质粒
质体（英语：Plasmid）是指拉细胞个染色体或核区DNA之外，能够自主复制个DNA分子（字源：plasm为生殖质，-id表示粒）。质体搭染色体最主要个区分是，质体弗是细胞生存所必需，染色体则是细胞生存必需个。大部分个质体侪是环状分子，但是也有少数属于线状分子，伊拉交关多细菌搭仔酵母菌等生物中存在，甚至植物个线粒体等胞器中。
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