Voiced Labial–Velar Approximant: Consonantal sound
The voiced labial–velar approximant is a consonant sound, used in some spoken languages including English.
It is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet. Similarly, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel [u].
| Voiced labial–velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| {{Bold text{ipa symbol|}}} | |
| IPA number | 170 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | w |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0077 |
| X-SAMPA | w |
| Kirshenbaum | w |
| Sound | |
Features
Features of the voiced labial–velar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract enough for it to not be a vowel, but not enough to make a hissing type of noise (a fricative).
- Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is produced with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate while rounding the lips.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ауаҩы/auaòy | [awaˈɥə] | 'human' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Alemannic | Bernese German | Giel | [ɡ̊iə̯w] | 'boy' | Allophone of [l] |
| Arabic | Modern Standard | وَرْد/ward | [ward] | 'rose' | See Arabic phonology |
| Assamese | ৱাশ্বিংটন/washington | [waʃiŋtɔn] | 'Washington' | ||
| Assyrian | ܟܬܒ̣ܐ ctava | [ctaːwa] | 'book' | Most speakers. [v] and [ʋ] are used in the Urmia dialects. | |
| Basque | lau | [law] | 'four' | ||
| Belarusian | воўк/voŭk | [vɔwk] | 'wolf' | See Belarusian phonology | |
| Bengali | ওয়াদা/uada | [wada] | 'promise' | Allophone of [o] and [u] when preceding a vowel word-initially. See Bengali phonology | |
| Berber | ⴰⵡⴰⵍ/awal | [æwæl] | 'speech' | ||
| Catalan | quart | [ˈkwɑɾt] | 'fourth' | Post-lexically after /k/ and /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 挖/waat |  [wɑːt̚˧] | 'dig' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 挖/wā | [wa̠˥] | See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Danish | hav | [hɑw] | 'ocean' | Allophone of [v] | |
| Dutch | Colloquial | kouwe | [ˈkʌu̯wə] | 'cold' | Lenited allophone of /d/ after /ʌu̯/. See Dutch phonology |
| Standard Surinamese | welp | [wɛɫp] | 'cub' | May also occur in this context in some continental Dutch accents and/or dialects. Corresponds to [ʋ] in most of the Netherlands and to [β̞] in Belgium and (southern) parts of the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | |
| English | weep | [wiːp] | 'weep' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | aŭto | ['awto] | 'car' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| French | oui | [wi] | 'yes' | See French phonology | |
| German | Quelle | [kweːlə] | 'source' | Some regions | |
| Hawaiian | wikiwiki | [wikiwiki] | 'fast' | May also be realized as [v]. See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hebrew | Oriental | כּוֹחַ/kowaḥ | [ˈkowaħ] | 'power' | See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Hindustani | Hindi | विश्वास | [ʋɪʃwaːs] | 'believe' | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | وشواس | ||||
| Irish | vóta | [ˈwoːt̪ˠə] | 'vote' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian | uomo | [ˈwɔːmo] | 'man' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kabardian | уэ/wǎ | [wa] (help·info) | 'you' | ||
| Korean | 왜가리/waegari | [wɛɡɐɾi] | 'heron' | See Korean phonology | |
| Luxembourgish | zwee | [t͡swe̝ː] | 'two' | Allophone of /v/ after /k, t͡s, ʃ/. See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | wang | [waŋ] | 'money' | ||
| Mayan | Yucatec | witz | [wit͡s] | 'mountain' | |
| Nepali | हावा | [ɦäwä] | 'wind' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Odia | ଅଗ୍ରୱାଲ୍/agrawāl | [ɔgɾɔwäl] | 'Agrawal' | ||
| Pashto | ﻭﺍﺭ/war | [wɑr] | 'one time' | ||
| Persian | Dari | ورزش/warzeš | [wærzeʃ] | 'sport' | |
| Colloquial | ون/naw | [now], [næw] | 'new' | As a diphthong. | |
| Polish | łaska | [ˈwäskä] (help·info) | 'grace' | See Polish phonology. Corresponds to [ɫ] in older pronunciation and eastern dialects | |
| Portuguese | Most dialects | quando | [ˈkwɐ̃du] | 'when' | Post-lexically after /k/ and /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| boa | [ˈbow.wɐ] | 'good' (f.) | Epenthetic glide or allophone of /u/, following a stressed rounded vowel and preceding an unrounded one. | ||
| General Brazilian | qual | [ˈkwaw] | 'which' | Allophone of /l/ in coda position for most Brazilian dialects. | |
| Romanian | dulău | [d̪uˈl̪əw] | 'mastiff' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Croatian | vuk | [wûːk] | 'wolf' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before /u/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
| Seri | cmiique | [ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ] | 'person' | Allophone of /m/ | |
| Slovene | cerkev | [ˈt͡sèːrkəw] | 'church' | Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable coda. Voiceless [ʍ] before voiceless consonants. See Slovene phonology | |
| Sotho | sewa | [ˈsewa] | 'epidemic' | See Sesotho phonology | |
| Spanish | cuanto | [ˈkwãn̪t̪o̞] | 'as much' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | mwanafunzi | [mwɑnɑfunzi] | 'student' | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard | gå | [gʷoː] | 'go' | Labialized approximant consonant; allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech before the protruded vowels /ɔ, oː/. See Swedish phonology |
| Tagalog | araw | [ˈɐɾaw] | 'day' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Thai | แหวน /waen | [wɛn˩˩˦] | 'ring' | ||
| Ukrainian | вовк/voŭk | [vɔwk] | 'wolf' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | tuần | [t̪wən˨˩] | 'week' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | gwae | [ɡwaɨ] | 'woe' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | skowe | [skoːwə] | 'to shove' | ||
Notes
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04238-8
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- France, Angela (2004). "Problemas na variante tensa da fala carioca" [Problems with tense variant of carioca speech]. DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada (in Portuguese). 20 (spe). São Paulo: 33–58. doi:10.1590/S0102-44502004000300005. ISSN 0102-4450.
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Ohala, John; Lorentz, James (1977), "Story of [w]: An exercise in the phonetic explanation for sound patterns" (PDF), Berkeley Linguistics Society annual meeting 3 proceedings, pp. 577–599, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26, retrieved 2022-07-12
- Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986), Hawaiian Dictionary, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, ISBN 0-8248-0703-0
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, S2CID 249404451
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
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