莖

Translingual edit

Traditional	莖
Shinjitai	茎
Simplified	茎

Han character edit

莖 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+7, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿一女一 (TMVM), four-corner 4410₁, composition ⿱艹巠)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1034, character 9
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31052
Dae Jaweon: page 1493, character 14
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3217, character 7
Unihan data for U+8396

Chinese edit

trad.		莖
simp.		茎

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (坙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
羥	kʰreːn, kʰreːŋ
俓	ŋɡeːn, ŋɡreːŋ, *keːŋs
牼	kʰreːŋ, ɡreːŋ
硁
誙	*kʰreːŋ
娙	ŋɡreːŋ, ɡeːŋ
莖	ɡreːŋ, qreːŋ
痙	*ɡeŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡreːŋ, *qreːŋ) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ).

Etymology edit

Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-kja-ŋ (“foot”) (STEDT), whence Tibetan རྐང་པ (rkang pa, “foot; leg; stem; stalk”).

脛 (OC *ɡeːŋs, “lower leg”) is also compared to the above Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemma.

Pronunciation 1 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jīng, jìng (jing¹, jing⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ, ㄐㄧㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ging³, ging¹, hang⁴, kwaang²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kîn / kóang
(Meixian, Guangdong): gin¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hûiⁿ / hoâiⁿ / hôaⁿ / keng / kèng / hêng
(Teochew, Peng'im): kêng⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīng
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jing
  - Wade–Giles: ching¹
  - Yale: jīng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
  - Palladius: цзин (czin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, nonstandard or dialectal)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jìng
  - Wade–Giles: ching⁴
  - Yale: jìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinq
  - Palladius: цзин (czin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jìngr
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥˋㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jìngr
  - Wade–Giles: ching⁴-ʼrh
  - Yale: jìngr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jienql
  - Palladius: цзинр (czinr)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ging³, ging¹, hang⁴, kwaang²
  - Yale: ging, gīng, hàhng, kwáang
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ging³, ging¹, hang⁴, kwaang²
  - Guangdong Romanization: ging³, ging¹, heng⁴, kuang²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ³³/, /kɪŋ⁵⁵/, /hɐŋ²¹/, /kʷʰaːŋ³⁵/

Note:

ging1, hang4, kwaang2 - variants;
kwaang2 - also written as 梗.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîn / kóang
  - Hakka Romanization System: gin´ / guang`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gin¹ / guang³
  - Sinological IPA: /kin²⁴/, /ku̯aŋ³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gin¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kin⁴⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hûiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huînn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvuii
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /huĩ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoâiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huâinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvoaai
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /huãi²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /huãi²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôaⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huânn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvoaa
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /huã¹³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng
  - Tâi-lô: king
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kefng
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèng
  - Tâi-lô: kìng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kexng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêng
  - Tâi-lô: hîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: heeng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /hiɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɪŋ¹³/

Note:

hûiⁿ/hoâiⁿ/hôaⁿ - vernacular;
keng/kèng - vernacular (俗);
hêng - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: kêng⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khêng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰeŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: heang

Rime
Character	莖
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	耕 (117)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	戸耕切
Baxter	heang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨjŋ/
Li Rong	/ɣɛŋ/
Wang Li	/ɣæŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣæŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	héng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hang⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m-k-lˤ<r>eŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡreːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	莖
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jīng
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛng ›
Old Chinese	/*m-k-lˁ<r>eŋ/
English	stalk (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	莖
Reading #	1/2
No.	6786
Phonetic component	坙
Rime group	耕
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	莖
Old Chinese	/*ɡreːŋ/

Definitions edit

莖

stem; stalk; something like a stalk
^† tall and straight
^† pillar
^† (traditional Chinese medicine) penis
^† handle
Classifier for strips or stalks of objects.

Synonyms edit

(stem): (literary) 稿 (gǎo)

Compounds edit

六莖／六茎 (Liùjīng)
包莖／包茎
匍匐莖／匍匐茎
地下莖／地下茎
塊莖／块茎 (kuàijīng)
平臥莖／平卧茎
攀緣莖／攀缘茎
木質莖／木质茎
枯莖朽骨／枯茎朽骨 (kūjīngxiǔgǔ)
根莖／根茎 (gēnjīng)
玉莖／玉茎
球莖／球茎 (qiújīng)
直立莖／直立茎
纏繞莖／缠绕茎 (chánràojīng)
草質莖／草质茎 (cǎozhìjīng)
莖稈／茎秆 (jīnggǎn)
走莖／走茎
陰莖／阴茎
飛莖／飞茎
鱗莖／鳞茎 (línjīng)

Pronunciation 2 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yīng (ying¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄧㄥ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yīng
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ying
  - Wade–Giles: ying¹
  - Yale: yīng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ing
  - Palladius: ин (in)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: 'eang

Rime
Character	莖
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	耕 (117)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	烏莖切
Baxter	'eang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔˠɛŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔᵚæŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɐŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔəɨjŋ/
Li Rong	/ʔɛŋ/
Wang Li	/æŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔæŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ēng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ang¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qreːŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	莖
Reading #	2/2
No.	6788
Phonetic component	坙
Rime group	耕
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	甖
Old Chinese	/*qreːŋ/

Definitions edit

莖

Only used in 姚莖／姚茎.

References edit

“莖”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese edit

Shinjitai	茎
Kyūjitai	莖

Kanji edit

莖

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 茎)

Readings edit

Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)
Kan-on: こう (kō)
Kan’yō-on: けい (kei)
Kun: くき (kuki, 莖); くく (kuku, 莖); なかご (nakago, 莖)

Korean edit

Hanja edit

莖 • (gyeong) (hangeul 경, revised gyeong, McCune–Reischauer kyŏng, Yale kyeng)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds edit

男莖

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

莖: Hán Nôm readings: hành, kinh

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.