恩

Translingual edit

Han character edit

恩 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 田大心 (WKP), four-corner 6033₀, composition ⿱因心)

Derived characters edit

𫣆, 嗯, 𡟯, 𪩊, 𢞴, 摁, 𬻹, 𬃼, 煾, 𤨒, 䅰, 𨪜, 蒽, 𤹕

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 385, character 11
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10591
Dae Jaweon: page 716, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2290, character 18
Unihan data for U+6069

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		恩
alternative forms		㤙

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (因) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
欭	*qrils
烟	qiːn, qin
胭	*qiːn
咽	qiːn, qiːns, *qiːd
恩	*qɯːn
煾	*qɯːn
因	*qin
姻	*qin
茵	*qin
鞇	*qin
氤	*qin
洇	*qin
駰	qin, qrin
絪	*qin
裀	*qin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯːn) : phonetic 因 (OC *qin) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): ēn (en¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄣ
(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngen¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jan¹
(Taishan, Dictionary): yin¹
Gan (Dictionary): ngien¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ên
(Meixian, Guangdong): ên¹
Jin (Dictionary): gheng¹
Northern Min (KCR): áing
Eastern Min (BUC): ŏng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): un / in / ern / irn
(Teochew, Peng'im): ng¹ / eng¹ / êng¹ / ing¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹en
Xiang (Changsha, Dictionary): ngen¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: ēn
  - Zhuyin: ㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: en
  - Wade–Giles: ên¹
  - Yale: ēn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: en
  - Palladius: энь (enʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀən⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ngen¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngen
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋən⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jan¹
  - Yale: yān
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jan¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Dictionary: yin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jin³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Dictionary: ngien¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɛn⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ên
  - Hakka Romanization System: en´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: en¹
  - Sinological IPA: /en²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ên¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ɛn⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Dictionary: gheng¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɣə̃ŋ¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: áing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aiŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ŏng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ouŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: un
  - Tâi-lô: un
  - Phofsit Daibuun: wn
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang): /un³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen): /un⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai, Zhangpu, Longyan, Yilan, Tainan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: in
  - Tâi-lô: in
  - Phofsit Daibuun: yn
  - IPA (Longyan): /in³³⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai, Yilan, Tainan): /in⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangpu): /in⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Nan'an, Hui'an, Yongchun, Klang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ern
  - Tâi-lô: ern
  - IPA (Yongchun): /ən⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Nan'an, Hui'an, Klang): /ən³³/
- (Hokkien: Sanxia)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: irn
  - Tâi-lô: irn
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ng¹ / eng¹ / êng¹ / ing¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ng / ṳng / eng / ing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋ³³/, /ɯŋ³³/, /eŋ³³/, /iŋ³³/

Note:

ng1 - Chaozhou;
eng1 - Shantou, Chenghai, Raoping;
êng1 - Jieyang;
ing1 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ¹en
  - MiniDict: en^平
  - Dictionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹en
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ən⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Dictionary: ngen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋən³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 恩
Mandarin	Beijing	/ən⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/ən⁴⁴/ /nən⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/nən²¹/
	Jinan	/ŋẽ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/ɣə̃²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/ən²⁴/
	Xi'an	/ŋẽ²¹/
	Xining	/nə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/əŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/ə̃n³¹/
	Ürümqi	/ɤŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/ŋən⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/ŋən⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/ŋen⁵⁵/ /en⁵⁵/ 新
	Kunming	/ə̃⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/ən³¹/
	Hefei	/ʐən²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɣəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ŋəŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ŋə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/əŋ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/ən⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ʔen³³/
	Wenzhou	/ø³³/
Hui	Shexian	/ŋʌ̃³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/ŋɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ŋən³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ŋən³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/ŋiɛn⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/en⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/en²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐn⁵³/
	Nanning	/ɐn⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/jɐn⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/un⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ouŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/aiŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ɯŋ³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/un²³/

