有教無類法案: 美国法案
有教无类法案（No Child Left Behind Act of 2001，Public Law 107-110），又譯為不讓任何孩子落後法案，简称为NCLB，是2002年1月8日由美國總統喬治·沃克·布希签署的一项美国联邦法律，该法案的措施的效力和愿望仍在引起热烈的辩论。
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| 全名 | 通过责任感、灵活性和选择来缩小成就差距，从而不让任何孩子掉队。 |
|---|---|
| 缩写（通俗） | NCLB |
| 立法机构 | 第107届屆美国国会 |
| 引用文献 | |
| 公法 | 107-110 |
| 法律汇编 | 30 Stat. 750, 42 Stat. 108, 48 Stat. 986, 52 Stat. 781, 73 Stat. 4, 88 Stat. 2213, 102 Stat. 130 and 357, 107 Stat. 1510, 108 Stat. 154 and 223, 112 Stat. 3076, 113 Stat. 1323, 115 Stat. 1425 to 2094 |
| 法典编纂 | |
| 修订法令 | Adult Education and Family Literacy Act Age Discrimination Act of 1975 Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellowship Act of 1994 Augustus F. Hawkins-Robert T. Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Amendments of 1988 Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1998 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Communications Act of 1934 Community Services Block Grant Act Department of Education Organization Act District of Columbia College Access Act of 1999 Education Amendments of 1972 Education Amendments of 1978 Education Flexibility Partnership Act of 1999 Education for Economic Security Act Educational Research, Development, Dissemination, and Improvement Act of 1994 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 General Education Provisions Act Goals 2000: Educate America Act Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1986 Higher Education Act of 1965 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act James Madison Memorial Fellowship Act Internal Revenue Code of 1986 Johnson–O'Malley Act of 1934 Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1997 McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 Museum and Library Services Act National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 National and Community Service Act of 1990 National Child Protection Act of 1993 National Education Statistics Act of 1994 National Environmental Education Act of 1990 Native American Languages Act Public Law 88-210 Public Law 106-400 Refugee Education Assistance Act of 1980 Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Safe Drinking Water Act School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994 State Dependent Care Development Grants Act Telecommunications Act of 1996 Tribally Controlled Schools Act of 1987 Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century Workforce Investment Act of 1998 |
| 修订法编 | 15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade 20 U.S.C.: Education 42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare 47 U.S.C.: Telegraphy |
| 修订章节 | 美國法典第15编第53之I章 §§ 2601–2629 美國法典第20编第28章 § 1001 et seq. 美國法典第20编第70章 美國法典第42编第119章 § 11301 et seq. 美國法典第47编第5之VI章 § 609 美國法典第47编第5之II章 § 251 et seq. 美國法典第47编第5之I章 § 151 et seq. 美國法典第47编第5之II章 § 271 et seq. |
| 立法歷程 | |
| 主要修正案 | |
| Repealed on December 10, 2015 | |
教师质量
不让任何孩子落后法案要求到2005-2006学年末，所有教师达到法案所定义的“非常合格”——完成州证明和执照。新教师必须满足以下条件：
- 至少拥有学士学位
- 小学教师必须通过全州考试，证明其阅读／语言艺术、写作、数学等小学课程基础领域的学科知识和教学技能。
- 中学教师必须通过全州任教学科考试
其他教师必须拥有学士学位，并通过全州的学科知识和教学技能考试。这些要求引起了许多辩论，特别是对于特殊教育教师和小型乡村学校的教师难以执行，他们常常要同时教许多年级和科目。更多信息参见美国教育部网站：教师质量指南 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
学生考试
全国所有3－8年级学生每年必须接受各州政府的阅读和数学统考。到2007-2008学年末，3–5、6–9、10－11年级将各进行一次理科统考。
公立学校择校
也称School of Choice，各学校必须在一学年内取得规定的进步，否则学生可以要求转学。国会后来，大幅度增长投资，为学区提供资金，以执行法律的父母择校需求。
联邦政府教育立法
标准测验的问题
资源分配不公
州教育预算
年度进步评估
NCLB在每年会对学校通过标准化测试的方法进行评估，这称为Adequately Yearly Progress（AYP），无法通过这项评估的学校会收到各种强制补救措施，比方增加财政投入、加强教师培训、学校托管甚至是关闭学校。
名称由来
该法案名称的最可能的来源是the liberal advocacy group Children's Defense Fund(CDF)的格言，“不让任何孩子落后。”（"Leave No Child Behind."）这个CDF的座右铭本身最可能来源于美國陸軍遊騎兵的座右铭：“不让任何一个人被落下。”（"Leave No Man Behind."）
参考文献
外部链接
- 美国国家教育协会 “不让任何孩子落后”/初等和中等教育法（英文） (国家教育协会的立场)
- 泰德·肯尼迪参议员支持修订《不让任何孩子落后法案》（英文）, 2007年3月 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- NCLB之声 (受此法影响的教育者的众多评论和意见)（英文）
- "No Child Left" is a site and journal opposed to NCLB and highly critical of its approach to schools.
- School Ranking Data based on NCLB (subscription required)
- NCLB Desktop Reference (147 pages)
- NCLB Desktop Reference (online version, includes Microsoft documents and PDF links)
- Text of No Child Left Behind Act （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- No Child Left Behind: Testing, Reporting, and Accountability （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Remarks by President Bush at signing ceremony （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Facts About NCLB Funding
- Implications of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 for Teacher Education （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the No Child Left Behind Act
- National Institute for Literacy
- Pros & Cons of the No Child Left Behind Act, at About.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Analysis of NCLB （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Comments by Secretary of Education （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- No Child Left Behind: Misguided Accountability System for English Language Learners
- Linda Perlstein, The Nation 21 October 2004，"The Issue Left Behind" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- "White House paid commentator to promote law", 7 January 2005，Greg Toppo, USA Today
- President Discusses No Child Left Behind and High School Initiatives （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），Speech text and video, 12 January 2005
- "The ABCs of AYP" Explanation of the NCLB accountability system from The Education Trust
- No Child Left Behind （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Wikia
- Mississippi Teacher Corps Focus Paper on No Child Left Behind
- Military Free Zone （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Reveals some of the darker sides of the NCLB Act
- Center for Education Reform website （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Promoting charter schools and other reforms
- Educational Underwriters Incorporated Non-profit organization which certifies the research backing educational products as NCLB compliant.
- National Center for Fair & Open Testing (FairTest)
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