陵

Translingual edit

Han character edit

陵 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中土金水 (NLGCE), four-corner 7424₇, composition ⿰阝夌)

Derived characters edit

𠻱, 𡻴, 𨫭, 𪅋, 𡺿, 䔖, 𢁋, 䉄, 𡏹

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1354, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41704
Dae Jaweon: page 1857, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4134, character 6
Unihan data for U+9675

Unihan data for U+F959

Chinese edit

trad.		陵
simp. ^#		陵
alternative forms		夌䧙𨻪𨻎𨹧夌䧙𨻪𨻎𨹧𠡭

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 陵
Warring States
Bronze inscriptions

Characters in the same phonetic series (夌) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
棱	*rɯːŋ
稜	*rɯːŋ
輘	*rɯːŋ
倰	*rɯːŋ
祾	rɯːŋ, rɯŋ
踜	*rɯːŋs
凌	*rɯŋ
菱	*rɯŋ
陵	*rɯŋ
綾	*rɯŋ
鯪	*rɯŋ
淩	*rɯŋ
夌	*rɯŋ
蔆	*rɯŋ
崚	*rɯŋ
掕	*rɯŋ
𩜁	*rɯŋs
庱	r̥ʰɯŋ, r̥ʰɯŋʔ
睖	*r̥ʰɯŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯŋ) : semantic 阜 (“mound”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ, “mound; hill”). Originally written 夌.

Etymology edit

"mound; hill; gravemound of an emperor": Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-raŋ (“high; long”), whence Burmese မြင့် (mrang., “high; tall”) (STEDT). Also compare 嶺 (OC *reŋʔ, “mountain ridge”).
"to mount; to transgress; to encroach upon": The same word as 凌 (OC *rɯŋ, “to rise high; to transgress”). May be related to the etymology above (Schuessler, 2007). It is probably cognate with 馮 (OC *brɯŋ, “to cross; to mount; to wade”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): líng (ling²)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ling⁴
(Taishan, Dictionary): len³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lìn
(Meixian, Guangdong): lin²
Northern Min (KCR): lěng
Eastern Min (BUC): lìng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lêng
(Teochew, Peng'im): lêng⁵
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶lin

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: líng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: líng
  - Wade–Giles: ling²
  - Yale: líng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ling
  - Palladius: лин (lin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ling⁴
  - Yale: lìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ling⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Dictionary: len³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /len²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìn
  - Hakka Romanization System: linˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lin²
  - Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lin²
  - Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lěng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leiŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng
  - Tâi-lô: lîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: leeng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /liɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lêng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶lin
  - MiniDict: lin^去
  - Dictionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³lin
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /lin²³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 陵
Mandarin	Beijing	/liŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ləŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/liŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/liŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/liŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/liŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/liŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/liə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/liŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/lĩn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/liŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nin²¹³/
	Chengdu	/nin³¹/
	Guiyang	/nin²¹/
	Kunming	/lĩ³¹/
	Nanjing	/lin²⁴/
	Hefei	/lin⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/liəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/liŋ¹³/ /li¹³/ 地名
	Hohhot	/lĩŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/liŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/lin¹³/
	Hangzhou	/lin²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/leŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/liʌ̃⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/lin⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/lin¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/nin¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/lin⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/lin¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/lin¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/leŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/leŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/liŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/liŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/liŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/leiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/leŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/leŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: ling

Rime
Character	陵
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力膺切
Baxter	ling
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/lɨŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/lieŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/liŋ/
Li Rong	/liəŋ/
Wang Li	/lĭəŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯əŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]əŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*rɯŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	陵
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	líng
Middle Chinese	‹ ling ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]əŋ/
English	mound, hill
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	陵
Reading #	1/1
No.	8246
Phonetic component	夌
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	陵
Old Chinese	/*rɯŋ/

Definitions edit

陵

mound; hill
royal or imperial tomb (generally restricted to the tombs of emperors, empresses and empress dowagers, but also used as an honorific for the tomb of Sun Yat-sen, the first president of China)
to go up; to mount; to ascend
alt. forms: 凌, 淩／凌 (líng)
to surpass; to override
alt. forms: 凌, 淩／凌 (líng)
to bully and humiliate; to encroach on; to invade
alt. forms: 凌, 淩／凌 (líng)
to decline; to wane
to sharpen; to temper
a surname