Middle Chinese: 'on

Rime
Character	恩
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	痕 (53)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	烏痕切
Baxter	'on
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔən/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔən/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔən/
Li Rong	/ʔən/
Wang Li	/ən/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ēn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	an¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤə[n]/
(Zhengzhang): /*qɯːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	恩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	ēn
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔon ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔˁə[n]/
English	kindness, favor
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	恩
Reading #	1/1
No.	15174
Phonetic component	因
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	恩
Old Chinese	/*qɯːn/

Definitions edit

恩

kindness; mercy; charity
affection
a surname: En
(Mainland China) Short for 恩格斯 (Ēngésī, “Engels”).

Synonyms edit

(kindness):

恩典 (ēndiǎn)
恩德 (ēndé)
恩惠 (ēnhuì)
恩情 (ēnqíng)
恩意 (ēnyì) (literary)
恩施 (ēnshī) (literary)
恩義／恩义 (ēnyì)

(affection):

恩愛／恩爱 (ēn'ài)
情愛／情爱 (qíng'ài)
愛／爱 (ài)
愛情／爱情 (àiqíng)
愛河／爱河 (àihé) (figurative)
戀情／恋情 (liànqíng)

Compounds edit

一飯之恩／一饭之恩
不知恩義／不知恩义
世恩錄／世恩录
以義割恩／以义割恩
伯恩 (Bó'ēn)
伯恩斯坦 (Bó'ēnsītǎn)
佩恩
僕固懷恩／仆固怀恩
再生之恩
再造之恩 (zàizàozhī'ēn)
凱恩斯／凯恩斯 (Kǎi'ēnsī)
刻薄寡恩
割恩
割恩斷義／割恩断义
千恩萬謝／千恩万谢 (qiān'ēnwànxiè)
卵翼之恩
厚恩 (hòu'ēn)
合恩角 (Hé'ēnjiǎo)
君恩
吳承恩／吴承恩
周恩來／周恩来
國恩／国恩 (guó'ēn)
培恩
報恩／报恩 (bào'ēn)
大恩
大恩不謝／大恩不谢
大恩人
大恩大德 (dà'ēndàdé)
天恩
宣恩 (Xuān'ēn)
寡恩 (guǎ'ēn)
寡恩少義／寡恩少义
小恩小惠
布勞恩／布劳恩
布萊恩特／布莱恩特
師恩／师恩 (shī'ēn)
忘恩 (wàng'ēn)
忘恩失義／忘恩失义
忘恩背義／忘恩背义
忘恩負義／忘恩负义 (wàng'ēnfùyì)
恩主 (ēnzhǔ)
恩主公 (Ēnzhǔgōng)
恩人 (ēnrén)
恩仇 (ēnchóu)
恩倖／恩幸
恩光
恩公
恩典 (ēndiǎn)
恩准 (ēnzhǔn)
恩勤
恩同再造
恩同父母
恩威並濟／恩威并济
恩威並用／恩威并用
恩威並著／恩威并著
恩威並行／恩威并行
恩威並重／恩威并重
恩官
恩宥
恩家
恩寵／恩宠 (ēnchǒng)
恩將仇報／恩将仇报 (ēnjiāngchóubào)
恩山義海／恩山义海
恩師／恩师 (ēnshī)
恩平 (Ēnpíng)
恩幸
恩德 (ēndé)
恩念
恩怨 (ēnyuàn)
恩怨分明
恩恤
恩惠 (ēnhuì)
恩情 (ēnqíng)
恩愛／恩爱 (ēn'ài)
恩斷意絕／恩断意绝
恩斷義絕／恩断义绝 (ēnduànyìjué)
恩施 (ēnshī)
恩施土家族苗族自治州 (Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu)
恩旨
恩星照命
恩格斯 (Ēngésī)
恩梅開江／恩梅开江 (Ēnméikāi Jiāng)
恩榮／恩荣
恩榮宴／恩荣宴
恩波
