Programming Language R: Programming language for statistical analysis

R is a language built for a specific purpose. It is strictly designed for statistical analysis. The algorithms for many statistical models are devised in R. Precisely R is the language of Statistical Analyzers. It’s an open source and the best suite for the statisticians to develop statistical softwares.

R

R terminal
Paradigms	Multi-paradigm: Array programming, object-oriented, imperative, functional
Designed by	Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman (statistician)
Developer	R Core Team
First appeared	August 1993; 30 years ago (1993-08)
Stable release	4.3.3  (codename "Dark and Stormy Night; Holding the Windsock; Arbor Day; See Things Now; Taking Off Again; Bunny-Wunnies Freak Out; Lost Library Book; Camp Pontanezen; Kick Things; Bird Hippie; One Push-Up; One Push-Up; Innocent and Trusting; Shortstop Beagle; Already Tomorrow; Beagle Scouts") / 29 February 2024; 57 days ago (29 February 2024)
License	GNU GPL v2
Filename extensions	.r .rdata .rds .rda
Website	www.r-project.org
Influenced by
Common Lisp Scheme XLispStat
Influenced
Julia
R Programming at Wikibooks

The R language was originally made for statistics. But today, it is also used in many scientific fields including ecology.

A list of changes in R releases is maintained in various "news" files at CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network). Some highlights are listed below for several major releases.

R has local communities worldwide for users to share ideas and learn.

There are a growing number of R events bringing its users together, such as conferences (e.g. useR!, WhyR?, conectaR, SatRdays) and other meetups.

The official annual gathering of R users is called "useR!". The first such event was useR! 2004 in May 2004, Vienna, Austria. After skipping 2005, the useR! conference has been held annually. Subsequent conferences have included:

• useR! 2006, Vienna, Austria
• useR! 2007, Ames, Iowa, USA
• useR! 2008, Dortmund, Germany
• useR! 2009, Rennes, France
• useR! 2010, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
• useR! 2011, Coventry, United Kingdom
• useR! 2012, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
• useR! 2013, Albacete, Spain
• useR! 2014, Los Angeles, California, USA
• useR! 2015, Aalborg, Denmark
• useR! 2016, Stanford, California, USA
• useR! 2017, Brussels, Belgium
• useR! 2018, Brisbane, Australia
• useR! 2019, Toulouse, France

Future conferences planned are as follows:

• useR! 2020, St. Louis, Missouri, USA (Canceled)
• useR! 2021, Zurich, Switzerland

The R Journal is the open access refereed journal of the R project. It features articles on the use and development of the R language.

The following examples illustrate the basic syntax of the language and use of the command-line interface.

In R, the generally preferred assignment operator is an arrow made from two characters <-. Although = can be used instead.

> x <- 1:6  # Create vector. > y <- x^2  # Create vector by formula. > print(y)  # Print the vector’s contents. [1]  1  4  9 16 25 36  > mean(y)  # Arithmetic mean of vector. [1] 15.16667  > var(y)  # Sample variance of vector. [1] 178.9667  > model <- lm(y ~ x)  # Linear regression model y = A + B * x. > print(model)  # Print the model’s results.  Call: lm(formula = y ~ x)  Coefficients: (Intercept)            x       -9.333        7.000  > summary(model)  # Display an in-depth summary of the model.  Call: lm(formula = y ~ x)  Residuals:       1       2       3       4       5       6  3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667  3.3333  Coefficients:             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    (Intercept)  -9.3333     2.8441  -3.282 0.030453 *  x             7.0000     0.7303   9.585 0.000662 *** --- Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1  Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared:  0.9583, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9478 F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF,  p-value: 0.000662  > par(mfrow = c(2, 2))  # Create a 2 by 2 layout for figures. > plot(model)  # Output diagnostic plots of the model.