恥

Translingual edit

Han character edit

恥 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 尸十心 (SJP), four-corner 1310₀, composition ⿰耳心)

Derived characters edit

𠺨, 𮝡, 𢟛

Related characters edit

耻 (Variant form)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 385, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10585
Dae Jaweon: page 716, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2290, character 1
Unihan data for U+6065

Chinese edit

trad.		恥/耻
simp.		耻

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 恥
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (耳) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
佴	nɯːs, njɯs
麛	*miː
弭	*mniʔ
渳	*mniʔ
葞	*mniʔ
髶	njis, njoŋ
聻	*nɯʔ
恥	*n̥ʰɯʔ
咡	njɯ, njɯs
誀	njɯ, njɯs
耳	*njɯʔ
洱	njɯʔ, njɯs
駬	*njɯʔ
餌	*njɯs
珥	*njɯs
衈	*njɯs
毦	*njɯs
刵	*njɯs
眲	njɯs, rnɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰɯʔ) : phonetic 耳 (OC *njɯʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”)

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ni (“red”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese နီ (ni, “red”), 怩 (OC *nil, “ashamed”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): chǐ (chi³)
(Zhuyin): ㄔˇ
(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ci³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ci²
(Taishan, Dictionary): ci²
Gan (Dictionary): ci³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhṳ́
(Meixian, Guangdong): ci³
Jin (Dictionary): ci²
Northern Min (KCR): chǐ
Eastern Min (BUC): tī
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): thí
(Teochew, Peng'im): ci²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵tshy
Xiang (Changsha, Dictionary): chr³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄔˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chǐh
  - Wade–Giles: chʻih³
  - Yale: chř
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyy
  - Palladius: чи (či)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ci³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: c
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ci²
  - Yale: chí
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsi²
  - Guangdong Romanization: qi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Dictionary: ci²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰi⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Dictionary: ci³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰz̩²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ́
  - Hakka Romanization System: cii`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ci³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ci³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰz̩³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Dictionary: ci²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chǐ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰi²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thí
  - Tâi-lô: thí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tie
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰi⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰi⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰi⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰi⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰi⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ci²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰi⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁵tshy
  - MiniDict: tshy^去
  - Dictionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tshr
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰz̩³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Dictionary: chr³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡sʰz̩⁴¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 恥
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹³/
	Tianjin	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩¹³/
	Jinan	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/tʃʰz̩⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/
	Xi'an	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/
	Xining	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡sʰz̩⁴²/
	Chengdu	/t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
	Guiyang	/t͡sʰz̩⁴²/
	Kunming	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/
	Nanjing	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹²/
	Hefei	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
	Pingyao	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵³/
	Hohhot	/t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡sʰz̩³⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/t͡sʰz̩³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕʰi³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/tʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁴¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰz̩²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰz̩³¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/tʃʰï³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sʰi³⁵/
	Nanning	/t͡sʰi³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sʰi³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/tʰi⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/tʰi³²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡sʰi²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡sʰi⁵³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/t͡si²¹³/ /sun²¹³/ 訓蠢

Middle Chinese: trhiX

Rime
Character	恥
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	徹 (10)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	敕里切
Baxter	trhiX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈʰɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈʰɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶʰie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈʰɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ȶʰiə^X/
Wang Li	/ȶʰĭə^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶʰi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ci²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*n̥rəʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*n̥ʰɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	恥
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	chǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ trhi^X ›
Old Chinese	/*n̥rəʔ/
English	shame; ashamed
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	恥
Reading #	1/1
No.	2780
Phonetic component	耳
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	恥
Old Chinese	/*n̥ʰɯʔ/

Definitions edit

恥

(literary) to humiliate; to put to shame
shame; disgrace; humiliation
Synonym: 恥辱／耻辱 (chǐrǔ)
體壇之恥／体坛之耻 ― tǐtán zhī chǐ ― disgrace to the sports world
ashamed
Synonym: 羞愧 (xiūkuì)