恩深義重／恩深义重
恩澤／恩泽 (ēnzé)
恩物
恩田 (ēntián)
恩相 (ēnxiàng)
恩眄
恩眷
恩禮／恩礼
恩私
恩科
恩紀／恩纪
恩給制／恩给制
恩義／恩义 (ēnyì)
恩臨／恩临
恩臺／恩台
恩舊／恩旧
恩詔／恩诏
恩貢／恩贡
恩賞／恩赏 (ēnshǎng)
恩賜／恩赐 (ēncì)
恩赦 (ēnshè)
恩遇
恩重
恩重丘山
恩重如山
恩門／恩门
恩露
恩養／恩养 (ēnyǎng)
恩餉／恩饷
恩養錢／恩养钱
恩魚／恩鱼
感恩 (gǎn'ēn)
感恩圖報／感恩图报
感恩戴德 (gǎn'ēndàidé)
感恩戴義／感恩戴义
感恩節／感恩节 (Gǎn'ēnjié)
感恩荷德
意斷恩絕／意断恩绝
慈恩宗
慈恩寺
慚恩／惭恩
承恩
承恩門／承恩门
拜恩私第
推恩
救命之恩 (jiùmìngzhī'ēn)
施仁布恩
施恩 (shī'ēn)
施恩布德
梯恩梯 (tī'ēntī)
樹恩／树恩 (shù'ēn)
沐恩 (mù'ēn)
法外施恩
波恩病
洪恩
渥恩
湛恩
湯恩比／汤恩比
潘恩
澤深恩重／泽深恩重
父母恩勤
特恩
百般恩愛／百般恩爱
皇恩 (huáng'ēn)
盧恩／卢恩 (lú'ēn)
知恩不報／知恩不报
知恩報恩／知恩报恩
知遇之恩
私恩小惠
絲恩髮怨／丝恩发怨
罔極之恩／罔极之恩
義山恩海／义山恩海
義斷恩絕／义断恩绝
義海恩山／义海恩山
義重恩深／义重恩深
背恩 (bèi'ēn)
背恩忘義／背恩忘义
膏恩
舊愛宿恩／旧爱宿恩
蒙恩
覃恩
覆庇之恩
謝恩／谢恩 (xiè'ēn)
負義忘恩／负义忘恩
賣恩／卖恩
辜恩背義／辜恩背义
辜恩負義／辜恩负义
違恩負義／违恩负义
金恩
開恩／开恩 (kāi'ēn)
隆恩 (lóng'ēn)
隆恩曠典／隆恩旷典
隆恩盛德
雨露之恩
霑恩／沾恩
顧復之恩／顾复之恩
魚朝恩／鱼朝恩
鴻恩／鸿恩
龍恩／龙恩

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (恩):

→ Japanese: 恩(おん) (on)

Others:

→ Vietnamese: ơn

References edit

“恩”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
“Entry #5973”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

恩

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Go-on: おん (on, Jōyō)
Kan-on: おん (on, Jōyō)
Kun: めぐみ (megumi, 恩み)

Compounds edit

Pronunciation edit

Kanji in this term
恩
おん Grade: 6
on’yomi

(Tokyo) おん [óꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [õ̞ɴ]

Noun edit

恩(おん) • (on)

obligation

References edit

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean edit

Etymology edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation edit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɯn]
Phonetic hangul: [은]

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

恩

Wikisource

恩 (eumhun 은혜 은 (eunhye eun))

Hanja form^? of 은 (“favor”).
Hanja form^? of 은 (“grace”).
Hanja form^? of 은 (“mercy”).

Compounds edit

恩惠 (은혜, eunhye): grace
恩師 (은사, eunsa): teacher
恩人 (은인, eunin): savior

Vietnamese edit

Zhuang edit

Classifier edit

恩

Sawndip form of aen

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[tdcndg-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-3] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-4] 3.0 ^3.1 Trần (2004).

[btcn-5] Hồ (1976).

[taberd-6] 5.0 ^5.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

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