凸

Translingual edit

Stroke order

Stroke order (Japan)

Han character edit

凸 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 月尸尸 (BSS), four-corner 7777₇, composition ⿵⿰⿳丨一丨㇎一)

Derived characters edit

𠱂, 𢫋, 𫥷

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 9
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1809
Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 307, character 6
Unihan data for U+51F8

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		凸

Glyph origin edit

Pictogram (象形) .

Etymology edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to 突?”)

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tū, tú, dié, gǔ (tu¹, tu², die², gu³)
(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨ, ㄊㄨˊ, ㄉㄧㄝˊ, ㄍㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dat⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thu̍t
Eastern Min (BUC): tū / dŏk
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): tu̍t / thu̍t
(Teochew, Peng'im): dug⁸

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tū
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tu
  - Wade–Giles: tʻu¹
  - Yale: tū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tu
  - Palladius: ту (tu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tú
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tú
  - Wade–Giles: tʻu²
  - Yale: tú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
  - Palladius: ту (tu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dié
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄧㄝˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dié
  - Wade–Giles: tieh²
  - Yale: dyé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dye
  - Palladius: де (de)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti̯ɛ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, historical variant)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
  - Wade–Giles: ku³
  - Yale: gǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
  - Palladius: гу (gu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: dat⁶
  - Yale: daht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dat⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ded⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɐt̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System: tud
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tud⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰut̚⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tū / dŏk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu³³/, /touʔ⁵/

Note:

tū - colloquial;
dŏk - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tu̍t
  - Tâi-lô: tu̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dut
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tut̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tut̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tut̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thu̍t
  - Tâi-lô: thu̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tut
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰut̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰut̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰut̚¹²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dug⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tu̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuk̚⁴/

Middle Chinese: dwot, det

Rime
Character	凸	凸
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	定 (7)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	魂 (56)	先 (87)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	IV
Fanqie	陀骨切	徒結切
Baxter	dwot	det
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duət̚/	/det̚/
Pan Wuyun	/duot̚/	/det̚/
Shao Rongfen	/duət̚/	/dɛt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dwət̚/	/dɛt̚/
Li Rong	/duət̚/	/det̚/
Wang Li	/duət̚/	/diet̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuət̚/	/dʱiet̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dú	dié
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deot⁶	dit⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*dɯːd/, /*duːd/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凸	凸
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	12482	12483
Phonetic component	凸	凸
Rime group	物	物
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	姪	突
Old Chinese	/*dɯːd/	/*duːd/
Notes		突晚起分化字

Definitions edit

凸

convex
to protrude; to stick out

Synonyms edit

(to protrude):

凸出 (tūchū)
凸起 (tūqǐ)
暴突
突出 (tūchū)
鐘腄／钟腄 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
高出 (gāochū)
鼓 (gǔ)
鼓起 (gǔqǐ)

Antonyms edit

(antonym(s) of “convex”): 凹 (āo, “concave”)

Compounds edit

凸出 (tūchū)
凹凸 (āotū)
凹凸不平 (āotūbùpíng)
凹凸有致 (āotūyǒuzhì)
凸岸
凸版
凸版印刷
凸狀／凸状
凸起 (tūqǐ)
凸輪／凸轮 (tūlún)
凸透鏡／凸透镜 (tūtòujìng)
凸面鏡／凸面镜 (tūmiànjìng)
凸額／凸额 (tū'é)
凸顯／凸显 (tūxiǎn)
挺胸凸肚
海凸
照相凸版

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

凸

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

Go-on: とち (tochi)
Kan-on: とつ (totsu, Jōyō)
Kun: でこ (deko, 凸); つばくむ (tsubakumu, 凸む)

Compounds edit

凹(おう)凸(とつ) (ōtotsu): bumpy, uneven
凸(でこ)凹(ぼこ) (dekoboko): bumpy, uneven
凸(とっ)版(ぱん) (toppan): letterpress, relief printing

Etymology 1 edit

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) とつ [tóꜜtsù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [to̞t͡sɨᵝ]

Adjective edit

凸(とつ) • (totsu) -na (adnominal 凸(とつ)な (totsu na), adverbial 凸(とつ)に (totsu ni))

convex

Inflection edit

Inflection of 凸

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	凸だろ	とつだろ	totsu daro
Continuative (連用形)	凸で	とつで	totsu de
Terminal (終止形)	凸だ	とつだ	totsu da
Attributive (連体形)	凸な	とつな	totsu na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	凸なら	とつなら	totsu nara
Imperative (命令形)	凸であれ	とつであれ	totsu de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	凸ではない凸じゃない	とつではないとつじゃない	totsu de wa nai totsu ja nai
Informal past	凸だった	とつだった	totsu datta
Informal negative past	凸ではなかった凸じゃなかった	とつではなかったとつじゃなかった	totsu de wa nakatta totsu ja nakatta
Formal	凸です	とつです	totsu desu
Formal negative	凸ではありません凸じゃありません	とつではありませんとつじゃありません	totsu de wa arimasen totsu ja arimasen
Formal past	凸でした	とつでした	totsu deshita
Formal negative past	凸ではありませんでした凸じゃありませんでした	とつではありませんでしたとつじゃありませんでした	totsu de wa arimasen deshita totsu ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	凸で	とつで	totsu de
Conditional	凸なら（ば）	とつなら（ば）	totsu nara (ba)
Provisional	凸だったら	とつだったら	totsu dattara
Volitional	凸だろう	とつだろう	totsu darō
Adverbial	凸に	とつに	totsu ni
Degree	凸さ	とつさ	totsusa

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
凸
でこ Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 凸 – see the following entry.

【でこ】	[noun] 凸: forehead

(This term, 凸, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References edit

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean edit

Hanja edit

凸 (eumhun 볼록하다 철 (bollokhada cheol))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

凸: Hán Nôm readings: đột

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]