniil | |
dog | *ɓuh | ɓu̟u | ɓuh f- | ɓuh f- | ɓux f- | |
intestine | *loox | look | look | rook | loo | loo |
wing | *paɓ | paɓ | paɓ | (d)pab | pap | |
cow | *-noɣ | enoh f- | enoh | ’inoh | fana f- | fana’ f- |
blow = nose | *ñii̟nd | ñii̟d-uk | ñii̟d-uk | ñii̟d~ñii̟n | ||
pound | *hoɗ | oɗ | oɗ | ’oɗ | xoɗ | |
jaw | *kaɓaɓ ? | kaaɓ ‘cheek’ | kaɓaɓ k- | kabaap | ||
new | *has | as | as | ’as | has | xas |
see | *ɣot | hot | hot | hot | ot~ol- | od~ol- |
swallow | *hon | on | on | ’on | (d)hon | xon |
bury | *hac | ac | ac | ’ac | hac | xac |
bear child | *li̟m | li̟m | li̟m | (w)rim | li̟m | |
dance | *ɣam | ham | ham | |||
hold in teeth | *ŋaɓ | ŋaaɓ | ŋaɓ | ŋaɓ | ŋaɓ | |
year | *kV-(h)id̟ | kii̟s k- | kii̟s | kiis k- | kii̟l | kii̟l |
tree | *ki-rik | kedik k- | kedek | kiɗig k- | kilik | kilik k- |
bird | *sel | sel | sel | sel | ||
bury | *hu̟umb | u̟ub~u̟um | uumb | |||
be able | *mi̟n | mi̟n | min | mi̟n | min | |
resemble | *mand | mad~man | man | mad~man | mad~man | |
be short | *luH- | looƴ (lohoƴ) | looƴ | (s)rohoƴ | (d)luh | lux |
leaf/bark | *huɓ | to̟oɓ t-, oɓ | po̟o | (w)’op | huɓ | |
sun | *noɣ | noh | noh | noh | (d)na’ | na’ |
ear | *nuf | nof | nof | (w)noef | nuf | nuf |
head | *ɣaf | haf | haf | haf | ’af | ’af |
liver | *keeñ | keeñ | keeñ | keeñ k- | (d)keeñ | |
star | *Hul | hol | ol | hor | hul | xul |
rain | *toɓ | toɓ | toɓ | toɓ | tooɓ | |
pestle | *kuɗ | koɗ k- | koɗ | kuɗ k- | kuɗ k- | |
goat | *pe | pe’ f- | peɗ | peh f- | pe f- | pe f- |
cloth/rag | *lii̟l | lii̟l | lii̟l | lii̟l | lii̟l | |
baobab | *ɓoɣ | ɓoh | ɓoh | ɓoh | ɓa | ɓa’ |
finger | *kun | jokun j- | jokon | ndukun | kun | kun |
sneeze | *ti̟s | tes | ti̟s | (s)tisoh | (d)ti̟s | ti̟s |
ant | *ñii̟ñ | ñii̟ñ | ñii̟ñ | ñiñoh f- | (d)ñii̟ñ f- | ñii̟n f- |
rear/raise | *koɗ | koɗ | koɗ | koɗ | kod | |
honey | *kV-(C)u̟m | ku̟um k- | ku̟um | (d)ku̟um k- | ku̟um k- | |
horse | *panis̟ | pen̟is̟ f- | pan̟is̟ | panis | pan̟is̟ f- | |
causative | *-iɗ̟ | -iɗ̟ | -iɗ̟ | -iɗ | -iɗ̟ | -iɗ̟ |
anticausative | *-ox | -uk | -ok | -uk | -oh | -ox |
reversive | *-i̟s | -i̟s | -i̟s | -is | -i̟s | -i̟s |
negative | *-ɗii | -ɗii | -ɗi |
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