Compounds edit

一雪前恥／一雪前耻 (yīxuěqiánchǐ)
不以為恥／不以为耻 (bùyǐwéichǐ)
不恥／不耻
不恥下問／不耻下问 (bùchǐxiàwèn)
不識羞恥／不识羞耻
五九國恥／五九国耻
刷恥／刷耻
包羞忍恥／包羞忍耻
卑鄙無恥／卑鄙无耻 (bēibǐwúchǐ)
厚顏無恥／厚颜无耻 (hòuyánwúchǐ)
可恥／可耻 (kěchǐ)
含垢忍恥／含垢忍耻
國恥／国耻 (guóchǐ)
報仇雪恥／报仇雪耻 (bàochóuxuěchǐ)
奇恥大辱／奇耻大辱 (qíchǐdàrǔ)
寡廉鮮恥／寡廉鲜耻 (guǎliánxiǎnchǐ)
廉恥／廉耻 (liánchǐ)
復仇雪恥／复仇雪耻
忍恥偷生／忍耻偷生
忍恥含垢／忍耻含垢
忍恥含羞／忍耻含羞
恬不知恥／恬不知耻 (tiánbùzhīchǐ)
恥丘／耻丘
恥居人下／耻居人下
恥居王後／耻居王后
恬然不恥／恬然不耻
恥笑／耻笑 (chǐxiào)
恥與為伍／耻与为伍 (chǐyǔwéiwǔ)
恥辱／耻辱 (chǐrǔ)
恥骨／耻骨 (chǐgǔ)
明恥教戰／明耻教战
會稽之恥／会稽之耻
有恥／有耻
毀廉蔑恥／毁廉蔑耻
湔雪前恥／湔雪前耻 (jiānxuěqiánchǐ)
無恥／无耻 (wúchǐ)
無恥之尤／无耻之尤 (wúchǐzhīyóu)
瓶罄罍恥／瓶罄罍耻
知恥／知耻
禮義廉恥／礼义廉耻 (lǐyìliánchǐ)
缾罄罍恥／瓶罄罍耻
羞恥／羞耻 (xiūchǐ)
荒淫無恥／荒淫无耻 (huāngyínwúchǐ)
藏垢懷恥／藏垢怀耻
行己有恥／行己有耻
買妻恥樵／买妻耻樵
雪恥／雪耻 (xuěchǐ)

Japanese edit

Alternative forms edit

Kanji edit

恥

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

Go-on: ち (chi, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ち (chi, Jōyō)
Kun: はじ (haji, 恥, Jōyō)^{←はぢ (fadi, 恥, historical)}; はじる (hajiru, 恥じる, Jōyō)^{←はぢる (fadiru, 恥ぢる, historical)}; はじらう (hajirau, 恥じらう, Jōyō)^{←はぢらふ (fadirafu, 恥ぢらふ, historical)}; はずかしい (hazukashii, 恥ずかしい, Jōyō)^{←はづかしい (fadukasii, 恥づかしい, historical)}
Nanori: はつる (hatsuru)

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
恥
はじ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
耻

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *pantuy.

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) はじ [hàjíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ha̠ʑi]

Noun edit

恥(はじ) • (haji) ^{←はぢ (fadi)^?}

shame
- 1948, 太宰治(だざいおさむ) [Dazai Osamu], 人間失格(にんげんしっかく) (Ningen shikkaku)‎^[1]:
  恥(はじ)の多(おお)い生(しょう)涯(がい)を送(おく)って来(き)ました。
  Haji no ōi shōgai o okutte kimashita.
  I have lived a greatly shameful life.

References edit

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean edit

Hanja edit

恥 • (chi) (hangeul 치, revised chi, McCune–Reischauer ch'i, Yale chi)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

恥: Hán Nôm readings: xỉ, sỉ

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

恥

Contents

Translingual edit

Han character edit

Derived characters edit

Related characters edit

References edit

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Definitions edit

Compounds edit

See also edit

Japanese edit

Alternative forms edit

Kanji edit

Readings edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

References edit

Korean edit

Hanja edit

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit