羨

Translingual edit

Han character edit

羨 (Kangxi radical 123, 羊+7, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿土水弓人 (TGENO), four-corner 8018₂, composition ⿱𦍌㳄)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 952, character 31
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28503
Dae Jaweon: page 1396, character 25
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3134, character 10
Unihan data for U+7FA8

Chinese edit

trad.		羨/羡^*
simp.		羡^*

Glyph origin edit

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 羊 (“sheep”) + 㳄 (“saliva”) – to envy.

羊 may be interpreted as a beautiful sheep or good mutton (cf. 美 “beautiful” and 善 “good”).

The Kangxi Dictionary, following 《佩觿》, enters the word in etymology 2 as 羡, separating it from 羨 (etymology 1). This is also followed by dictionaries such as Hanyu Da Cidian and Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, but Zhongwen Da Cidian disagrees with this treatment. (Hanyu Da Zidian regards 羡 as the main form of all pronunciations.) According to 《說文解字羣經正字》:

羨，貪欲也，今經典往往作羡。郭忠恕《佩觿》分羨、羡爲二字。羡，以脂翻，江夏地名；羨，似面翻，慕也。非也，字書無从次之字，惟一字而數音耳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

羡，贪欲也，今经典往往作羡。郭忠恕《佩觿》分羡、羡为二字。羡，以脂翻，江夏地名；羡，似面翻，慕也。非也，字书无从次之字，惟一字而数音耳。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: 《說文解字羣經正字》, quoted from Zhongwen Da Cidian

羨 (Xiàn), tānyù yě, jīn jīngdiǎn wǎngwǎng zuò 羡. Guō Zhōngshù “Pèixī” fēn 羨 (xiàn), 羡 (yí) wéi èr zì. Yí, yǐ zhī fān, Jiāngxià dìmíng; xiàn, sì miàn fān, mù yě. Fēi yě, zìshū wú cóng 次 (cì) zhī zì, wéi yī zì ér shù yīn ěr. [Pinyin]

羨, meaning "to covet", is now frequently written as 羡 in the classics. Guo Zhongshu's Peixi distinguishes 羨 and 羡 as separate characters. 羡, fanqie 以脂, name of a place in Jiangxia. 羨, fanqie 似面, to desire. This is not the case. There's no such character with the 次 element in character dictionaries. There is only one character but several pronunciations.

Etymology 1 edit

Possibly related to 餘 (OC *la, “surplus”) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xiàn (xian⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ
(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xian⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sin⁶
(Taishan, Dictionary): lhun⁵
Gan (Dictionary): xien⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sien
(Meixian, Guangdong): xiên³
Jin (Dictionary): xie³
Northern Min (KCR): sīng
Eastern Min (BUC): siêng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): siān / siǎn / soān / soan
(Teochew, Peng'im): iang⁶ / iêng⁶
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶zhi
Xiang (Changsha, Dictionary): sienn⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
  - Wade–Giles: hsien⁴
  - Yale: syàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
  - Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: xian⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiɛn²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: sin⁶
  - Yale: sihn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sin⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: xin⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siːn²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Dictionary: lhun⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬun³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Dictionary: xien⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiɛn¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sien
  - Hakka Romanization System: xien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: xian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /si̯en⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: xiên³
  - Sinological IPA: /siɛn³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Dictionary: xie³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sīng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: siêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siɛŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siān
  - Tâi-lô: siān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sien
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /siɛn²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɛn³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siǎn
  - Tâi-lô: siǎn
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soān
  - Tâi-lô: suān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soan
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /suan³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /suan²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan
  - Tâi-lô: suan
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soafn
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴/

Note:

Xiamen, Zhangzhou:
- siān - literary;
- soān - vernacular.
surname:
- siān - Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou;
- soān - Zhangzhou;
- soan - Taiwan.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: iang⁶ / iêng⁶
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iăng / iĕng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /iaŋ³⁵/, /ieŋ³⁵/

Note:

iang6 - Shantou;
iêng6 - Chaozhou.

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶zhi
  - MiniDict: zhi^去
  - Dictionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³xxi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ʑi²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Dictionary: sienn⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /si̯ẽ⁴⁵/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /ɕi̯ẽ⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: zjenH

Rime
Character	羨
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	邪 (17)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	似面切
Baxter	zjenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ziᴇn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ziɛn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/zjæn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/zian^H/
Li Rong	/ziɛn^H/
Wang Li	/zĭɛn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/zi̯ɛn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zin⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s-N-qa[r]-s/, /*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*ljans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羨	羨
Reading #	1/3	2/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàn	xiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ zjen^H ›	‹ zjen^H ›
Old Chinese	/*s-N-qa[r]-s/	/*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/
English	covet, desire	surplus, affluence
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨
Reading #	2/3
No.	13574
Phonetic component	羨
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	羡
Old Chinese	/*ljans/
Notes	㳄字轉註

Definitions edit

羨

to envy; to admire
^† superfluous; in surplus
^† surplus; affluence
^† to surpass; to exceed
^† abundant; plentiful
^† crooked; evil
10th tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝌏)
a surname

Compounds edit

企羨／企羡
個個稱羨／个个称羡
健羨／健羡
充羨／充羡
奇羨／奇羡
曼羨／曼羡
欣羨／欣羡 (xīnxiàn)
欽羨／钦羡 (qīnxiàn)
歆羨／歆羡 (xīnxiàn)
歎羨／叹羡
稱羨／称羡 (chēngxiàn)
羨慕／羡慕 (xiànmù)
羨煞／羡煞
羨財／羡财
羨餘／羡余 (xiànyú)
耗羨／耗羡
臨川羨魚／临川羡鱼
臨河羨魚／临河羡鱼
臨淵羨魚／临渊羡鱼 (línyuānxiànyú)
談羨／谈羡 (tánxiàn)
豔羨／艳羡 (yànxiàn)
陽羨／阳羡
餘羨／余羡
驚羨／惊羡

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yí (yi²)
(Zhuyin): ㄧˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yí
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yí
  - Wade–Giles: i²
  - Yale: yí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yi
  - Palladius: и (i)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³⁵/

Middle Chinese: yij

Rime
Character	羨
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	脂 (15)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以脂切
Baxter	yij
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiɪ/
Pan Wuyun	/ji/
Shao Rongfen	/jɪ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ji/
Li Rong	/i/
Wang Li	/ji/
Bernard Karlgren	/i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*lel/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨
Reading #	1/3
No.	13573
Phonetic component	羨
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	姨
Old Chinese	/*lel/
Notes	沙羨漢縣

Definitions edit

羨

Only used in 沙羨／沙羡 (“Shayi (county)”).

Etymology 3 edit

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yán, yàn (yan², yan⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ, ㄧㄢˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yán
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yán
  - Wade–Giles: yen²
  - Yale: yán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
  - Palladius: янь (janʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
  - Wade–Giles: yen⁴
  - Yale: yàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
  - Palladius: янь (janʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: yenH

Rime
Character	羨
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	于線切
Baxter	yenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiᴇn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/jiɛn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/jæn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jian^H/
Li Rong	/iɛn^H/
Wang Li	/jĭɛn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯ɛn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jin⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]a[n]/
(Zhengzhang): /*lans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羨
Reading #	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yán
Middle Chinese	‹ yen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]a[n]/
English	extend; go forward
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨
Reading #	3/3
No.	13575
Phonetic component	羨
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*lans/
Notes	予原作於，依唐韻改

Definitions edit

羨

Alternative form of 延 (yán, “to invite; to engage”)
Alternative form of 埏 (“tomb passage”)

References edit

“羨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

羨

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings edit

On (unclassified): せん (sen, Jōyō); えん (en)
Kun: うらやましい (urayamashii, 羨ましい, Jōyō); うらやむ (urayamu, 羨む, Jōyō); あまり (amari)
Nanori: よし (yoshi)

Compounds edit

羨(うらや)ましい (urayamashii): jealous, envious
羨(うらや)む (urayamu): to be jealous, to be envious

Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Middle Chinese 羨 (MC zjenH).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 쎤〮 (Yale: ssyén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 션 (syen)^訓 (Yale: syen) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation edit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰɘ(ː)n]
Phonetic hangul: [선(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

羨

Wikisource

羨 (eumhun 부러워할 선 (bureowohal seon))

Hanja form^? of 선 (“envy; envious”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

선망 (羨望, seonmang, “envy”)
선모 (羨慕, seonmo)

Etymology 2 edit

From Middle Chinese 羨 (MC yenH).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 연〮 (Yale: yén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Pronunciation edit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jʌ̹n]
Phonetic hangul: [연]

Hanja edit

羨 (eumhun 무덤 길 연 (mudeomgil yeon))

Hanja form^? of 연 (“road to a grave”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

연문 (羨門, yeonmun)
연도 (羨道, yeondo)
연도분 (羨道墳, yeondobun, “passage grave”)

References edit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]